Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API ICP Self Study Notes

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The temperature of PWHT is selected by considering the changes being sought in the equipment or structure. For example, a simple stress relief to reduce residual stresses will be performed at a lower temperature than a normalizing heat treatment. The holding time at temperature should also be selected to allow the desired time at temperature dependent actions to take place. In some isolated cases holding time and temperature are interchangeable, but small temperature changes have been shown to be equivalent to large changes in holding times.
The primary reason for post-weld heat treatment is to relieve the residual stresses in a welded fabrication. Stresses occur during welding due to the localized heating and severe temperature changes that occur. PWHT releases these stresses by allowing the metal to creep slightly at the elevated temperature. However there may also be in-service conditions that require particular PWHT conditions. These may not be so closely detailed in construction specifications and inspectors should therefore be particularly aware of these potential requirements when allowing, authorizing or inspecting in-service repairs.
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Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API
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Content: 10 METALLURGY 10.1 General
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10.2 THE STRUCTURE OF METALS AND AL
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http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE209
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Phase Diagram http://www.azom.com/a
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10.2.1 The Structure of Castings Th
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HAZ- Heat Affected Zone
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HAZ http://www.oocities.org/ferrit
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1mm / 1mm 0.2mm 0.2+1+1= 2.2 mm API
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Steel & Alloy- Grains
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Steel & Alloy- Microvoid Coalescenc
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Minimizing trace elements or “inc
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Casting
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Discussion: Why Wrought products ar
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Wrought materials may consist of on
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Hypoeutectic Steel - Annealed
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Steel & Alloy- Annealed Pearlite
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1055 Steel Annealed 1055, used in s
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4140 Steel http://en.wikipedia.org/
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4140 Steel Q&T
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The metallurgy of each weld area is
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Dendritic - usually solidify in the
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Dendrite- usually solidify in the s
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Weld Macro- CS
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The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is adj
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http://www.twi-global.com/technical
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Overlay Welding
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The third component in a welded joi
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An important factor in selecting sh
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10.3.1 Melting Temperature The melt
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Phase Diagram
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Phase Diagram http://www.calphad.co
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10.3.3 Electrical Conductivity The
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Aluminum Welds
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Metals with a high coefficient of t
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Weld porosity
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A gas with a higher density is more
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Tensile testing - Tensile /Yield St
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Charpy Testing Samples
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Charpy impact testing
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Hardness testing- Hardness tester
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Hardness testing
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Hardness testing
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Ductility- Bend Tests
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10.4.1 Tensile and Yield Strength T
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For design purposes, the maximum us
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Note 1 A= proportional limit, B=ela
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Tensile Testing
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Actual tensile testing plot Elastic
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Elongation is the increase in gage
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The design of items should be based
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Bend Testing
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ASTM E290- Guided bend testing
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Bend Testing
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Bend Testing
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Knoop and Vickers Hardness Tester
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http://wes.ir/files/6936303material
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Rockwell hardness testing differs f
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Vickers hardness testing follows th
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http://www.twi-global.com/technical
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The type of notch and the impact te
Page 141 and 142: Online Metallurgy Course: http://ww
Page 143 and 144: Online Metallurgy Course http://210
Page 145 and 146: Online Metallurgy Course-Steel Maki
Page 147 and 148: Steels - The Structure of Engineeri
Page 149 and 150: Steels - The Structure of Engineeri
Page 151 and 152: Crystal Structures
Page 154 and 155: Phase Diagram
Page 156 and 157: Austenite
Page 158 and 159: This is a hypereutectoid alloy and
Page 161 and 162: Pearlite Pearlite is a phase mixtur
Page 163 and 164: This steel is of the eutectoid comp
Page 165 and 166: http://www.gowelding.com/met/carbon
Page 167 and 168: Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
Page 169 and 170: Martensite https://www.flickr.com/s
Page 171 and 172: Bainite If the steel is cooled such
Page 173 and 174: FIGURE 2. The TTT diagram for aisi
Page 175 and 176: Bainite https://www.flickr.com/sear
Page 177 and 178: R e 0.2% Yield strength is the amou
Page 179 and 180: http://www.gowelding.com/weld/prehe
Page 181 and 182: End of reading! http://oregonstate.
Page 183 and 184: Preheating
Page 185 and 186: Preheating
Page 187 and 188: Preheating, for our purposes, is de
Page 189 and 190: If preheat is specified in the WPS
Page 191: 10.6 POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT Post-
Page 195 and 196: PWHT (stress relief) can be applied
Page 197 and 198: Typical PWHT Chart
Page 199 and 200: PWHT- Typical PWHT Chart
Page 201 and 202: PWHT
Page 213 and 214: PWHT- Local
Page 221 and 222: PWHT- Equipments
Page 229 and 230: Fun-Photo: Induction Bending Pipe b
Page 231 and 232: 10.7 HARDENING Hardening or hardena
Page 233 and 234: AISI 1040 / 4340 http://www.azom.co
Page 235: AISI 4340 http://www.efunda.com/mat
Page 238 and 239: Welding- Thick plate welding
Page 240 and 241: Thick plate welding
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Weld Macro- Geometry
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Jominy Bar
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Jominy Bar
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Jominy Bar
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Hardening of the weld and base meta
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HIC- Hydrogen Induced Cracking
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TTT Curve
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Martensite
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A product analysis is a statement o
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots
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Heat analysis- Billets/Ingots
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Billets/Ingots- Steel Mill Ladle An
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Product analysis- Pipe
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i. Any supplemental information or
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Grain size determination
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Fracture toughness
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Elevated mechanical property testin
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The inspector should review the mat
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http://www.slideshare.net/fullscree
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Quiz 1) See the figure below for po
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End of reading!
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10.9 WELDABILITY OF STEELS There ar
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10.9.1 Metallurgy and Weldability A
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There are some elements present in
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10.9.2 Weldability Testing One of t
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Fabrication weldability tests that
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Weld restraint induces stresses tha
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Table 12—Weld Crack Tests
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10.10.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels
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The most common measure of weldabil
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Weldability of austenitic stainless
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Welding can reduce the corrosion re
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Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Cor
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Stainless Weld
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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Inert Backing Gas
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10.10.2 Nickel Alloys Nickel alloys
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Sluggish tendency- LOF
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Sluggish tendency- LOF
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Nickel alloys are also susceptible
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11 Refinery and Petrochemical Plant
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11.1 GENERAL This section provides
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Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
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Hot Tapping
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Burn Through
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Burn through: un-melted area beneat
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Electrode Considerations http://www
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11.2.2 Flow Rates Under most condit
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For making attachment welds to equi
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An appropriate flow rate should be
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Case Study: Is it 36” or greater
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Adverse effects can also occur from
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11.3 LACK OF FUSION WITH GMAW-S WEL
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The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) pr
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Since the transfer mode may be diff
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Hazards
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Hazards
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Mechanical Integrity
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Competent Inspectors http://amirazl
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Welding Inspection & Metallurgy API ICP Self Study Notes

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