Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API ICP Self Study Notes

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Nickel alloys are also susceptible to hot cracking, in some cases more so than austenitic stainless steels. This hot tearing will occur as the weld pool cools and solidifies. To help prevent hot cracking the weld joint should be: ■ ■ designed to minimize restraint and the weld should be allowed to cool as quickly as possible. The faster a nickel alloy weld solidifies (freezes), the less time it spends in the temperature range where it can tear. For this reason pre-heating, which slows down the cooling rate of the weld, is actually harmful, as it permits more opportunity for hot tearing to occur. As with austenitic stainless steels, the weldability of nickel alloys can also be affected by the presence of high levels of low melting point elements like: (1) sulfur, (2) phosphorus, (3) zinc, (4) copper and (5) lead. All of these contaminants can lead to cracking in either the weld or base metal.
Nickel <strong>Welding</strong>: The faster a nickel alloy weld solidifies (freezes), the less time it spends in the temperature range where it can tear. For this reason pre-heating, which slows down the cooling rate of the weld, is actually harmful, as it permits more opportunity for hot tearing to occur.
Page 1 and 2:
Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API
Page 3 and 4:
Content: 10 METALLURGY 10.1 General
Page 5 and 6:
10.2 THE STRUCTURE OF METALS AND AL
Page 8 and 9:
http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE209
Page 10 and 11:
Phase Diagram http://www.azom.com/a
Page 12 and 13:
10.2.1 The Structure of Castings Th
Page 14 and 15:
HAZ- Heat Affected Zone
Page 16 and 17:
HAZ http://www.oocities.org/ferrit
Page 18 and 19:
1mm / 1mm 0.2mm 0.2+1+1= 2.2 mm API
Page 20 and 21:
Steel & Alloy- Grains
Page 22 and 23:
Steel & Alloy- Microvoid Coalescenc
Page 24 and 25:
Minimizing trace elements or “inc
Page 26 and 27:
Casting
Page 28 and 29:
Discussion: Why Wrought products ar
Page 30 and 31:
Wrought materials may consist of on
Page 32:
Hypoeutectic Steel - Annealed
Page 36 and 37:
Steel & Alloy- Annealed Pearlite
Page 38 and 39:
1055 Steel Annealed 1055, used in s
Page 40 and 41:
4140 Steel http://en.wikipedia.org/
Page 42 and 43:
4140 Steel Q&T
Page 44 and 45:
The metallurgy of each weld area is
Page 46 and 47:
Dendritic - usually solidify in the
Page 48 and 49:
Dendrite- usually solidify in the s
Page 50 and 51:
Weld Macro- CS
Page 52 and 53:
The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is adj
Page 54 and 55:
http://www.twi-global.com/technical
Page 56 and 57:
Overlay Welding
Page 58 and 59:
The third component in a welded joi
Page 60 and 61:
An important factor in selecting sh
Page 62 and 63:
10.3.1 Melting Temperature The melt
Page 64 and 65:
Phase Diagram
Page 66 and 67:
Phase Diagram http://www.calphad.co
Page 69 and 70:
10.3.3 Electrical Conductivity The
Page 71 and 72:
Aluminum Welds
Page 73:
Metals with a high coefficient of t
Page 76 and 77:
Weld porosity
Page 78 and 79:
A gas with a higher density is more
Page 80 and 81:
Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Charpy Testing Samples
Page 88 and 89:
Charpy impact testing
Page 90 and 91:
Hardness testing- Hardness tester
Page 92 and 93:
Hardness testing
Page 94 and 95:
Hardness testing
Page 96 and 97:
Ductility- Bend Tests
Page 98 and 99:
10.4.1 Tensile and Yield Strength T
Page 100 and 101:
For design purposes, the maximum us
Page 102 and 103:
Note 1 A= proportional limit, B=ela
Page 104:
Tensile Testing
Page 107 and 108:
Actual tensile testing plot Elastic
Page 109 and 110:
Elongation is the increase in gage
Page 111 and 112:
The design of items should be based
Page 113:
Bend Testing
Page 117 and 118:
ASTM E290- Guided bend testing
Page 119 and 120:
Bend Testing
Page 121 and 122:
Bend Testing
Page 123 and 124:
Knoop and Vickers Hardness Tester
Page 125 and 126:
http://wes.ir/files/6936303material
Page 129:
Rockwell hardness testing differs f
Page 132 and 133:
Vickers hardness testing follows th
Page 135 and 136:
http://www.twi-global.com/technical
Page 137:
The type of notch and the impact te
Page 141 and 142:
Online Metallurgy Course: http://ww
Page 143 and 144:
Online Metallurgy Course http://210
Page 145 and 146:
Online Metallurgy Course-Steel Maki
Page 147 and 148:
Steels - The Structure of Engineeri
Page 149 and 150:
Steels - The Structure of Engineeri
Page 151 and 152:
Crystal Structures
Page 154 and 155:
Phase Diagram
Page 156 and 157:
Austenite
Page 158 and 159:
This is a hypereutectoid alloy and
Page 161 and 162:
Pearlite Pearlite is a phase mixtur
