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btf{ hxf“ ePsf] 5 Toxf“ dfq s/ hfg] x'“bf ;]jfz'Ns / Eof6 sxf“
hDdf x'G5 eGg] kQf nufpg klg ufx|f] x'g]tkm{ pxf“n] ;xefuLx¿sf]
Wofgfsif{0f ub}{ o:tf ljljw kl/l:yltdf ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] ljsf;
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /xg] l6Kk0fL ug'{eof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fHo ;/sf/ /
:yfgLo lgsfon] gful/ssf cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf] klxrfg u/L
ldtJolotfsf] l;4fGt ckgfO{ k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff /fVb} ;+ljwfgdf g}
s]Gb| / k|b]zsf] cfly{s clwsf/ :ki6 tf]lsPdf / k|fb]lzs cfjZostf
/ l:yltaf/] a'‰g] s]Gb| / a'´fpg ;Sg] k|b]z ePdf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
;xhtf cfpg] pxf“sf] ljrf/ lyof] .
;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j
af“8kmf“6 ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{ 8f= >Ljf:tjn] eGg'eof],
æk|ltj]bgdf /x]sf] klxnf] / bf];|f] ;"rL x]bf{ s]Gb| / k|fGtlar c;Gt'ng
cfpg] b]lvG5 .Æ ljutdf (^Ü /fh:j s]Gb|n] / $Ü :yfgLo lgsfon]
p7fpg] u/]sf], s]xL lhNnfsf] /fh:j clwstd / s]xL lhNnfsf]
/fh:j Hofb} Go"g b]lvPsf] tYof° k|:t't ub{} pxfFn] ;+3Lo Joj:yf
nfu' ePkl5 klg h'g k|b]zdf eG;f/ / s/ clws dfqfdf ;°ng
x'G5 tL k|b]z wgL x'g] cGo k|b]zsf] cly{s l:ylt sdhf]/
/xg] l6Kk0fL ug'{eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof], æljQLo c;Gt'ng sd ub}{
cly{s clwsf/ k|If]k0fsf lglDt /fd|f], r':t / :jtGq ;+:yf u7g ug]{
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cfjZos x'G5 .Æ
k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j af“8kmf“8 ;ldltn]
cfly{s clwsf/ Joj:yfkg tyf :yfgfGt/0fsf lglDt u7g
ug'{kg]{ egL k|:tfj u/]sf /fli6«o ljQLo cfof]u / /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t
cfof]u dxTjk"0f{ x'g] l6Kk0fL 8f= >Ljf:tjsf] lyof] . g]kfn hn ljB't\
jf hn pkof]usf b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ b]z ePsfn] /fli6«o k|fs[lts
;|f]t cfof]usf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] x'g ;Sg] ljrf/ /fVb} cGo ;+3Lo
d'n'sdf eGbf of] df}lns k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] l6Kk0fL ug'{eof] t/ sfd ug{
rflx“ w]/} r'gf}tL cfpg ;Sg] wf/0ff pxfFsf] lyof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof]
æcfof]un] sfd unf{g\ t/ /fHox¿n] cfly{s ;xof]u k|flKtsf lglDt
k|lt:kwf{ unf{g\, tYofÍ k|0ffnL cwfjlws x'“b}g o:tf] cj:yfdf
cfof]unfO{ cg'bfg af“8kmfF6df sl7gfO k5{ .Æ cfof]usf] lgikIftf
j:t'lgi7tf klg Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ x'g] pxf“sf] l6Kk0fL lyof] .
k|f= >Ljf:tjn] cGt;{xsf/L txx¿aLr ;dGjog, ljleGg k|b]z x'“b}
aUg] gbLx¿sf] hn;Dkbf, cGtk|f{b]lzs jghËn tyf /fhdfu{sf]
pkof]u / cfDbfgLsf] af“8kmf“8 6'Ëf] nufpg g]kfn h:tf] gj;+3Lo
d'n'sn] w]/} ;'´a'´k"0f{ lg0f{o lng'kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . ;+3Lotfdf Ifdtf clej[l4 csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ r'gf}tL x'g] pxf“sf]
ljrf/ lyof] . ;+3Lotfdf Psflt/ /fh:j, cg'bfg tyf cfly{s
clwsf/ k|flKtsf lglDt k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 eg] csf{lt/ k|fKt cg'bfgsf]
pkof]u ug{ cfjZos of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ hgzlSt / Ôdtfsf]
cefj x'g ;S5 . ;dodf cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd k"/f ug{ g;Sbf
cg'bfg lng k|lt:kwf{ u/] h:t} k|fKt hgtf nfeflDjt x'g] u/L
of]hgf th'{df / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf g} k"/f ug{] Ifdtf klg ljsf; ug{
;Sg'k5{ . o;sf lglDt k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs, k|fljlws txdf ;'wf/
cfjZos x'G5 .
;+3Lotfsf] csf]{ r'gf}tL k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L klg x'g ;Sg] pxf“sf]
ljrf/ lyof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof] –æPsfTds Joj:yfdf s]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf
cfj4 sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf k|fb]lzs sd{rf/L eP/ sfd ug{
OR5's gx'g ;S5g\ .Æ ;+3Lotfdf ¿kfGtl/t eP kl5 tL sd{rf/Lx¿
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf nflu klg a9L x'g]5g\ . k|b]zdf hfg grfx]
csf]{ ;Í6 cfpg ;S5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g ;Sg]
pxf“sf] l6Kk0fL lyof] . ltg} sd{rf/L k|b]zdf sfd ug{ tTk/ x'“bf klg
s]Gb|af6 g} ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj lnOPsf] cj:yfkl5sf] ¿kfGtl/t l:yltdf
k|b]zx¿n] cfkm\gf] k|zf;lgs Jooef/ cfkm}+ aGbf]a:t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;a} k|b]z o;sf lglDt ;Ifd gx'g ;S5g\ of] klg csf]{ r'gf}tL aGg
;S5 .
k|:t'ltsf] cGTodf 8f= >Ljf:tjn] eGg'eof] ¿kfGt/0f r'gf}tLk"0f{
/ ljjfbo'St x'G5 t/ ;'´a'´k"0f{ 9ª\un] sfd u/]/ x/]s ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ . ef/t, c:6]«lnof, Sofg8f h:tf d'n'sdf klg
afFsL k[i7 !^ df
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
5

cGtjf{tf{
æljQLo b[li6sf]0faf6 k|b]z ljefhg ul/Psf] xf]OgÆ
k|f=8f= d+unl;l4 dfgGw/ /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf ;b:o x'g'x'G5 . k|b]z afF8kmfF8sf ;Gbe{df pxfFn] ;ldlt
cGtu{tsf] pk;ldltdf /x]/ sfd ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] pxfF cfa4 bn g]=s=kf= Pdfn]sf] /fHo k'[gM;+/rgf ;ldltdf /x]/ klg sfd ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . /fHo k'gM ;+/rgfsf ljljw k|:tfj k|:t't x'Fbf ;ldltn] !$ k|b]zsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . d'n's ;+3Lo :j¿kdf hfFbf
cfpg ;Sg] åGå Pj+ ljQLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;+3Lo :j¿ksf] Joj:yfkg nufotsf ljifodf ;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6gsf tkm{af6 >L/fd kf}8]nn]
s'/fsfgL ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't 5 M pxfF;Fusf] s'/fsfgLM
g]kfnsf] k|:tfljt ;+3Lo 9fFrf ljQLo b[li6sf]0fdf s:tf] x'g]5 <
d}n] k|:6;Fu ;'?d} eGg'kb{5 k|b]z ljefhg ubf{ ljQLo b[li6sf]0faf6
uxg ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5}g . cfly{s ;antfsf] lx;fadf k|b]zx¿
lgdf{0f ug]{ k|rng t 5}g g} . t/ klg k|b]zx¿sf] :jfoQtfsf] k|j4{g
ug{ k|b]z cfkm}n] /fh:j p7fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] v08df cem} /fd|f]
x'G5 . o; b[li6n] xfdLn] klg x]/]sf 5f}+ . clxn] s] xNnf rnfOPsf]
5 eg] k|:tfljt !$ k|b]z cfly{s ¿kdf ;an 5}gg\ / ;Ifd x'g klg
;Sb}gg\ . d}n] ga'em]sf] s'/f s] eg] k|zf;g t clxn] klg 5 . xf],
;+3Lo :j¿kdf hfFbf k|zf;lgs vr{ w]/} x'g ;S5 . !$ k|b]zdWo]
clxn]s} cj:yfdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ b'O{ j6f k|b]zx¿ -h8fg / z]kf{_ n]
wfGg ;Sb}gg\ . t/ logLx¿df ;Defjgf gePsf] klg t xf]Og . afFsL
k|b]zx¿sf] xsdf cfzª\sf ug'{ h?/L 5}g . d km]l/ klg :ki6 kfg{
rfxG5' ls cfly{s ;antfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dfq k|b]zsf] lgdf{0f x'Fb}g .
h8fg / z]kf{ k|b]zsf] lgdf{0f klxrfgnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/Psf]
xf] . h8fg gfds/0f e"uf]nsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] xf] . jf:tadf of]
ef]6 k|b]z xf] . g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] #% k|ltzt lxdfnL If]qdf
kb{5 . o; If]qsf] hg;+Vof * k|ltzt dfq 5 . h8fg If]qsf] cfˆg}
;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff / hLjgz}nL 5 . 5'§} klxrfg 5 . ToxfF ;Defjgf
5}g eGg ldNb}g . clxn] geP klg eljiodf x'g ;S5 . lsgeg] To;
If]qsf ;Defjgf cgGt 5g\ . of;f{u'Daf h:tf h8La'6L cfocfh{gsf
k|d'v ;|f]t aGg ;S5g\ .
csf]{tkm{ k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ /fh:j p7fpg lbg] xf] eg]
pgLx¿n] w]/} dfqfdf /fh:j p7fpg ;Sb5g\ . To;}u/L :yfgLo
;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u kof{Kt dfqfdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo txdf
g} clwsf/ eP kl5 tL ;Defjgfx¿sf] pkof]u pRrtd x'g]5 . z]kf{
k|b]zsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] To; If]qdf lxdfn w]/} 5g\ . ko{6gaf6 g} Tof]
k|b]z ;an aGg ;Sg]5 .
ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 k|b]z lgdf{0fnfO{ x]bf{ oxfFx¿n]
cfFsng ug'{ePsf ;Defljt åGåx¿ s]–s] x'g\ <
/fh:j afF8kmfF8df åGå x'g ;S5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 x'g] cfodf
xfgfyfk x'g ;S5 . xfdLn] clwsf/sf] ;"rL clxn] g} afF8kmfF8
ul/;s]sf 5f}+, tfls kl5 åGå gxf];\ . s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfosf]
clwsf/ 5'§fOPsf] 5 .
clxn]sf] /fh:j k|zf;g s]Gb|Ls[t 5 . sl/j ^÷& k|ltzt dfq
c? :yfgLo lgsfox?n] p7fpF5g\ . clxn] xfdLn] @% b]lv #)
k|ltzt;Dd c?n] -s]Gb|n] x}g_ p7fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf
5f}+ . olt klg clwsf/ glbg] xf] eg] lsg :jfoQ eGg] <
k|b]zsf nflu cfkm}n] p7fpg] / s]Gb|af6 k|fKt x'g] lx:;f k|d'v cfo
x'g]5 . clxn] sltko gful/ssf] a'emfO /fh:jsf ;DaGwdf k|:6
5}g . hxfFaf6 eG;f/ p7\b5, Tof] To;n] dfq pkof]u ug{ kfpF5 .
of] unt xf] . eG;f/, r'ª\uLs/, cfDbfgL s/ nufotaf6 p7\g] /sd
hxfF p7\of] ToxL ;Lldt /xg] x'Fb}g . cfDbfgL s/ s;sf] dftxtdf
/xg] eGg] s'/fdf ;ldltdf uxg 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . kl5 k|b]zdf
/xg] lg0f{o eof] . h:tf] g]jf k|b]zsf] pbfx/0f lnpFm g . ;aeGbf w]/}
cfDbfgL s/ ePsf] k|b]z oxL xf] . k|b]zdf klg wgL / ul/a x'G5g\ .
wgL k|b]zn] ul/a k|b]znfO{ ;xof]u u5{ g} t/ clxn] xfdLn] cfly{s
;antfdf ;dfgtf xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf 5f}+ . ;Ifd gePsf k|b]znfO{
s]Gb|n] ;xof]u ug}{ kb{5 .
clxn] elgPsf] c;Gt'ng klg t oxL xf] ls ;a} k|b]zsf ;Defjgf
;dfg 5}gg\ . h:tf] sf7df8f}+ / k;f{df Hofbf /fh:j p7\5 . k|b]znfO{
clwsf/ lbP kl5 c?n] t kfpFb}gg\ lg <
cfDbfgL s/ dfq k|b]zsf] xf] . of] dfq} /fh:j t xf]Og lg . eG;f/,
r'ª\uLs/ t hxfFaf6 p7] klg s]Gb|df hfG5 . s]Gb|n] g} Joj:yfkg
ug'{ kb{5 . ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu cGoq ljQLo cfof]u
agfOPsf] x'G5 . of] cfof]u u7g ug]{ ;'emfj k|ltj]bgsf] 5nkmnsf
qmddf cfPsf] 5 . ljQLo cfof]un] hg;+Vof, ljsf;sf] ult,
;'udtf, k"jf{wf/ nufotsf s'/fnfO{ dfkb08 agfP/ cg'bfg lbg]
ub{5 . o;n] ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L kl5 k/]sf k|b]znfO{ w]/} / cl3
/x]sfnfO{ yf]/} ;xof]u ub{5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn]
ljQLo cfof]u u7g ug{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . c:6«]lnof, ef/t, Sofg8f
nufotsf /fi6«df ljQLo cfof]u dfkm{t k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfd
ePsf 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf cfof]usf] ;+/rgfk|lt g} c;Gt'li6 JoSt
ul/Psf] 5 .
afFsL k[i7 !^ df
6
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

cGtjf{tf{
æzf;sLo :j¿k to gePsfn] clwsf/sf] ;"rL k"0f{
¿kdf :ki6 x'g ;s]gÆ
cd[tf yfkf du/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ / /fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltsf ;efklt x'g'x'G5 . of] ;ldltn] ;+3Lo g]kfn tLg txsf]
kl/sNkgf ub}{ clwsf/sf] ;"rL to u/]sf] 5, h;df clxn] ax; aflSnPsf] 5 / c;Gt'li6 klg JoSt ePsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] ;ldltn] lgs} dl;gf] u/L
clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] bfjL ;efklt yfkf du/sf] 5 . ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6gsf tkm{af6 >L/fd kf}8]nn]
pxfF;Fu s'/fsfgL ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't 5, s'/fsfgLsf c+z M
/fHosf] ljefhg;Fu} p7\g] cfly{s clwsf/sf k|Zgx¿ s] s] x'g\ /
ltgnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo ;ldltn] ;f]r]sf] 5 <
cfly{s ljefhgsf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ w]/} ljjfb xfdLn] b]v]sf
5}gf}+ . /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf ljifodf w]/}sf] rf;f] ePsf]n]
cfly{s clwsf/sf ljifodf Hofbf ax; / ljjfb ePsf 5}gg\ .
;ldltdf k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{ gfsfx¿df /fh:j p7fpg] clwsf/
k|b]znfO{ lbg'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf a9L ax; ePsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o
dfGotf cg';f/ / ;+3Lotf xfd|f] klxnf] cg'ej ePsfn] kl5
lj:tf/df clwsf/x¿nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ub}{ n}hfg] eGg] s'/f klg cfPsf]
lyof] . sltko clwsf/nfO{ xfdLn] s]Gb| / k|b]z b'j}df /xg] u/L
Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ eg] sltko ljifox¿ -Eof6, cfos/_ nfO{
:ki6 ¿kdf ;+3df /xg] egL tf]s]sf 5f}+ . o;}u/L :yfgLo If]qdf
/xg] clwsf/ klg tf]lsPsf] 5 . lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu k|ltj]bgsf]
cfly{s clwsf/ afF8kmfF6sf] ;"rL x]g'{xf]nf .
clxn] cGtk{|b]z ;Ifdtfsf] s'/f cfpFbf cfly{s clwsf/sf
af/]df rf;f] a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf s]Gb|sf] cfly{s
clwsf/sf] ;"rL x]bf{ s]Gb|nfO{ cfly{s b[li6n] klg ;zSt agfpg]
k|of; u/]sf] b]lvof] . o;n] ;+3LotfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfb}{g <
/fh:j p7fpg] clwsf/sf lx;fan] tkfO{+n] eg]sf] s'/f ;fFrf]
xf] . ;a} b[li6n] s]Gb|nfO{ alnof] kfg]{ p2]Zo rflxF xf]Og . /fHosf]
k'gM;+/rgf / /fHo zlStsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf] vf; sfo{If]q
k/]sf] k/]sf] x'gfn] clwsf/sf] s'/f Hofbf p7]sf] xf] . ;d:of
s:tf] k¥of] eg] /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf /fHozlStsf] afF8kmfF6
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] ;ldltn]
k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf] x'gfn] s]xL s'/fx¿ ldNg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
;+3Lo vfsf k|:6 gePsf] cj:yfdf ;a} k|b]z cfTdlge{/ x'G5g\ ls
x'Fb}gg\ eGg] k|:6 lyPg . t/ klg xfdLn] cGo d'n'ssf] afF8kmfF8
x]/]/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df oxfFsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ug{ vf]h]sf 5f}+ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu cGo /fi6«df /fli6«o lgs'~h s]Gb| dftxtdf /flvPsf
5g\ . xfdLn] o;nfO{ ;djtL{ ;"rLdf /fv]sf 5f}+ . To;f] x'gfn]
;a} clwsf/ s]Gb|df 5g\ eGg] xf]Og . csf]{tkm{ k|b]zx¿ aLr
ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ug{ klg ;lsG5 . ljQLo ¿kdf ;Ifd ePsf
k|b]zn] sdhf]/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\, s]Gb|n] klg sdhf]/ x'g]nfO{
;xof]u ub{5 . xfd|f] ;ldltn] ;+3LotfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] pRrtd
gd'gf xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ tNnf] txnfO{ clwsf/
lbg'k5{ eg]/ sfd u/]sf] lyof] .
tkfO{sf] ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs eP kl5 ;|f]t afF8kmfF8df Hofbf
rf;f] a9]sf] 5 . l:y/ / ultzLn k|fs[lts ;|f]t dflysf] :jfldTj
k|of]usf] clwsf/af/] k|ltj]bg c:ki6 h:tf] nfU5 < s] eGg'x'G5 <
clxn] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yf ePsf] ;dodf h'g 7fpFdf
hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf 5, To; 7fpFdf aQL gaNg] / kfgL gx'g]
l:ylt 5 . of] l:yltn] :yfgLo jfl;Gbfdf ckgTjsf] efjgf
ljsl;t x'g kfPsf] 5}g . To;}n] ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngsf nflu
:yfgLo afl;Gbfn] k|fyldstf kfpg'kg]{ s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf
/fVg' kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x 5 . nufgL / nfef+zsf] s'/fdf
kl/of]hgf ;~rfnsn] ;/f]sf/ /fv]/ :yfgLo If]qdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efa
-a:tL ;fg'kg]{, cGo jftfj/0fLo c;/_ k|lt Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kb{5 eGg]
l6Kk0fL ;lxt plNnlvt k|fjwfg /fv]sf 5f}+ . cGt/ k|fb]lzs ¿kdf
ePsf rLhx¿nfO{ ljQLo cfof]udfkm{t Joj:yfkg ubf{ ljjfb
;dfwfg x'g]5 . /fHosf gLlt tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t
kl/rfng s'g} ju{, hflt, If]q, lnËsf] xftdf dfq geO{ ;dGoflos
ljt/0f x'g'kg]{ l;4fGt clËsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;Fu;Fu} xdLn] k|fs[lts
;|f]t cfof]usf] klg kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5f}+ . of] cfof]u cw{Goflos
xf];\ eGg] dfGotf /flvPsf] 5 . lsgeg] sfg'gL k|lqmofaf6 hfFbf nfdf]
;do nfUg ;S5 . of] cfof]un] k|fljlws ;ldlt dfkm{t sfd ug]{5,
tfls k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ;fwg;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} kIfdf ;To tYo kQf
nufpg ;sf];\ .
cfof]usf] clwsf/ s:tf] x'g]5 / s;/L sfd u5{ <
afFsL k[i7 !& df
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
7

;+ljwfg ;ef ultljlw
;+3Lo g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ljQLo Joj:yfkg
-k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ / /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF6af/]_
/fHoJoj:yf PsfTds xf];\ jf ;+3fTds /fHozlStsf] plrt af“8kmf“8
tyf zf;sLo PsfOx¿sf] r':ttfk"0f{ sfo{ gePdf s'g} klg d'n'ssf]
ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . nfdf] ;do;Dd PsfTds s]Gb|Lo zf;gdf
g]kfnsf] /fHoJoj:yf rNof] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ljgfsf] PsfTds
zf;g Joj:yfsf sf/0f b]zsf] ljsf;n] ck]lÔt ult lng
g;s]sf] oyfy{tf;“u} ljljwtf / ltgsf] klxrfg x/fpg nfu]sf]
kl/k|]Iodf /fhtGqsf] cGTo ;lxt ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL u|x0f
ug]{ hg cfsf+Ôf cg';f/ xfn ;+3Lotfdf d'n's ;ª\qmldt ePsf]
5 . ;}4flGts ¿kdf ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]sf] o; d'n'ssf] ;+3Lo
9f“rf, ;+:yfut :j¿k / clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 nufotsf sfo{x¿
;+ljwfg ;ef cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;ldltx¿ ub}{ 5g\ .
