AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND WIRING

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Figure 2-48.- Carbon fouled. Figure 2-49.- Oil fouled. ASH FOULED (fig. 2-50) appears as red, brown, yellow, or white colored deposits which accumulate on the insulator, resulting from poor fuel quality or oil entering the cylinder. Most ash deposits have no adverse effect on the operation of the spark plug as long as they remain in a powdery state. However, under certain conditions these deposits melt and form a shiny glaze on the insulator which, when hot, acts as a good electrical conductor. This allows current to follow the deposit instead ofjumping the gap, thus shorting out the spark plug. Spark plugs, having a powdery condition, may be cleaned, regapped, and replaced. Those having a glazed deposit are to be replaced. PREIGNITON DAMAGE (fig. 2-51) appears as burned or blistered insulator tips and badly worn electrodes, resulting from over-advanced timing, low-octane fuel, wrong spark plug heat range (too high), or a lean air-fuel mixture. Spark plugs, having this condition, are to be replaced with ones having the recommended heat range. AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND WIRING 66/ 101
Figure 2-50.- Ash fouled. When a spark plug is removed for cleaning or inspection, it should be regapped by the engine manufacturer's specifications. New spark plugs are also to be regapped before installation, as they may have been dropped or mishandled and are not within specifications. A wire type feeler gauge should be used to measure spark plug gap. Slide the feeler gauge between the electrodes. If needed, bend the side electrode until the feeler gauge fits snugly. The gauge should drag slightly, as it is pulled in and out of the gap. Spark plug gaps vary from 0.30 inch on contact point ignitions to over 0.60 inch on electronic ignition systems. When the spark plugs are being reinstalled, tighten them to the manufacturer's recommendation. Some manufacturers give spark plug torque, while others recommend bottoming the plugs on the seat and then turning an additional one-quarter to one-half turn. Refer to the manufacturer's service manual for exact procedures. Figure 2-51.- Preignition damage. AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND WIRING 67/ 101
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AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND
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AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND
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It must help the charging system pr
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BATTERY CASE, COYER, AND CAPS. The
Page 9 and 10:
BATTERY CAPACITY The capacity of a
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smaller charge is needed. As the ba
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the water slowly, stirring gently b
Page 15 and 16: the terminals just enough to secure
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2-6.- Battery leakage test.
Page 19 and 20: To perform a battery drain test, se
Page 21 and 22: must be used to convert from altern
Page 23 and 24: charge, the line voltage will incre
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2-14.- Schematic wiring diag
Page 27 and 28: short is present, the steel strip w
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2-20.- Testing an armature f
Page 31 and 32: The fingers on one of the claw-shap
Page 33 and 34: A cross-sectional view of a typical
Page 35 and 36: The electronic voltage regulators u
Page 37 and 38: If the ohmmeter reading is low or t
Page 39 and 40: After completing the required test
Page 41 and 42: CAUTION Follow the manufacturer's d
Page 43 and 44: armature and the field; the attract
Page 45 and 46: gears engage and when the engine ki
Page 47 and 48: voltage from the battery is often t
Page 49 and 50: eduction drive head may rotate as m
Page 51 and 52: Once the starter is checked and rep
Page 53 and 54: The ignition circuit is actually ma
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2-43.- Ignition switch and p
Page 57 and 58: DISTRIBUTOR CAP.- The distributor c
Page 59 and 60: SPARK PLUG WIRES The spark plug wir
Page 61 and 62: The components of an electronic ign
Page 63 and 64: As speed increases, centrifugal for
Page 65: Spark Plugs and Spark Plug Wires Ba
Page 69 and 70: A common problem arises when a CARB
Page 71 and 72: ELECTRONIC IGNITION DISTRIBUTOR SER
Page 73 and 74: After the initial ignition timing,
Page 75 and 76: Figure 2-56.-( A) Single-contact bu
Page 77 and 78: Figure 2-60.- Blackout light/ headl
Page 79 and 80: To ensure that the headlights are p
Page 81 and 82: Figure 2-65.- Blackout driving ligh
Page 83 and 84: The turn signal flasher unit (fig.
Page 85 and 86: EMERGENCY LIGHT SYSTEM The emergenc
Page 87 and 88: operation, the voltage indicated on
Page 89 and 90: The THERMOSTATIC FUEL GAUGE, SELF-R
Page 91 and 92: A pressure gauge is used widely in
Page 93 and 94: Figure 2-82.- Types of sending unit
Page 95 and 96: Electronic Speedometers and Tachome
Page 97 and 98: AUTOMOTIVE WIRING Learning Objectiv
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2-86.- A typical wiring harn
Page 101: Figure 2-89.- Wiring diagram symbol
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AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND WIRING

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