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Gunung Stong State Park Preliminary Management Plan The Gunong Stong Scientific Expedition 2003, the first concerted effort to record the biodiversity of the area, brought a team of some 100 researchers, including specialists on mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, ectoparasites, higher plants, mosses and fungi. A summary of the key findings from the expedition is provided in Table 3.3 below. Mosses Table 3.3: Summary of Key Findings of the Gunung Stong Expedition 2003 Item Notes Source Plants 30.6% out of 519 taxa of mosses reported so far in Peninsular Malaysia, consisting of 150 species from 60 genera and 28 families. 111 taxa are new to Kelantan. Damanhuri et al. (2005). Pteridophytes 80 taxa belonging to 48 genera and 24 families were recorded. Maideen et al. (2005). Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Annonaceae Composition and Biomass Animals 406 species from 254 genera and 84 families were recorded, including 28 species are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Notable endemic or rare plants include Rafflesia kerrii, Licuala stongensis, Holtummochloa pubescens, Johannesteijsmannia altifrons. 10 genera and 16 species were collected and observed, notably the rare and endemic montane species: Enicosanthellum pulchrum, Friesoldielsia alpina, Polyalthia cauliflora var. desmantha, Goniothalamus rotundisepalus, and Goniothalamus montanus. Density of trees above 5dbh is high, with 1140-1940 trees/ha, while the above-ground tree biomass ranged from 507.2 t/ha to 676.6 t/ha. Chee et al. (2005) and Shamsul et al (2005). Mat-Salleh & Imam Mahadi (2005). Nizam et al. (2005). Fishes 15 species of freshwater fish from 6 families were recorded. Abdullah Samat et al. (2005). Amphibians Insects Birds Reptiles 13 species of frogs and toads from 7 genera and 5 families were recorded. 24 cicada species from 12 genera under 2 families were recorded, with the possibility of 3 being new species. A total of 146 butterfly species from 88 genera, 13 subfamilies under 5 families were recorded. A total of 251 species of moths from 19 families were recorded. 44 genera belonging to 12 subfamilies of Ichneumonidae were identified with several new records for Kelantan. 57 species from 22 families were recorded, the most dominant being the Timallidae. 18 species were recorded, comprising 7 species of snakes, 9 of lizards, and 2 of freshwater turtles. Mammals 31 species from 19 families were recorded from GSSP, G. Stong Utara Forest Reserve and G. Basor Forest Reserve. Norhayati et al. (2005). Azman & Zaidi (2005). Zaidi et al. (2005). Zaidi et al. (2005). Idris et al. (2005). Shahrul Anuar et al. (2005). Sharma et al. (2005). Ahmad Zafir et al. (2005). Bats 21 species out of 3 families were recorded. Shukor et al. (2005). Source: After Shahahrudin et al. (2005). 36
Gunung Stong State Park Preliminary Management Plan 3.5 Fauna 3.5.1 Mammals In Malaysia, except for flagship species like tigers and elephants, not much is known about other wildlife, as few specific studies have been conducted. At GSSP, personal, though harmless encounters by BAT Guides with bears, tigers, and elephants, are not infrequent, and there is even a resident juvenile siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) that has made Baha Camp home. A security guard at the KPK Resort has personal encounters with a tiger on the access road leading to the resort, and several guards have observed a bear rummaging through the resort garbage bins. In the nearby Jeli area, elephants and tigers are becoming a nuisance, due to habitat loss and land development, as indicated by human-wildlife conflicts in Jeli and Gua Musang, two districts that are adjacent to GSSP. For example, in 1999, there were reportedly 100 elephanthuman conflicts, 52 tiger-human conflicts, 46 bear-human conflicts, six tapir-human conflicts, three wild boar-human conflicts, one pangolin-human conflict, and one leopard-human conflict (DWNP, 1999, from Pue, 2003). Luckily, fatalities were low; apart from man-eating tigers that have killed several humans, most of the conflicts have resulted only in fruit crop damage. Photo 3.2: An Elephant Being Taken Away after a Human-Elephant Conflict WWF-Malaysia/N.M. Maseri From 1990 to 2003, there were 407 tiger-human conflicts in Kelantan, of which, 133 (33%) occurred in Jeli (PE Research, 2005) with the highest incidence occurring in 2002 (45% of the total for the state. A preliminary checklist of the mammals of GSSP was compiled from studies conducted during the 2003 scientific expedition to GSSP, as well as camera-trapping studies and observations made under WWF-Malaysia’s Tigers Alive Project between 2003 and 2005 within the Gunung Basor Forest Reserve and Gunung Stong Utara Forest Reserve (see Appendix 7). As these two forests reserves adjoin GSSP and share much of its physical and biological features, mammals occurring in the two forest reserves are also assumed to be present in GSSP. In summary, a total of 60 species of mammals are known to occur in the GSSP area. Three species are listed under the IUCN Red List as “Endangered”, six as “Vulnerable” and four as “Lower Risk/Near-Threatened Species” (www.iucnredlist.org). Eighteen species are Totally Protected under the Protection of Widlife Act 1972 while 11 other species are Protected. 37
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