d"ntM hgtfsf] rfxgf ljsf; xf] . hftLo klxrfg eGg' klg To;
hfltsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s ljsf; g} xf] . klxrfg;“u
;Da4 ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ljsf; / hgtfsf] ;'v ;'ljwf;“u
;Da4 cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf n}hfg] sfo{sf] /fhgLlts
k|lta4tf / ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgåf/f ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf
b'O{ ;ldltx¿ /fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgf tyf /fHozlStsf] af“8kmf“8 /
k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j af“8kmf“8 ;ldlt oL
sfo{sf lglDt a9L lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . /fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgf tyf
/fHozlStsf] af“8kmf“8 ;ldltn] !$ k|b]zsf] vfsf cfkm\gf]
k|ltj]bgdf a'´fPsf] 5 . o;n] s]Gb|, k|b]z, :yfgLo lgsfo u/L d"ntM
;/sf/sf tLg tx x'g] t/ ljz]if ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ s'g} hfltsf lglDt
ljz]if ;+/rgf, ;+/lIft If]q / ljz]if ;+/lIft If]q klg /xg] Joj:yf ;f]
;ldltn] u/]sf] 5 . ltgsf] zf;sLo :j¿kaf/] klg k|ltj]bgn] cfkm\gf]
cledt ;lxt cjwf/0ff / ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;d]t k|:t't ul/;s]sf]
5 oBlk /fHo k'gM;+/rgf cfof]uåf/f k|fb]lzs ljefhg sf]g]{ / ;'´fj
lbg] s'/f klg uDeL/ ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf cfwf/ Toxf“sf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u g} xf] .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng / k|of]u ePdf
dfq d'n'ssf] cfly{s k|ult x'G5 . k|fb]lzs ljefhg kl5 klxn]sf]
l:yltdf PsLs[t ¿kdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf cfly{s clwsf/
ljleGg k|b]z k|b]zdf afFl8g] x'G5 . ljsf;nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/
k|b]z ljefhg gul/Psfn] k|fb]lzs vfsf Psgf;sf] 5}g . klxrfg
/ ;fdYo{nfO{ x]l/Psf] cj:yfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] af“8kmf“8 /
k|of]u ;DaGwL ljifo ck]Iffs[t uf}0f ag]sf] b]lvG5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t,
cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j af“8kmf“8 ;ldltn] s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo
lgsfosf] cfcfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|ltj]bgdf ;"rLs[t u/L k|:t't u/]sf]
5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ b]lvG5 M
s_ s]Gb|Lo txM /fli6«o ;]gf, s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/,
b"/ ;~rf/, df}lb|s gLlt, a}lsª, ladf, cWofudg, k//fi6«
dfdnf, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf, ;Ldf ;'/Ôf, u'Ktr/ ;]jf, cg';Gwfg
k|lti7fgx¿, j}b]lzs C0f tyf cg'bfg, gful/s p•og
ljdfg:yn, /]nj] ;]jf, x'nfs ;]jf, gful/stf, vfB u'0f:t/
dfgs :t/, hg:jf:y ;DaGwL dfgs :t/, cfGtl/s ;f´f
ahf/, /fli6«o /fhdfu{, 7"nf l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf, vfg]kfgLsf]
dfgs :t/, lzÔfsf] dfgs :t/, ;?jf /f]u lgoGq0f, ljB't\ s[lif
cg';Gwfg, ;fdflhs ;'/Ôf, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, j}b]lzs nufgL
gLlt tyf cg'dlt, hGd, d[To', ljjfx / a;fO“ ;/fO ;DaGwL gLlt,
jftfj/0f ;DaGwL /fli6«o dfgsÙ lxdfn e"kl/lw / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g, vlgh tyf e" pkof]u gLlt .
v_ k|fb]lzs txM k|b]lzs txsf of]hgf, gLlt, cg'bfg, cg';Gwfg
k|lti7fg, cfkm\gf] Ô]qleq kg]{ ;8s, l;“rfO, vfg]kfgL, lzÔf,
:jf:Yo, ljB't\, s[lif, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g, ;fdflhs ljsf;,
pBf]u Joj;fo, jftfj/0f, jgÙ vlgh, k|fb]lzs e"Joj:yfkgÙ
k|fb]lzs k|x/Lsf ;fy} ;+3Lo sfg'gn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf clwsf/
k|b]zdf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
u_ :yfgLo txM :yfgLo ;8s, l;“rfO, vfg]kfgL, lzIff, :jf:y,
ljB't\, s[lif, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g, ;fdflhs ljsf;, pBf]u Joj;fo,
jftfj/0f, jg vlgh cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
/fh:j ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/, k|b]lzs
;/sf/ / :yfgLo lgsfon] lgDgfg';f/sf] /fh:j ;°ng ug{ kfpg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/M eG;f/, d"No clea[l4 s/, cGtM z'Ns,
;+:yfut cfos/, JolQmut cfos/, k'FhLut cfos/, Jofhs/,
cfsl:ds nfes/, kf;kf]6{ tyf le;f b:t'/, k|fs[lts
;|f]t -cfos/ nfef+z, ;]o/, lgMz'Ns lah'nL_ x'nfs b:t'/, b"/
;~rf/, Sofl;gf], sfa{g / jftfj/0fLo ;]jf .
v_ k|lblzs ;/sf/M cGtM z'Ns, dgf]/~hg s/, kfl/>lds s/,
k]/f]n s/, pQ/flwsf/ s/, ;jf/L ;fwg s/ / 3/ hUuf /lh:6« ];g .
u_ :yfgLo lgsfoM dgf]/~hg s/, kfl/>lds s/, k]/f]n s/, 3/
hUuf÷;Dklt s/, axfn s/, Joj;fo s/, s]a'nsf/ s/,
u[xlgdf{0fsf] cg'dlt s/, lj1fkg, kfls{ª z'Ns, xf6 ahf/ s/,
l;kmfl/; z'Ns, 3/ hUuf /lh:6]«;g z'Ns / 9'ª\uf, df6f], lu6L,
afn'jf ;DaGwL s/ .
k|ltj]bgdf ;/sf/sf tLgj6} txn] p7fpg] /fh:jsf] ;"rL klg lbOPsf]
5 . tLg j6} ;/sf/n] p7fpg] s/df ko{6g b:t'/, l;+rfO b:t'/, vfgL,
vfg]kfgL dx;'n, jg If]qsf] z'Ns, Ohfht b:t'/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]t
cGtu{tsf] /f]oN6L -;nfdL_ /x]sf 5g\ . pko'{St zLif{s af6 p7]sf]
/sd s]Gb| k|b]z tyf :yfgLo lgsfo tLgj6} txdf afF8kmfF8 x'g] u/L
k|ltj]bgdf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
pko'{St ;"rL x]bf{ zf;sLo txx¿n] cfcfkm\gf] ;+a}wflgs tyf sfg'gL
bfo/fdf /x]/ sfo{ ubf{ Ps} k|s[ltsf sfo{df ljjfb cfpg ;Sg] klg
b]lvG5 . s]xL k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg pbfx/0ffy{ kfgL, jg tyf jGo
k}bfjf/sf] k|of]u / k|rngdf s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfo aLr ljjfb
cfpg ;Sb5 . Ps} 7fp“df l:y/ eP/ g/xg] hn;Dkbfsf] pkof]u /
8
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

;+ljwfg ;ef ultljlw
k|of]udf cGtk|f{b]lzs tx;Dd km}n]sf] jg / ToxfFsf ultzLn
jGohGt'sf ljifodf, ko{6g ljz]iftM cGtk|f{b]lzs kbofqf h:tf
ljifodf ljjfb p7\g ;S5 . oL afx]s ljjfb cfpg ;Sg] cGo
ljifo klg x'g ;S5g\ . ;+3Lo To:tf] Joj:yf xf] h;df hgtfn]
cfˆgf] cleefjsTj lng] /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ glhs} kfpF5g\ . t/
Pp6} d'ns'nfO{ leGg leGg k|b]zdf ljefhg u/L ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
l:yltdf lIflthLo ¿kdf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿aLr / nDa ¿kdf s]Gb|,
k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfox¿ lar dte]b tyf ;+3if{ x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf
/xG5 . To;}n] ;+3Lo Joj:yf emu8f x'g] /fHo Joj:yf xf] eGg]
klg ul/G5 . o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cfjZos
x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn]
klg ljjfb lg¿k0f tyf Gofok"0f{ ;dfwfgsf] vf]hLsf lglDt ljQLo
cfof]u / k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]usf] Joj:yf cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf
u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o ljQLo cfof]u – k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf
/fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltsf] cjwf/0ff kq / ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/lDes
k|f/lDes d:of}bfsf] qmd;+Vof @% wf/f #& -!_ df /fli6«o ljQLo
cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Ps cWoIf ;lxt a9Ldf tLg hgf ;b:o
/xg] of] cfof]u ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF6 h:tf] cxd\
dxTjsf] ljifoj:t' ePsf] / o;sf] afF8kmfF6 Gofo;ª\ut, ;dGoflos
tyf lgikIf gePdf ;+3Lo Joj:yfsf] ;';~rfngdf uDeL/ c;/
kg]{ ePsfn] :jtGq cfof]uaf6 /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF6 Jojl:yt ug]{
p2]Zo cg'¿k Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf k|efjaf6
cnu /fvL lgikIf, :jtGq / :jR5 cfof]usf] ¿kdf /fVg To;nfO{
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf cWoIf
/ ;b:osf] of]Uotf / cg'ej ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf /x]sf k|fjwfgn]
;f] lgsfonfO{ zlStzfnL, j:t'lgi7, Gofok"0f{ agfpg] cfzo
k|l:6G5 . cfof]usf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ af/] wf/f #* sf ljleGg
pkwf/fx¿df :ki6 tf]lsPsf] 5 æ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg'gdf Joj:yf
eP adf]lhd /fli6«o ;j{;l~rt sf]ifaf6 ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo
;/sf/aLr /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF6 ug]{ lj:t[t cfwf/ / ;+oGq to
ug]{ sfo{, /fli6«o ;j{;l~rt sf]ifaf6 k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{
k|bfg ul/g] :yfgLos/0f cg'bfg sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePsf] cfwf/df
l;kmfl/; ug]{ cflb clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6«o ljQLo cfof]un] k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo /fli6«o gLlt
tyf sfo{qmd, dfgs k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf jfkt k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ lbg] cg'bfgsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;
cfof]un] ;+3Lo ;j{;l~rt sf]ifaf6 dfq geO{ k|fb]lzs ;j{;l~rt
sf]ifaf6 vr{ x'g] u/L :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lbOg] cg'bfgsf] l;kmfl/;
;d]t ub{5 . vf; u/]/ ljsf;nfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9ª\un] clu a9fpg
cfjZos ;fwgaf/] l;kmfl/; ug]{ dfq geO{ ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs /
:yfgLo lgsfosf] vr{sf] lhDd]jf/L / /fh:j c;'nLdf ;'wf/
ug'{kg]{ pkfo, ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rsx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;+3, k|b]z
tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF6sf cfwf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
tyf kl/dfh{g ;d]t o; cfof]un] ug{ ;S5 .
;du|df cfly{s ;xof]usf] l;kmfl/; ;du| ljQLo l:yltsf]
ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg ;lxt ;'wf/sf pkfosf] ;d]t l;kmfl/;
ug]{ clwsf/;DkGg lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ljQLo cfof]usf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]u – k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfly{s clwsf/ tyf
/fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf] qmd;ª\Vof @$ wf/f #$ df
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b]zdf pknAw
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / lbuf] pkof]usf ;DaGwdf cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug{sf lglDt bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt th'{df u/L ;/sf/nfO{
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DaGwL ;'emfj lbg ;f] cfof]u u7gsf] cfjZostf
ePsf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]udf s]Gb|,
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txx¿ aLr p7\g ;Sg] ljjfbx¿sf] lg¿k0f ;Da4
ljifosf lj1x¿af6 dfq x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{sf
lglDt :jtGq, lgikIf / clwsf/;DkGg ;+j}wflgs cËsf] ¿kdf
/xg] ;f] cfof]un] sfo{ ug]{ dg;fo pSt wf/f tyf pkwf/f?n]
/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . ;DalGwt ljifosf] lj1tf ePsf ljlzi6 k|fljlws tyf
af}l4s JolSt cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] /
7"nf] geO{ cWoIf ;d]t u/L tLg hgf /xg] u/]af6 / /xg] kbflwsf/L
tyf ;b:osf] of]Uotfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t, hn;|f]t, e"ud{zf:q, kof{j/0f
tyf kof{j/0f Pj+ sfg'g ;DaGwL lj1tf x'g'kg]{ Joj:yfaf6 cfof]u
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljQLo If]qsf ljjfb lg¿k0ffy{
/fli6«o ljQLo cfof]usf] Joj:yf em}+ /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t
cfof]usf] dxTj b]lvG5 . /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]un] k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] cj:yf, lbuf] pkof]u, nfeflGjt x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof, cfly{s
;fdflhs ljsf;df To;sf] ;DefJo of]ubfg, jftfj/0fLo kIfsf]
;+/If0faf/] ;d]t cWoog u/L ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]ts} ljifodf p7]sf ljjfb lg¿k0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfosf]
vf]hL k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DaGwL ljz]if1af6 g} ug]{ p2]Zo /xg' dxTjk"0f{
dflgG5 . lsgls o; cfof]usf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:osf] of]Uotf
k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Fu ;Da4 x'g'kg]{ /x]sf] 5 .