Page 163 and 164:
This steel is of the eutectoid comp
Page 165 and 166:
http://www.gowelding.com/met/carbon
Page 167 and 168:
Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
Page 169 and 170:
Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
Page 171 and 172:
Bainite If the steel is cooled such
Page 173 and 174:
FIGURE 2. The TTT diagram for aisi
Page 175 and 176:
Bainite https://www.flickr.com/sear
Page 177 and 178:
R e 0.2% Yield strength is the amou
Page 179 and 180:
http://www.gowelding.com/weld/prehe
Page 181 and 182:
End of reading! http://oregonstate.
Page 183 and 184:
Preheating
Page 185 and 186:
Preheating
Page 187 and 188:
Preheating, for our purposes, is de
Page 189 and 190:
If preheat is specified in the WPS
Page 191 and 192:
10.6 POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT Post-
Page 193 and 194:
The primary reason for post-weld he
Page 195 and 196:
PWHT (stress relief) can be applied
Page 197 and 198:
Typical PWHT Chart
Page 199 and 200:
PWHT- Typical PWHT Chart
Page 201 and 202:
PWHT
Page 203 and 204:
PWHT
Page 205 and 206:
PWHT
Page 207 and 208:
PWHT
Page 209 and 210:
PWHT
Page 211 and 212:
PWHT
Page 213 and 214:
PWHT- Local
Page 215 and 216:
PWHT- Local
Page 217 and 218:
PWHT- Local
Page 219 and 220:
PWHT- Local
Page 221 and 222:
PWHT- Equipments
Page 223 and 224:
PWHT- Equipments
Page 225 and 226:
PWHT- Equipments
Page 227 and 228:
PWHT- Equipments
Page 229 and 230:
Fun-Photo: Induction Bending Pipe b
Page 231 and 232:
10.7 HARDENING Hardening or hardena
Page 233 and 234:
AISI 1040 / 4340 http://www.azom.co
Page 235:
AISI 4340 http://www.efunda.com/mat
Page 238 and 239:
Welding- Thick plate welding
Page 240 and 241:
Thick plate welding
Page 242 and 243:
Weld Macro- Geometry
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Jominy Bar
Page 250 and 251:
Jominy Bar
Page 252 and 253:
Jominy Bar
Page 254 and 255:
Hardening of the weld and base meta
Page 256 and 257:
HIC- Hydrogen Induced Cracking
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
TTT Curve
Page 264 and 265:
Martensite
Page 266 and 267:
A product analysis is a statement o
Page 268 and 269:
Billets/Ingots
Page 270 and 271:
Billets/Ingots
Page 272 and 273:
Billets/Ingots
Page 274 and 275:
Billets/Ingots
Page 276 and 277:
Heat analysis- Billets/Ingots
Page 278 and 279:
Billets/Ingots- Steel Mill Ladle An
Page 280 and 281:
Product analysis- Pipe
Page 282 and 283:
i. Any supplemental information or
Page 284 and 285:
Grain size determination
Page 286 and 287:
Fracture toughness
Page 288 and 289:
Elevated mechanical property testin
Page 290 and 291:
The inspector should review the mat
Page 292 and 293:
http://www.slideshare.net/fullscree
Page 294 and 295:
Quiz 1) See the figure below for po
Page 296 and 297: End of reading!
Page 298 and 299: 10.9 WELDABILITY OF STEELS There ar
Page 300 and 301: 10.9.1 Metallurgy and Weldability A
Page 302 and 303: There are some elements present in
Page 304 and 305: 10.9.2 Weldability Testing One of t
Page 306 and 307: Fabrication weldability tests that
Page 308 and 309: Weld restraint induces stresses tha
Page 310 and 311: Table 12—Weld Crack Tests
Page 312 and 313: 10.10.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels
Page 314 and 315: The most common measure of weldabil
Page 316: Weldability of austenitic stainless
Page 319 and 320: Welding can reduce the corrosion re
Page 321 and 322: Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Cor
Page 323 and 324: Stainless Weld
Page 325 and 326: Inert Backing Gas
Page 340 and 341: 10.10.2 Nickel Alloys Nickel alloys
Page 342 and 343: Sluggish tendency- LOF
Page 344 and 345: Sluggish tendency- LOF
Page 348 and 349: 11 Refinery and Petrochemical Plant
Page 350 and 351: 11.1 GENERAL This section provides
Page 352 and 353: Hot Tapping
Page 362 and 363: Burn Through
Page 364 and 365: Burn through: un-melted area beneat
Page 366 and 367: Electrode Considerations http://www
Page 368 and 369: 11.2.2 Flow Rates Under most condit
Page 370 and 371: For making attachment welds to equi
Page 372 and 373: An appropriate flow rate should be
Page 374 and 375: Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
Page 384: Adverse effects can also occur from
Page 387 and 388: 11.3 LACK OF FUSION WITH GMAW-S WEL
Page 389 and 390: The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) pr
Page 391 and 392: Since the transfer mode may be diff
Page 393 and 394: Hazards
Page 395 and 396: Hazards
Page 397 and 398:
Mechanical Integrity
Page 399 and 400:
Competent Inspectors http://amirazl
show all

Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API ICP Self Study Notes

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?