9: Non-destructive Examination

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WELDING INSPECTION AND METALLURGY 25 Table 6—Discontinuities Commonly Encountered with Welding Processes Material Type of Discontinuity Welding Processes Carbon Steel Hydrogen Cracking SMAW, FCAW, SAW Typical NDE Method VT, PT, MT after cool down Practical Solution Low-hydrogen electrode, preheat, post heat, clean weld joint. Lack of fusion (LOF) All UT, ACFM Proper heat input, proper welding technique. Incomplete Penetration All RT, UT, VT 1 Proper heat input, proper joint design. Undercut SAW, SMAW, FCAW, GMAW VT, ACFM Reduce travel speed. Slag Inclusion SMAW, FCAW, SAW RT, UT Proper welding technique, cleaning, avoid excessive weaving. Porosity ALL RT Low hydrogen, low sulfur environment, proper shielding. Burn-through SAW, FCAW, GMAW, SMAW RT, VT a Proper heat input. Arc Strike ALL VT, MT, PT, Macroetch Remove by grinding. Lack of side wall fusion GMAW-S UT Proper heat input; vertical uphill. Tungsten Inclusion GTAW RT Arc length control. Austenitic Stainless Steel Solidification cracking All PT, ACFM Proper filler, ferrite content, proper joint design. Hot cracking SAW, FCAW, GMAW, SMAW RT, PT, UT, ACFM Low heat input, stringer bead. Incomplete Penetration All RT, UT Proper heat input. Undercut SAW, SMAW, FCAW, GMAW VT, ACFM Reduce travel speed. Slag Inclusion SMAW, FCAW, SAW RT, UT Proper cleaning. Porosity ALL RT Low hydrogen, low sulfur environment, proper shielding. Arc Strike ALL VT, PT, Macroetch Remove by grinding. a When the root is accessible. Tungsten Inclusion GTAW RT Arc length control. --`,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Reproduced by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
Table 6- Discontinuities Commonly Encountered with Welding Processes
Page 1 and 2: 9: Non-destructive Examination
Page 3 and 4: ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
Page 5 and 6: Discontinuities
Page 7 and 8: Discontinuities
Page 9 and 10: NDE Methods
Page 11 and 12: NDT Capability: Exercises
Page 13: NDT Capability: Exercises
Page 17 and 18: 9.2 MATERIALS IDENTIFICATION During
Page 19 and 20: PMI
Page 21 and 22: 9.3 VISUAL EXAMINATION (VT) 9.3.1 G
Page 24: ASME Section V, Article 9, (Paragra
Page 28 and 29: Vision Test
Page 30 and 31: Robotic Visual Inspection Crawler
Page 32 and 33: Remote Control Visual Inspection Cr
Page 34 and 35: 3. Magnifiers- helpful in bringing
Page 36 and 37: Mirrors
Page 38 and 39: 9.3.2.2 Mechanical Aids a. Steel ru
Page 40 and 41: Angle Ruler
Page 42 and 43: Feeler Gauge
Page 44 and 45: Vernier scale- a precision instrume
Page 46 and 47: Gap Gauge and Thickness Gauge
Page 48 and 49: Depth Gauge
Page 50 and 51: Bridge Cam Gage
Page 52 and 53: Adjustable fillet weld gauge
Page 54 and 55: Measures the angle of the vertical
Page 56 and 57: Weld fillet gauge being used to det
Page 58 and 59: d. Weld size gauge (see Figure 19)
Page 60 and 61: Hi-lo welding gauge
Page 62 and 63: Digital pyrometer
Page 64 and 65:
What The Expert Say: http://youtu.b
Page 66 and 67:
MPI
Page 68 and 69:
The pattern formed by the particles
Page 70 and 71:
MPI
Page 72:
MPI
Page 75 and 76:
Some of the requirements listed in
Page 77 and 78:
Pie gauge
Page 79 and 80:
Pie Gauge
Page 81 and 82:
MT Calibration Shims
Page 83 and 84:
MT-Calibration Shims
Page 85 and 86:
MT- Wet fluorescent magnetic partic
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
MT Magnetic Particle Testing
Page 93 and 94:
Jack-up drilling rig
Page 95 and 96:
Drilling Rig in Operations
Page 97 and 98:
MT-Underwater
Page 99 and 100:
Magnetic Particle Testing
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
9.4.3 Demagnetization When the resi
Page 109 and 110:
Demagnetization
Page 111:
Gauss Meter
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9: Non-destructive Examination

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