;ftf}+ r/0fsf] lgjf{rg===
pxfFsf] kIfdf @$^, ljkIfdf !!! / t6:y /xg] ;b:osf] ;+Vof
@)^ /x\of] . of] k|:tfjdf dtbfg x'Fbf %^# pkl:yt lyP . o;}
u/L g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+;bLo bnsf g]tf /fdrGb| kf}8]nnfO{ k|wfgdGqL
kbdf lgjf{lrt ul/of];\ eGg] bf];|f] k|:tfjdfly dtbfg x'Fbf %^&
;b:o pkl:yt /x]sf]df kIfdf !@$, ljkIfdf @$# / t6:y /xg]
sf] ;+Vof @$# /x\of] . Joj:Yflksf ;+;bdf xfn sfod /x]sf] %((
;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'dt gk'u]sfn] b'j} k|:tfj c:jLs[t ePsf x'g\ .
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7g x'g g;s]kl5 ;fpg % ut]
b]lv ax'dtsf] ;/sf/ u7gsf nflu k6s k6s lgjf{rg x'Fb} cfPsf
5g\ . ax'dt h'6fpgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] g]skf Pdfn] /fli6«o
;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7g x'g'kg]{ eGb} t6:y /xb} cfPsf] 5 eg] dw];sf
d'2fx?nfO{ b'j} k|wfgdGqLsf pDd]bjf/n] lrQ a'em\bf] u/L k|lta4tf
ghgfPsfn] rf/ bn ;lDdlnt dw];L df]rf{ klg t6:y /x]sfn]
s;}sf] kIfdf ax'dt h'6\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
k|wfgdGqL 5gf}6 x'g g;Sbf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|:t't x'g
;s]sf] 5}g eg] ;+ljwfg ;efn] klg sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . c;f/ !^
ut] dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] k|wfgdGqL kbaf6 /flhgfdf u/]kl5 ;fpg %,
&, !&, @!, ebf} &, @) / @@ ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|wfgdGqL
5gf}6sf nflu lgjf{rg ePklg s;}sf] kIfdf ax'dt k'u]sf] 5}g .
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ k|wfgdGqL 5gf}6 ul/of];\
eGg] k|:tfjdf ax'dt gk'u'Gh]n lgjf{rg eO/xg]5 .
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
9

;Gbe{
;'emfj
;+3Lo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfo
;+3Lo Joj:yf s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfo u/L ;fdfGotM tLg
txdf k|rlnt b]lvG5 . t/ b]zsf] ef}uf]lns, hftLo, wfld{s tyf
;f+:s[lts ljz]iftf / ljljwtfnfO{ klxrfg ;lxt Joj:yfkg ubf{
rf}yf] txsf] klg Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;+3Lotf ;DaGwL /fli6«o
cg'ej gePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] k|of]u x'g nfu]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf tyf /fHo zlStsf] afF8kmfF6
;ldltn] s]Gb|, k|b]z, :yfgLo lgsfo kl5 ljz]if ;+/rgf, ljz]if
If]q tyf ljz]if ;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . !$ j6f
k|b]z ljefhgsf] vfsf k|ltj]bgdf 5 . d"ntM klxrfg / ;fdYo{nfO{
k|b]z ljefhgsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf
hflt / efiffn] dxTj kfpg] l:ylt b]lvG5 . To:t} x/]s k6s uDeL/
k|Zgem}+ ag]sf] cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/, /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ klg
efjL ;+3Lotfsf ljjfbsf ljifo aGg ;Sg] cfzÍf ;a}lt/af6
ul/Psf] 5 . d'n's ul/a 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t eP klg To;sf]
pkof]usf] qmddf ljjfb cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . lxhf];Dd PsfTds
Joj:yf /x]sfn] s[lifsf lglDt hxfFhtfaf6 kfgL Nofpg ;lsGYof]
eg] ef]nL k|b]z k|b]zdf ljefhg ePkl5 l;+rfOsf lglDt kfgLsf]
;d:of k/L ljjfb p7\g ;S5 . To:t} jg hª\unaf6 ul/g] 3fF;
bfp/fsf] ;Íngdf ljjfb cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . hftLo, eflifs,
;f+:s[lts h:tf kIfn] p7\g] ljjfb;Fu} /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/sf]
k|Zg k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]usf] k|Zg clxn] ;}4flGts txdf dfq
p7]sf 5g\ . ltgn] ha Jofjxfl/s s;Ldf 3f]l6P/ v/f] pqg' kg]{ x'G5
lgZrog} o;sf lglDt ljjfbsf u'TyL vf]Ng] o'lSt / ;+oGq ck]lIft
x'G5g\ . o:t} ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;+oGq / pkfoaf/] /fhgLlt zf:qL,
sfg'gljb\, cy{zf:qL, ;dfhzf:qL tyf /fhgLlts JolStx¿aLr
5nkmn rln/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn slG:66\o';g kmfpG8];gn] ut
dlxgf hd{g k|fljlws ;xof]u ;+:yf -hL=6L=h]8=_ tyf km]8]/n
km/]g clkm;sf] ;xof]udf g]kfndf k|:tfljt ;+3Lo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf
;+oGqsf af/]df Pp6f sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . of] sfo{qmddf
kmfpG8];gn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout ;ldltx¿n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf
nflu k|:t't u/]sf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;+oGqsf] ;d:of s:tf] 5 tyf
To;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Pp6f
cg';Gwfg kqnfO{ klg ;Da4 kIfx¿ aLr 5nkmndf NofPsf]
lyof] . pQm cg';Gwfg kqn] k|:tfljt Joj:yfx¿nfO{ lgDg
adf]lhd ;'wf/ u/L cem alnof] agfpg ;lsg]tkm{ cf}+NofPsf]
5 . ljjfbsf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw xfdLn] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+3Lotfsf] vfsf;Fu
/xG5 . hftLo jf eflifs klxrfgnfO{ ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ dflgPdf tyf
cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ h:tf cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft ul/Pdf ;+3Lo PsfOx¿jLr lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lgs}
;+j]bgzLn ljjfbx¿ pTkGg x'g] ;+efjgf /xG5 . lsgls g]kfndf
xfn;Dd oL cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ cToGt ;Ff3'/f] cy{df a'lemPsf]
5 . ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf ;a}n] cfkm\gf] dx;'; ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]u /
;xsfo{df cfwfl/t ;+3Lo Joj:yfsf] /rgf ug{ ;lsPdf ljjfbnfO{
sd ug{ ;lsg]5 .
• ;+3Lo PsfOx¿ aLr ljjfb pTkGg x'g] d"n sf/0f clwsf/
If]qdf /xg] c:ki6tf g} x'g] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . t;y{
k|To]s PsfOsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/sf] ;"rL :ki6 / lj:t[t ul/g'
kb{5 . ;femf ;"rLdf sdeGbf sd ljifo dfq /fVg' pko'Qm
x'G5 . cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;+3df /flvg' kb{5 . o;f] ePdf ljjfb
pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g x'g] 5 .
• xfdL klxnf] k6s ;+3Lo Joj:yf ;~rfng ub}{] 5f}+ . o; ;DaGwL
/fli6«o cg'ej gePsfn] ljleGg txsf / ;dfg txsf PsfOx¿
aLr ;d]t lgoldt cGt/lqmof / cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfg x'g]
/fhgLlts ;++oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf ljjfb x'g} glbg
;xof]u k'Ug]5 . o;sf nflu ;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/
k|d'vx¿ Pj+ k|b]zsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vx¿sf] lgoldt ;Dd]ng
u/fpg] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt x'g' /fd|f] x'g]5 .
• cfk;L c;dembf/Lsf sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] s'g} klg ljjfbnfO{
;j{k|yd cgf}krfl/s / /fhgLlts tj/n] ;dfwfgsf] k|of;
ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] 5 . o;sf nflu s'g} klg ;+3Lo PsfO aLr
pTkGg ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu b'O{ kIfLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo jftf{,
d]nldnfk, ;dGjo Pj+ dWo:ytf h:tf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf
j}slNks k|lqmofx¿ canDag ug{ ;lsg] /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf
tyf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf /x]sf] k|:tfj
;d;fdlos 5 . o;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ;+j}wflgs ;+:s[lt
:yflkt ub}{ hfg ;lsof] eg] ;dfh sfg'gL ljjfbtkm{ pGd'v
x'b}g . ;+ljwfgn] dfGotf lbg] o; cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs sfg'gåf/f cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]
x'G5 .
• cf}krfl/s /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf] s'/f ubf{ ;+3Lo sfo{sf/L
k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf ;a} k|b]zsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vx¿ /x]sf] Ps
:yfoL cGt/k|fb]lzs kl/ifb\sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g' h?/L
5 . o;n] ;+3Lo PsfOx¿ aLr ljjfb pTkGg x'g glbg / pTkGg
ePsf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{ k|of; ub{5 . of] ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg
/ ;a} If]qsf ljjfbsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] ;+oGq x'g'
kb{5 . o;f] ePsf /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿ksf] lgwf{/0f ;ldltn]
k|:tfj u/]sf] h:tf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] cfjZostf kg]{
5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;DaGwL ljjfb eg] ;+j}wflgs cbfntdf
l;kmfl/; u/L lg0f{osf nflu k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
• k|b]z dftxtsf PsfOx¿jLr pTkGg x'g] ljjfbnfO{ s]Gb|Lo
;+oGqdf gNofO{ k|fb]lzs ;efn] g} ;dfwfg ug'{ x/]s b[li6sf]0fn]
pko'Qm x'g]5 . o;sf nflu k|To]s k|fb]lzs ;efdf ljz]if ;ldlt
lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltn] Ps¿ktf klg :yflkt x'g]5 .
cGt/k|fb]lzs kl/ifb\n] h:t} k|fb]lzs ;efn] klg ;+ljwfgsf]
JofVofsf] k|Zg ;d]t ;dfj]z /x]sf] ljjfb eg] ;+j}wflgs
cbfntdf l;kmfl/; u/L lg0f{osf nflu k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf
ul/g' pko'Qm x'g]5 .
• ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] hudf ;~rfng x'g]
ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s} ljjfb klg
;dfwfgsf] clGtd pkfo Goflos g} x'g' kb{5 . ;a} ;+3Lo
10
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

;Gbe{
;'emfj
PsfOsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgdf ;"rLs[t x'g] ePsfn] pTkGg
x'g] ljjfbdf ;+j}wflgs k|Zg :jfefljs ¿kdf cGtlg{lxt x'g]
b]lvG5 . cgf}krfl/s jf cf}krfl/s /fhgLlts ;+oGqaf6
ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df jf ljjfbdf ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofsf]
k|Zg lglxt /x]df clGtd pkfosf] ¿kdf cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] ug'{ clgjfo{ g} x'G5 . o;sf nflu
g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz kb]g cWoIf /xg]
/ cGo rf/ hgf :jtGq GofofwLzx¿ /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs cbfnt
:yfkgf ug'{ ;dof]lrt x'g] 5 . ;+j}wflgs cbfntnfO{ ;+3Lo
jf k|fb]lzs sfg'g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] k|Zg, ;+ljwfgsf]
JofVof ;DaGwL k|Zg / ;+3Lo PsfOx¿ aLrsf] ljjfb ;DaGwL
d'2fdf dfq clwsf/ If]q /xg] u/L Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f]
eof] eg] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8
;ldltn] k|:tfj u/]sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]usf] cfjZostf
kb}{g eg] ljQLo cfof]unfO{ ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ clwsf/ If]q
tf]ls/xg' cfjZos kg]{ 5}g .
• ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+oGq w]/} agfpg' x'b}g . w]/} agfPdf cgfjZos
hl6ntf / cGof}n cfpg'sf ;fy} ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ lgsfox¿
aLr g} clwsf/ If]qsf] ljjfb pTkGg x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g]5 .
Pp6f ljjfbdf w]/} ljifo cGt/;DalGwt x'g ;Sg], Pp6f lgsfon]
u/]sf] lg0f{o kl5 csf]{ lgsfodf k'gM ljjfb hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
x'G5 . ljjfbsf] slxNo} klg ;dfwfg gx'g] vt/f /xG5 .
• Gofo k|0ffnL ;ldltn] k|:tfj u/] h:tf] P]g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemof]
eGg] ljifo, ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof / dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts kb;Fu
;DalGwt ljjfb ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x]g{ g;Sg] t/ ;+3Lo
PsfOx¿ aLrsf] ljjfb x]g{ ;Sg] eGg] k|:tfj Jofjxfl/s
b]lvb}g . pRr cbfntx¿nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfP klg lgoldt
k|sf/sf d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg' kg]{, l/6, If]qflwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf ljjfbsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf d'2fsf] rfk
lg/Gt/ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;+3Lo PsfOx¿ aLrsf] ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg l56f] 5l/tf] 9ª\un] ug'{kg]{, lg0f{odf Ps¿ktf sfod
ug'{ kg]{, ljlzi6 k|sf/sf ljjfb /xg] ePsfn] ;a} GofofwLzx¿
/x]sf] Ohnf;n] lg/Gt/ ;'g'jfO u/L ljz]if1tfk"0f{ ¿kdf ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;d]t sf/0fn] ubf{ cnUu} ;+j}wflgs
cbfnt :yfkgf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . ;+j}wflgs cbfntn]
xfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] h:tf] h'g;'s} ljjfb ;xh} u|x0f
ug]{ geO{ uDeL/ ;+j}wflgs k|Zg ;dfj]z /x]sf ljjfb dfq u|x0f
ug]{ Goflos ;+:s[lt :yflkt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
• cGt/k|fb]lzs kl/ifb\ jf k|b]z ;efdf ljrf/fwLg /fhgLlts
ljjfb lgs} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] / ;f]sf] lgjf/0f hgtfsf]
nf]slk|o cledtaf6 ug{' jf~5gLo x'g] eGg] ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf
jf k|b]z ljwflosfnfO{ nfu]df b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtaf6 k|:tfj kfl/t
u/L b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|b]z / ;+3 ;dfj]z ePsf] ljjfbsf]
xsdf /fli6«o hgdt ;+u|x / Pp6f k|b]zleqsf] ljjfbdf
k|fb]lzs hgdt ;+u|x ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /fvL ljjfb lg¿k0fdf
cTofjZos kbf{ obfsbf hg:t/Lo -kk'n/_ dfWodsf] k|of]u
;d]t ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;a} lgsf; v'nf /fVg' cfjZos 5 .
;+j}wflgs ;"rgf s]Gb|x? ;~rfngdf
OG6/g];gn cfOl8of tyf g]kfn sfg'g ;dfhåf/f gful/s ;DaGw
;ldlt, hgdt ;+sng tyf ;dGjo ;ldlt / ;+ljwfg ;ef
;lrjfnosf] ;xsfo{df lj/f6gu/, lrtjg, kf]v/f, g]kfnuGh /
wgu9Ldf ;+j}wflgs ;"rgf s]Gb|x? :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . ;fpg @%
ut]b]lv s]Gb|x? vf]lnPsf x'g\ .
;"rgf s]Gb|n] lhNnf txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg n]vg
k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx? pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
clwjQmfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf k|To]s s]Gb|x?df cGo ;xof]uL :6fkm klg
/x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf txsf g]tf, Jofj;flos ;+:yf, dlxnf ;+u7g,
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, /fhgLlts bn, >d ;+u7g / blnt
;+u7gnfO{ nlIft u/L s]Gb|n] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg]5 . kfFrj6} ;"rgf
s]Gb|sf ;|f]t JolQmnfO{ ;fpgsf] t];|f] ;ftf ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout
;ldltn] u/]sf sfd / k|lqmofsf af/]df cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbOPsf]
lyof] .
dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qsf nflu lrtjg lhNnfdf :yflkt
;"rgf s]Gb| ebf} $ ut]b]lv / k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf nflu
lj/f6gu/df :yflkt s]Gb| ebf} !! ut]b]lv ;~rflnt 5g\ .
lrtjgl:yt s]Gb|sf] pb\3f6g ub}{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] gful/s ;DaGw
;ldltsf ;efklt dLgf kf08]n] ;+ljwfg;DaGwL ;"rgf pknAw
u/fP/ cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf hg;xeflutfsf nflu s]Gb| cfwf/lznf
aGg] atfpg'eof] . ;ef;b\x? PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf lrq axfb'/
>]i7, g]skf Pdfn]sf zf/bf b]jL s'dfn / g]skf dfn]sf kfj{tL
dxtf]n] df]km;ndf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] ;x|fgf ug'{eof] eg] :yfgLo ;+3
;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?n] ;dod} ;+ljwfg aGg g;s]sf] k|lt u'gf;f]
ug'{eof] . ;f] cj;/df ;ef;b\x? / cfOl8of OG6/g];gn g]kfn
k|d'v lngf l/lsnf tfdfªn] ;j{;fwf/0f / k|d'v kf6L{sf lhNnf
:t/sf g]tfx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug'{eof] . o;}u/L lj/f6gu/l:yt
s]Gb|sf] pb\3f6gsf cj;/df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz
s]zj k|;fb d}gfnLn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] ;Gbe{df
s]Gb|n] hgtfsf] ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft u/]sf] ljrf/ JoQm
ug'{eof] . sfo{qmddf g]skf Pdfn]sf ;ef;b\ piffsnf /fO{, g]skf
dfn]sf ;ef;b\ uf]kL c5fdL / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] hgdt ;+sng tyf
;dGjo ;ldltsf ;lrj ho gf/fo0f g]kfn klg ;xefuL lyP .
;'b'/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf nflu wgu9L / dWoklZrdf~rn
ljsf; If]qsf nflu g]kfnu~hdf vf]lnPsf ;"rgf s]Gb|x? qmdzM
ebf} !* / !( ut]b]lv cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . b'j} 7fpFsf
s]Gb|sf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xx?sf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn sfg'g ;dfhsf
;b:o Pj+ k"j{ ;f+;b dx]Gb| axfb'/ kf08]n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg]
afFsL k[i7 !* df
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
11

cGtjf{tf{ ;Gbe{
k|:t'lt
;+3Lo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;+/rgf, ;d:of
/ ;dfwfgsf pkfo
g]kfn PsfTds k|0ffnLaf6 ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z ug{ nfu]sf] a]nf
;+3Lotfsf] cEof;sf qmddf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf
ljifodf ax; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfn slG:6Ro';g
kmfpG8];gn] ebf} $ ut] g]kfndf ;+3Lo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|:tfljt
;+/rgfM ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfo ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd
u/\of] . sfo{qmddf ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout ;ldltx¿n] ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLsf nflu pNn]v u/]sf k|fjwfgaf/] rrf{ ub}{ ltgaf6
cfpg ;Sg] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cf–cfˆgf ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf ;efklt gLnfDa/
cfrfo{n] clxn]s} /fhgLlts ult/f]w ePdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
;+ljwfg aGg g;Sg] atfpg'eof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsfk|lt
klg pxfFn] c;Gt'li6 JoQm ug'{eof] . k|wfgdGqL 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf]
cf]em]ndf k/]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] ljifout ;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx¿df
/x]sf c;xdltsf a'Fbf 6'+Uofpg]tkm{ klg s'g} k|ult x'g g;s]sf]
pNn]v ub}{ cfrfo{n] bnx¿nfO{ uDeL/ eOlbg clkn ug'{eof] .
hL=6L=h]8=sf 8f= xf]:6 DofYo'n] ;+3Lo :j¿ksf] cEof;df w]/}
ljjfbx¿ cfpg ;Sg] atfpFb} ;dfwfg ug]{ tbf?stf klg cfjZos
/xg] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] . cGt/ ;/sf/L ;]jf klg ;+3Lotfdf plQs}
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] pxfFsf] /fo lyof] .
sfo{kq k|:t't ub}{ k|f=8f= ;"o{ 9'+u]nn] g]kfndf clxn] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf ;+3Lotfsf hltklg ljjfb 5g\ cEof;sf]
qmddf k'Ubf tL emg\ hl6n x'g] atfpg'eof] .
g]kfndf ;ef;b\x¿n] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf b:tfj]hx¿nfO{
k'gd{"Nof+sg u/L %) jif{ kl5sf] g]kfnnfO{ s:tf] k|efj kf5{
eGg] af/]df ;f]Rg'kg]{ 9'+u]nn] pNn]v ug'{eof] . Olyof]lkof /
gfOh]l/of hftLo ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf ef]Ug' k/]sf sl7gfOx¿nfO{
g]kfnn] klg ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ pxfFsf] cfu|x lyof] . hftLotfsf]
cfwf/ ;+3Lotfsf] gd'gf aGg g;s]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .
g]kfn ul/jx¿ a;]sf] wgL b]z /x]sf] eGb} 9'+u]nn] xfdLn] oxfFsf
;Defjgfx¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ g;s]sf] atfpg'eof] .
åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu tLg j6} txdf ;+oGq x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVb}
sfo{kq k|:tf]tf 9'+u]nn] ;a} ;+oGqx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq
/ sfof{Gjog /0fgLltsf af/]df klg d:of}bfdf yk s'/f n]Vg' h?/L
/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFsf] cfu|x lyof] æ;+ljwfg tof/ kf/L bz kGw|
jif{df sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{of]hgf / cg'udgsf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq tof/
kfg'{kb{5 .Æ
g]kfn slG:6Ro';g kmfpG8];gsf tkm{af6 g]kfndf k|:tfljt ;+3Lo
ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;+/rgfM ;d:of tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ljifos
sfo{kq k|:t't ub}{ ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf ;lrj 6]sk|;fb 9'+ufgfn]
;+3Lotfsf] k[i7e"ld, cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej, cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu afx\o d'n'ssf cg'ej / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf
nflu hg:t/Lo dfWodsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf
;Gbe{df !! j6fdWo] $ j6f ljifout ;ldltn] ;+3Lotfsf af/]df
ljleGg k|fjwfg to u/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ 9'+ufgfn] k|ltj]bgx¿aLr
tfnd]nsf] cefj b]lvPsf] atfpg'eof] . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf
/fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu /fhgLlts
;+oGq, Goflos ;+oGq, j}slNks pkfosf] th'{df u/]sf] 5 eg]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]u / /fli6«o ljQLo cfof]udfkm{t ljjfbsf]
lg¿k0f ug{ k|:tfj u/]sf] hfgsf/L lb+b} 9'+ufgfn] /fHosf] zf;sLo
:j¿k ;ldltn] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf s'g}
ljjfb pTkGg ePdf To:tf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu /fi6«klt jf
k|wfgdGqLn] åGå/t kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ dxfGofoflwjQmf;lxtsf] Ps
;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] k|:tfj u/]sf] atfpg'eof] . o;} u/L Gofo
k|0ffnL ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;+3 / /fHoaLrsf] ljjfb,
/fHo /fHoaLrsf] ljjfb, ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿aLrsf] ljjfb, ;+3 /
/fHosf c+ux¿sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf d'2fx¿ / /fli6«o ;'/Iff,
d'b|f / j}b]lzs dfldnf;DaGwL ljifosf ljjfbx¿sf] ;'? sf/jfxL /
lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ If]q ;+3Lo ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
ljifout ;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx¿sf Joj:yfdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] l6Kk0fL 9'+ufgfsf] lyof] .
• Ps csf{ ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgx¿aLr tfnd]nsf] cefj
• Ps¿ktfk"0f{ ;+oGq lgwf{/0f geO{ ljifoa:t'sf] k|s[lt cg';f/
k[ys\ k[ys\ ;+oGqsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] .
12
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

;Gbe{
k|:t'lt
• w]/} tx / w]/} k|s[ltsf ;+oGqsf] k|:tfj u/]sfn] sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg hl6n x'g] .
• cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, sfg'gL, /fhgLlts ;a} lsl;dsf]
;+oGq k|:tfj u/]sf] eP klg cgf}krfl/s / /fhgLlts
;+oGqaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df clGtd pkfosf] ¿kdf
;+j}wflgs cbfntnfO{ :yflkt ug{ g;s]sf] .
• k[ys\ k[ys\ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ubf{ b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|s[ltsf]
ljjfb ;lDd>0f ePsf] cj:yfdf cGof]n pTkGg x'g ;Sg] .
• clxn]sf] cj:yf x]bf{ sfg'gL, ;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts ljjfb
;dfwfg ug]{ ;+oGq ;+3 / k|b]zdf klg /xg] t/ sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/sf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfb, k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Fu
;DalGwt ljjfb / /fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug]{ ;+oGq s]Gb|df dfq /xg] .
• sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug]{ ;ldlt :yfoL jf c:yfoL s'g k|s[ltsf] xf] eGg] :ki6
gePsf] .
k|:tfljt Joj:yfdf lgDgfg';f/ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ 9'+ufgfsf] cfu|x
lyof] .
• ljjfbsf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw ;+3Lotfsf] vfsf;Fu /xg] ePsf]n]
To;tkm{ xf]l;of/ /xg'kg]{ .
• k|To]s OsfOsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/sf] ;"rL :ki6 / lj:t[t
ul/g'kg]{ .
• ljjfb x'g} glbg ljleGg txsf / ;dfg txsf PsfOx¿aLr
;d]t lgoldt cGt/lqmof / cg'ejsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'g]
/fhgLlts ;+oGqsf] k|aGw ug'{kg]{ .
• s'g} klg ljjfbnfO{ ;j{k|yd cgf}krfl/s / /fhgLlts tj/n]
;dfwfgsf] k|of; ug'{ g} pko'Qm x'g] .
• /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ;+3Lo sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf
;a} k|b]zsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vx¿ /x]sf] Ps :yfoL cGt/k|fb]lzs
kl/ifbsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos .
• k|b]z dftxtsf PsfOx¿aLr pTkGg x'g] ljjfbnfO{ s]Gb|Lo
;+oGqdf gNofO{ k|b]z ;efn] g} ;dfwfg ug'{ x/]s b[li6sf]0fn]
pko'Qm x'g] .
• ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s} ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgsf]
clGtd pkfo Goflos g} x'g'k5{ .
• /fhgLlts ;+oGqaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df klg clGtd
pkfosf] ¿kdf cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
• ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLz kb]g cWoIf /xg] / cGo
rf/ hgf :jtGq Gofoflwzx¿ /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs cbfnt :yfkgf
ug'{ ;dof]lrt x'g] / of] cbfntn] ;+j}wflgs k|Zg ;dfj]z
/x]sf ljjfbdfq u|x0f ug'{kg]{ .
• ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+oGq w]/} ;+Vofdf agfpg' gx'g] .
• Hofb} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf /fhgLlts ljjfbsf nflu hgdt ;+u|x
ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ v'nf /fVg] .
l6Kk0fLsf/sf] egfO
sfo{kqdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
;ldltsf ;b:o Pj+ g]skf Pdfn]sf ;ef;b\ k|f=8f= d+unl;l4
dfgGw/n] ;ldltdf aflx/ b]lvPsf] h:tf] ljjfb g/x]sf] :ki6
kfb}{ ;Defljt ljjfbx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{
atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] k|:tfljt ;+j}wflgs cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
;dfg x}l;ot /flvP klg b'j}df Pp6} k|wfg GofofwLz x'g' gx'g]
atfpg'eof] .
csf{ l6Kk0fLstf{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8
;ldltsf ;b:o g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{sf ;ef;b\ clgns'df/
emfn] k|b]z lgdf{0fsf] s'/fdf cfkm" lj1 gePsf] :ki6 kfb}{ k|:tfljt
;+/rgfsf af/]df cfpg] l6Kk0fLnfO{ ;xif{ l:jsfg]{ atfpg'eof] .
k|b]z lgdf{0f gub}{ cNk;+Vos jf cGo ;d"xsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt
ug'{kg]{ cj:yfn] dw]; Ps k|b]z dfu ul//x]sf] / cfkm" cndlnPsf]
cg'ej ;'gfpb} emfn] Jo+ufTds z}nLdf eGg'eof]M æxh'/afaf6
5f]/fn] clwsf/ gkfpFb} gftL kgfltnfO{ clwsf/ lbg'kg]{ cj:yf
cfof] .Æ
dw]z cfGbf]ngn] g]kfndf ;+3Lotf :yflkt u/]sf] bfjL
ub}{ emfn] g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]skf Pdfn] ;+3Lotfsf] kIfkftL gePsf] /
Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLn] klg ;+3Lotf ljgf g} ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{
s'/fdf ;xdt ePsfn] ;3Lotfk|ltsf] p;sf] k|lta4tf klg z+sfdf
k/]sf] atfpg'eof] . ;+3Lo k|b]z lgdf{0fsf qmddf Pdfn]sf
;ef;b\sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df s6fIf ub}{ emfn] eGg'eof]M æz]kf{
k|b]z kfP/ nSsL z]kf{n] ef]6 xfNg'eof], dw];df ldlynf zAb yk]kl5
/fdrGb| emfn] ef]6 xfNg'eof], g]jf k|b]z kfPkl5 d+unl;l4 dfgGw/sf
e"uf]nsf ts{ x/fP . Pdfn] kf6L{ g otfsf] g ptfsf] b]lvof] .Æ
csf{ l6Kk0fLsf/ Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLsf ;ef;b\ lvdnfn b]jsf]6fn]
zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0fdf h:tf] ;+3Lotfsf] ljifodf ljjfb
g/x]sf] atfpFb} ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df lng] / 5f]8\g] s'/f s]xL
gePsfn] ljjfb gePsf] / ;+3Lotf af/]sf] a'emfO km/s km/s
/x]sf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] .
afFsL k[i7 !* df
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
13

;Gbe{
k|:t'lt
;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
Joj:yfkgdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf
dlxnf ;'zf;g ;d"x (Women in Good Governance – WIGG),
hd{g ;xof]u ;+:yf (GTZ) ;+3Lotf ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;+o'St
;xof]udf ebf} ! ut] ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg /
n}+lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f ljifos Ps lbg] sfo{zfnf u¥of] .
sfo{qmddf b'O{ j6f sfo{kq k|:t't u/]/ ;xefuLx¿aLr 5nkmn
ul/Psf] lyof] . 8L=Pkm=cfO=8L=sf] hLljsf]kfh{g / jg sfo{qmdsf
;fdflhs ljsf; ;Nnfxsf/ sfGtL l/;fnn] dlxnf clwsf/, jg
;|f]t / gofF ;+ljwfg ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] g]kfn
;/sf/sf k"j{ ;lrj ;"o{gfy pkfWofon] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ljifos sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] ;qdf dlxnf clwsf/, jg ;|f]t / gofF ;+ljwfg
zLif{ssf] sfo{kq k|:t't ub}{ >L l/;fnn] g]kfnsf] $) k|ltzt -%=%
ldlnog x]S6/_ e"ld jgn] 9fs]sf], s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf o;sf]
of]ubfg !) k|ltzt /x]sf], u|fld0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ emG8} *)
k|ltzt hgtf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu jgd} cfl>t /x]sf] hfgsf/L
lbg'eof] . jg If]qsf] n}+lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f -n};f;_
/0fgLltsf] nIo, p2]Zo, glthfx¿ / ;"rsx¿sf af/]df klg l/;fnn]
cfkm\gf] k|:t'ltdf rrf{ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ul/j Pj+ al~rtLs/0fdf
k/]sf ju{sf] clwsf/ tyf dfuk|lt jg If]q ;+j]bgzLn /
pQ/bfoL eP ;f] ju{sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf pNn]v ;'wf/ cfpg] wf/0ff
/fVg'eof] .
g]kfnsf] jg lghL, ;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos :jfldTjdf Jojl:yt
kfl/Psf] atfpFb} pxfFn] ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qdf pNn]Vo k|ult ePsf]
cfFs8f k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] s'n h+unsf] @% k|ltzt
-!@=% nfv x]S6/_ jg !^ xhf/ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xaf6
Jojl:yt ul/Psf] / o;af6 s'n hg;+Vofsf] $) k|ltzt cyf{t\ !^
nfv 3/w'/L nfeflGjt ePsf ;"rgf lbg'eof] .
;fd'bflos jgsf If]qdf dlxnfx¿ cufl8 cfPsf b[i6fGt lb+b}
sfo{kq k|:tf]tfn] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] lgb]{lzsfn] klg
dlxnfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;xof]u u/]sf] atfpg'eof] . ;fd'bflos jg
;d"xx¿df $) xhf/ dlxnfx¿ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf k'u]sf 5g\ .
gLlt lgdf{0f tx eGgfn] cWoIf, ;lrj, sf]iffWoIf kbnfO{ hgfpF5 .
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x dfkm{t !% xhf/ JolQmx¿ -dlxnf k'?if
b'j}_ nfO{ ;fdflhs hfu/0fstf{sf] ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
jg If]qsf g]kfnsf sfg'gx¿ qmdzM n}+lus d}qL agfpFb} dlxnfnfO{
yk ;an kfg'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpb} l/;fnn] jg tyf
e";+/If0f dGqfnon] jg If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu n}+lus / ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLlt to u/L n}+lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/]sf]
atfpg'eof] . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly u|fdL0f dlxnf clwsf/ :yflkt
ug{ Pj+ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / ltgaf6 dlxnfnfO{ nfeflGjt
u/fpgsf nflu jt{dfg, gLlt, sfg'g / of]hgfx¿nfO{ dlxnf d}qL x'g]
k|fjwfg /fVg'kg]{ pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df /flvPsf k|fjwfgx¿ jg tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ /x] klg jg ;|f]tx¿sf]
;d'bfo :t/df lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf
u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf] ljz]if kx'Fr x'g] gLltut Joj:yf gug'{ sdhf]/L
/x]sf] l/;fnsf] l6Kk0fL lyof] . xfn k|rlnt !& j6f gLlt, !% j6f
P]g / ltg;Fu ;DalGwt lgodfjnL / lgb]{lzsfx¿n] dlxnf clwsf/
n}+lus ;dtfsf s'/f u/] klg 7f]; ¿kdf dlxnf d}qL x'g] u/L clwsf/
glbPsf] eGg] pxfFsf] l6Kk0fL lyof] .
;+3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfP/ /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ c7f]6sf ;fy d'n's
cl3 a9]sf] ;Gbe{df jg ;|f]tdfly dlxnf clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ gofF
;+ljwfgsf ljleGg v08x¿df lgDg s'/fx¿ x'g'kg]{ l/;fnsf] ;'emfj
lyof] . gofF ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns clwsf/ v08df u|fdL0f dlxnfsf]
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu jg / e"ld x'g'kg]{, jg ;|f]tsf]
pkef]usf nflu k/+k/fut clwsf/ / k|fyldstf ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{,
;+/If0f sfo{qmdx¿n] jgdf lge{/ :yfgLox¿sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]
;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ pNn]v ug'{eof] . o;}u/L /fHosf] bfloTj / lgb]{zs
l;4fGt tyf gLlt v08df jg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} vfn] sfg'g,
gLlt, sfo{qmd / hnjfo' kl/jt{g Pj+ j}slNks phf{ h:tf gofF
ljifox¿df dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] cGTo ug] { dxf;lGw
l;8nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{, ;fd'bflos
jgaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] %) k|ltzt dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hftLo
cNk;+Vossf] lxtdf vr{ ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] . o;}
u/L /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf u0fgf gx'g] dlxnfsf] >dsf] plrt d"Nof+sg
ub}{ jg k|0ffnLdf pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ / k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt
ug'{kg]{, h}ljs ljljwtf / cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t ;DaGwL sfg'g kfl/t ul/g]
/ h}ljs ljljwtfdfly u|fld0f dlxnfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/ ;dGofosf
cfwf/df nfesf] ljt/0f ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .
pxfFsf] sfo{kqdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{ ;xefuLx¿n] ;fd'bflos jg
Joj:yfkgdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf pNn]Vo /x]sf]k|lt rf;f] JoQm
u/]sf lyP . dlxnfsf] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ jg Joj:yfkgs} k|;+udf
l/;fnn] eGg'eof]M æjg km8fgL tLj| ¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . dlxnfn]
14
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

;Gbe{
k|:t'lt
slxNo} klg km8fgL ub}{gg\ a? k'?ifn] g} jg ljgfz ul//x]sf
x'G5g\ . jg k}bfj/ j]r]/ k};f cfh{g ug{ k'?ifx¿ g} cufl8 x'G5g\
/ pgLx¿ k};fsf sf/0f cfkm\gf] l;df la;]{/ jg ljgfzdf ;lqmo
b]lvG5g\ . csf]{ tkm{ dlxnfx¿ e|i6 klg t 5}gg\ .Æ
;xefuLsf] Ps csf]{ k|Zgdf l/;fnn] clxn] ljZje/ hnjfo' kl/
jt{gsf] c;/ b]vfkb}{ uPsf] atfpFb} To;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
ckgfOPsf] j}slNks phf{sf If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg
lg/Gt/ jsfnt / bjfj lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] ;qdf /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8
ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't ub}{ hn;|f]tljb\ Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{
;lrj ;"o{gfy pkfWofon] g]kfn hn;|f]tdf wgL /x]sf tYof+s k|:t't
ug'{eof] . g]kfndf k|ltJolQm & xhf/ 3gld6/ kfgL pknAw
/x] klg kfgLsf] pkof]u Psbd Go"g /x]sf], g]kfndf clxn];Dd %%^
d]3fjf6 dfq ljB't\ pTkfbg ePsf], #% k|ltzt If]qdf dfq l;+rfO{,
$^ k|ltztn] dfq wf/faf6 vfg]kfgL k|fKt u/]sf] / ;/;kmfOsf nflu
$^ k|ltztn] dfq wf/faf6 kfgL k|fKt u/]sf] tYofÍs k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] :jfldTj /fHo, s]Gb|, k|fGt, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / JolQmdf
lglxt x'g] l;4fGtx¿af/] JofVof ub}{ pxfFn] l:y/ gx'g] kfgLsf] rl/q
/ o;sf] :jfldTj Pj+ pkef]udf ljjfb cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgfaf/]
rrf{ ug'{eof] . h+un / hldg l:y/ /x]sf]n] If]qflwsf/ klxrfg u/L
:jfldTj :yflkt ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] t/ kfgL l:y/ gx'Fbf ;d:of cfpg
;Sg] kl/l:yltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{eof] . pxfFn] g]kfndf
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ;fd'lxs, JolQmut / ljz]if cg'dlt lbP/
eO/x]sf] s'/f b[i6fGt;lxt k|:t't ug'{eof] .
Pp6fsf] k|of]un] csf]{nfO{ dsf{ gkg]{, ;dGofosf] l;4fGtaf6
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{, lbuf] Joj:yfkg cyf{t\ ;+/If0f /
k'ghL{ljt x'g ;Sg]u/L Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{, åGå pTkGg x'g glbg] /
dfGotf k|fKt ;x\o:t/;Ddsf] dfq u'0ffTds kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] l;4fGt
ckgfpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .
g]kfndf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] :jfldTj /fHodf lglxt /x]sf], ;;t{ ¿kdf
lghL x}l;otdf k|of]u ug{ lbOPsf], ;fj{hlgs k|of]unfO{ ;'/lIft
ul/Psf] / afn'jf, vfgL, s'nf], ;fd"lxs jgsf] pkof]usf nflu s]xL
xb;Dd clwsf/ ljs]lGb|t ul/Psf] s'/f pNn]v ug'{eof] .
kfgLsf] k|of]udf ljleGg /fi6«sf] b[i6fGt k|:t't ub}{ pkfWofon] clwsf+z
;+3Lo /fi6«df hn;|f]tsf If]qsf nflu s]Gb|Lo txdf a9L clwsf/
/x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] k|fs[lts
;|f]tnfO{ Pp6} lsl;dn] Jojxf/ ug{ gldNg] atfpFb} cjlzi6 clwsf/
s]Gb|df / tf]lsPsf] clwsf/ k|fGtdf /fVg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbg'eof] .
pxfFn] k|fGtdf ;Lldt x'g] ljifodf dfq k|fGtdf clwsf/ x'g'kg]{
atfpg'eof] . o;}u/L cGt/ k|fGtLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]u nfesf]
cfwf/df / s]Gb|n] tf]s] adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbg'eof] . k|fs[lts
;|f]t dflysf] clwsf/sf] dfqf a9fpb} hfg ;Sg] u/L nlrnf] Joj:yf
ckgfpg'kg]{ kg]{ klg pxfFsf] ;'emfj lyof] .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt
x'g'kg]{ cfO=Pn=cf]= dxf;lGw !^( sf] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf ljleGg
sfg'g / cEof;af6 sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . clxn] jsfnt
ul/P cg';f/ cflbjf;L ;d'bfon] hn;|f]tsf] pkof]udf clwsf/
gkfPsf] cj:yf g/x]sf] :ki6 kfg'{'eof] . pxfFn] cfO=Pn=cf]= !^(
k|lt g]kfnn] sfd gu/]sf] eGg] ts{ ;xL gePsf] atfpg'eof] .
pxfFn] g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] ;dGofosf cfwf/df
ljsf; /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pkfWofon] ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout
;ldltx¿n] hn;|f]tsf If]qdf to u/]sf ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿sf]
ljj/0f k|:t't ub}{ s]xL kl/dfh{gsf nflu ;'emfj klg lbg'ePsf]
lyof] .
;xefuLsf] Ps k|Zgsf] hjfkm lb+b} pkfWofon] @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn]
kfgLsf] k|of]u vfg]kfgLsf nflu klxnf], l;+rfO{sf nflu bf];|f] /
ljB't\sf nflu t];|f] k|fyldstf tf]s]sf] :d/0f u/fpb} clxn] t
cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"x / ;d'bfosf nflu eGg] ul/Psf] s'/f cln
k|f;f+lus gePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] . kfgLsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f
ug'{eGbf pkof]usf] clwsf/ :yfgLonfO{ g} lb+bf /fd|f] x'g] pxfFsf] ts{
lyof] .
5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ug'{ePsL dlxnf cfof]usf ;b:o
cd'bf >]i7n] sfo{qmdn] n}+lus d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] ljifonfO{ /fd|/L
;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] l6Kk0fL ug'{eof] . >]i7n] eGg'eof]M sfo{kq
k|:tf]tf pkfWofon] dfq ;dGofosf] s'/f ug'{eof] . n}+lus
d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf] ljifodf yk s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .Æ ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgfdf n}+lus ;dtfsf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Pklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf
ljifout ;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx¿n] k|:tfljt u/]sf cfof]ux¿df dlxnf
;xeflutfsf] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf glbPsf]df pxfFn] lrGtf JoQm
ug'{eof] .
sfo{qdsf] k|f/Dedf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ :jfut ub}{ dlxnf ;'zf;g ;d"xsf
;b:o /fwf yfkfn] cfkm\gf] ;+:yfn] dlxnf clwsf/sf ljleGg If]qdf
ax; k}/jL ub}{ cfPsf] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ljleGg
If]qsf $) eGbf a9L ;xefuL lyP . ;xefuLx¿df ;+ljwfg ;efdf
k|ltlglwTj /x]sf / g/x]sf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf dlxnf g]t[x¿,
;ef;b\, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t dlxnf, k|fl1s If]qsf ljleGg
JolQmTj, dlxnf cfof]usf kbflwsf/L nufot lyP .
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
15

ljljw
g]kfndf ljQLo ;+3Lotf ===
cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf ljjfb / r'gf}tL gcfPsf xf]Ogg\ t/ qmdzM
;dfwfg x'Fb} cfP / x'Fb} 5g\ . o;sf lglDt tYofÍ k|0ffnL cBfjlws
x'g'k5{ o;n] /fhgLlts txnfO{ ;d]t ;xdt u/fpg d2t u5{ .Æ
sfo{kqsf] k|:t'ltkl5 ;xefuLx?aLr 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
;xefuLx?n] k|Zg, ;'emfj / sfo{kqdfly l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP .
;ef;b\ nSsL z]kf{n] g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfk|lt s;}nfO{ klg ljZjf;
g/x]sf] wf/0ff /fVb} ljleGg cfof]ux?sf ;'emfj / l;kmfl/;x?sf]
sfof{Gjog gePsf] atfpg'eof] . rf6{/ PsfpG6]G6 ;tLzrGb| nfnn]
g]kfnsf Jofkfl/s If]qx? s]Gb|Ls[t /x]sf] atfpFb} clxn];Dd
/fh:j ;+sngsf nflu sf7df8f} / k;f{dfq k|d'v s]Gb| /x]sf] tyf
/fh:j ;+sng ;DaGwL jf:tljs tYof+s k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO{ /x]sf]
atfpg'eof] . csf{ ;xefuL b'uf{ cof{nn] ljv08g / åGå Hofbf x'g]
ePsf]n] ;+3Lotf lj/f]wL wf/0ffx? cfO/xsf] atfpg'eof] .
k|To'Q/df 8L s] >Ljf:tjn] cfof]ux?nfO{ slt ;+j}wflgs clwsf/
lbg] eGg] s'/f k|To]s /fi6««sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf ePsf] atfpFb} tL
cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfjx? slQsf] kf/bzL{ / e/kbf{ 5g\ eGg] s'/f
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] atfpg'eof] . cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfjx? k"0f{ ?kdf
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej ;'gfpFb} >Ljf:tjn]
c:6«]lnofsf] cfof]un] &) jif{b]lv nuftf/ sfd ub}{ cfPsf] /
p;n] x/]s kfFr jif{df tYof+s cWofjlws ul//x]sf], ef/tdf
clxn];Ddsf !# j6f cfof]un] u/]sf l;kmfl/;x? sfof{Gjog
ul/Psf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . cfof]un] ug]{ ;'emfj / l;kmfl/;x?
;d'lrt /x] klg ;d:of sfof{Gjogs} x'g] atfpg'eof] . k|To'Q/sf]
qmddf >Ljf:tjn] clxn] s/ s]Gb|Ls[t /x] klg kl5 /fHon] p7fpFbf
of] ljs]lGb|t x'g] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . /fHon] p7fpFbf klg of] cfkm}
k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 . cfo s/df ;d:of x'g ;S5 . pTkfbg hxfF
klg x'G5 . t/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ePsf] 7fpFdf s/ / /fhj p7fOG5 eGb}
o:tf] cEof; Sofg8fdf ul/Psf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
;+3Lotfn] ljv08g / åGå lgDTofpg ;Sg] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] eGb}
>Ljf:tjn] ;a} ;+3Lotf ;kmn gePsf] d'n'ssf pbfx/0f lbg'eof] .
pxfFn] eGg'eof] æ;+3if{ / 4G4 Joj:yfkgsf nflu alnof] ;+:yf
rflxG5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] klg ;a} s'/fnfO{ x]/]sf] x'G5 . /fHo
;/sf/n] x]bf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] ;+3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
;+3Lotfdf ;d:of hl6n x'G5g\ ;do;Fu} ;dfwfg x'Fb} hfg]5g\ .Æ
8f= jL/]Gb| ld>n] ef/tsf] vr{ cfof]usf af/]df cfkm\gf egfO{
/fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] cy{zf:qsf k|fWofks ljZjDe/ Kofs'/]nn]
ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf af/]df cfkm\gf egfO /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn]
ljQLo gLlt th'{df ubf{ /fHosf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] ;xL d"NofÍg
x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .
g]skf Pdfn]sf k/z'/fd d]3L u'?ªn] ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf vr{ /
ljsf;sf] cg'kftaf/] lh1f;f /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . ef/tsf] ul/j
k|b]z s]/nf clxn] wgL ePsf] 5 . s] s'/fn] k|efj kfbf]{ /x]5 eGg]
k|Zgsf] k|To'Q/df >Ljf:tjn] eGg'eof] æs]/nfn] dfgj ljsf;
9fFrfnfO{ k5\ofof], lzIffdf w]/} ljsf; u¥of], afx\o If]qdf sfd u/]/
ljk|]if0f leq\ofP, To;}n] s]/nfn] rfF8} g} ljsf;sf] km8\sf] df/\of] .
s]/nfjf;Lx? lzIffdf cu|0fL /x]sfn] :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o
If]qdf klg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df k|ltkwL{ ag]sf 5g\ . hjls pQ/
k|b]zdf hg;+Vofsf] a[l4 pRr /xg', k|ltJolQm cfo Go"g x'g', art
sd eP/ lzIff / :jf:Yodf nufgL x'g g;Sg'n] ljsf;sf] ultdf
kl5 k/\of] .Æ
;'zf;gljb\ ;f]dnfn ;'j]bLn] ;/sf/n] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf]
tYof+s /fVg'k5{ / 5}g eg] agfpg'k5{ . ;DklQnfO{ gfKg ufx|f]
5}g . cWofjlws tYof+s x'g'k5{ egL ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg]
g]kfn h:tf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf] ljQLo ;+3Lotf s:tf] x'G5 eGg]
;'/]z cfrfo{sf] lh1f;fsf] k|To'Q/df >Ljf:tjn] eGg'eof] æglhssf]
aGb/ufxsf] k|of]u cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cg';f/ x'G5 . of] s'/f s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/n] g} ug'{kb{5 .Æ
lxdfnL e]sdf a;f]af; ug]{x?nfO{ ;+3Lotfdf s:tf] k|fyldstf
x'g'k5{ eGg] clwjQmf km'kf{ tfdfªsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf >Ljf:tjn]
:yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngsf nflu :yfgLonfO{ g}
k|fyldstf /xg] / olb pgLx?af6 vf]l;Psf] 5 eg] Ifltk"tL{ lbg'k5{
eGg'eof] .
ljQLo b[li6sf]0faf6 k|b]z ===
h] s'/fdf klg zª\sf u/]/ sfd rNb}g . g]kfn ;Fw} clgZrodf
/xb}g . clxn]sf] /fhgLlts cj:yfn] :jfefljs ¿kdf zª\sf k}bf ug]{
df}sf lbPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] cj:yf of]eGbf g/fd|f] slt xf]nf / Û
kl/jt{g rfF8} g} x'G5 . of] s'/f kSsf xf] ls ;+3Lotfdf uP/ dfq ;a}
s'/f Ps}rf]l6 l7s x'G5 eGg] xf]Og . xfd|f] lbdfusf ;f]r ;sf/fTds
x'g' k5{ . ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ If]qdf nlrnf] x'Fb} cl3 a9\g' k5{ .
;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f eof] eg] ;+3Lotf klg ;kmn x'G5, o; cGtu{t
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf ;+/rgf / ;+oGqn] klg sfd u5{g\ . cd]l/sfdf
;+3Lotf b'O{ ;o jif{b]lv rn]sf] 5 . l5d]sL ef/tdf klg ;+3Lotf
rn]s} 5 . x'g t ef/tdf cw{;+3Lotf 5 . ToxfF s]Gb|n] ueg{/ dfkm{t
k|fGtLo ;/sf/ eË ug{ ;Sg] / csf]{ lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ 5 . t/
clxn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf kl5 s]Gb|n] k|fGtLo ;/sf/ eË ug{
gkfpg] l:ylt ag]sf] 5 . ;do;Fu} ;a} s'/fdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfG5 .
/fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf k|b]z dfq geO{ ;+/lIft
If]q, ljif]z If]qsf] klg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo dfldnfdf ltgsf]
cj:yf / x}l;ot s:tf] x'G5 <
;+/lIft If]q k|b]z leq /xg] x'gfn] ltgnfO{ k|b]zn] g} x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .
s]Gb|af6 s]xL ;xof]u x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] xf]Og .
cGt/k|b]z åGå, s]Gb| k|b]z / :yfgLo :yfgLo lar x'g] ;Defljt åGå
s] s] x'g\ / To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu s] ug'{kb5{ < sltkosf] egfO
s]Gb|nfO{ g} alnof] /fVg' kb{5 eGg] klg 5 . tkfO{ s] eGg'x'G5 <
åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu tLg lsl;dsf ;+oGqsf] kl/sNkgf
ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts ;+oGq, Goflos ;+oGq / ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf
dfkm{t jf cGt/ k|fb]lzs kl/ifb\ gfds ;+oGqdfkm{t åGå ;dfwfgsf]
k|oTg ul/g] 5 . olb clwsf/sf af/]df ljwfg ;DaGwL ljjfb
xf] eg] Goflos ;+oGqdfkm{t ;dfwfg vf]lhg]5 . ;+j}wflgs
cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . clxnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
sfo{ef/ w]/} ePsf]n] ;+j}wflgs d'2fx¿ x]g{sf nflu 5'§} cbftnsf]
k|:tfj ul/Psf] xf] . k|b]z leqsf ;a} d'2fdfldnfsf s'/f pRr
k|fb]lzs cbfntn] x]g]{5, t/ ;+j}wflgs k|Zgdf p;sf] km};nf lrQ
ga'em]df ;+j}wflgs cbfntdf hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
16
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

ljljw
j}slNks ;+oGqdf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn tyf ;Nnfx dfkm{t ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg vf]lhg] 5 . of] k|lqmof d"ntM :yfgLo gsfox¿aLrsf],
:yfgLo ljz]if ;+/rgf aLrsf], k|b]zx¿aLrsf] ljjfbnfO{ dWogh/
u/]/ th'{df ul/Psf] xf] . j}slNks ;+oGqdf ePg eg] cf}krfl/s
lgsfo t 5Fb} 5g\ lg . k|fs[lts ;|f]t, hn;|f]t, cfo nufot cGo
;Defljt ljjfbsf If]qnfO{ ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf]
5 .
cGTodf /fHo k'gM;+/rgf cfof]u u7g ug]{ s'/f km]l/ cfPsf] 5 .
tkfO{nfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] 5 <
;ldltn] k|ltj]bg a'emfO ;s]kl5 k'gM;+/rgf cfof]u u7g ug]{ s'/f
lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+ljwfg ;efdf /flvPsf]
cfof]u u7g ug]{ s'/fnfO{ x'Gg eGg g;s]/ ;xdlt hgfPsf x'g\ . 3/
alg;s]kl5 gS;f sf]g'{sf] s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . cfof]usf sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/ to ePsf] 5}g . k|b]zsf] gfdfÍg, ;LdfÍg cfof]un]
ug]{ elgPsf] 5}g . a]nfdf cfof]u u7g ePg . cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf
;ldltn] sfd ug{ kfpg' kYof]{ . To;f] x'g ;s]g . cfof]u agfpg}
x'Fb}g eGg] kIfdf d 5}g . ;ldltdf Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ug{ g;s]sf
sfdx¿ :ynut cWoog u/L ;Ldf ldnfpg] / cGo cfjZos sfd
cfof]un] ug{ ;S5, h;nfO{ k'gM;+/rgf ;ldltn] c:jLsf/
u/]sf] 5}g .
zf;sLo :j?k to===
cfof]un] ljQLo jf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt tYox¿ ;ª\sng
u5{ / o;n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] xf] . tL ;a} s'/fsf] lg¿k0f
t ;/sf/sf] lg0f{odf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ca aGg] s]Gb|Lo / k|fb]lzs
;/sf/n] k|fs[lts ;|f]t jf ;txdf b]lvPsf cGo ;|f]t dfq}
vf]Hg] geO{ cGo ;DefJo ;|f]tsf] klxrfg / k|j4{g ug]{tkm{ Wofg
s]lGb|t ug'{k5{ . h:tf] xfd|} k"jL{ If]qnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] cn}+rL, cdl/;f],
cb'jf, lrofsf] ;Defjgf /fd|f] 5 . of] cfkm} geO{ jiff}{sf] cg'ejaf6
klxrfg ul/Psf] xf] . cfTdlge{/ x'gsf nflu cfˆgf] If]qsf] ;Defjgf
klxNofpg' kb{5 . o:tf s'/fdf s]Gb|n] slt ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 eGg] xf],
ug]{ t :jo+ k|b]zn] xf] .
k|ltj]bgdf s]Gb|, k|fGt / :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfly{s clwsf/sf] ;"rL
lbOof] . t/ /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf /fHo zlStsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn]
rf}yf] zf;sLo txsf] ¿kdf ljz]if ;+/rgf, ljz]if If]q / ljz]if
cf/lIft If]qsf] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . rf}yf] txsf] cfly{s clwsf/af/]
k|ltj]bg lsg df}g <
tkfO{+n] ;ldltsf] l/kf]6{ /fd|f];Fu x]g'{eof] eg] b'O{ j6f s'/f :ki6
n]v]sf] 5 M Pp6f /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;ldltn] l/kf]6{ a'emfO ;s]kl5
To;sf] cfwf/df 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ a'Fbfx¿ 5g\ eg] bf];|f] zf;sLo
:j¿k ;ldltn] s:tf] zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f u5{ / To;
adf]lhd lgb]{lzt x'g] ;j{;l~rt sf]ifnfO{ s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ eGg]
s'/f lge{/ x'G5 . tL ;ldltsf k|ltj]bg cufj} xfdLn] k|ltj]bg tof/
kf/]sfn] If]qflwsf/ ldr]/ af]Ng] s'/f ePg . ljz]if If]qsf] ;Gbe{df
k'gM;+/rgf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df xd|f] ;ldltn] 5nkmn
rnfpg' kb{5 . oBlk o;af/] lgodfjnL df}g 5 . dnfO{ cfzf 5,
;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df
o;af/] ax; x'g]5 .
5'6k'6 ePsf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ;do 5 t <
5 lg . hgtfsf] /fo ;'emfj lng] a]nf;Dd 5'6]sf s'/f cfjZos
nfu]df /fVg ;lsG5 .
;+3LotfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] pRrtd gd'gf eGg] ul/G5 . t/
k|ltj]bgdf ;"rLs[t :yfgLo lgsfosf cfly{s clwsf/af6 cfly{s
b[li6n] ;Ifd xf]nfg\ <
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] xfd|f] s'g} Wo]o x}g . t/
clxn]sf] ;+/rgfaf6 ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf s]xL k"jf{wf/sf]
:jfldTj stf /fVg] eGg]df xfdLnfO{ ;d:of ePsf] lyof] . h:tf]
lhNnf c:ktfnnfO{ s'g dftxtdf /fVg] < xfdLnfO{ lhNnf cbfnt
:yfgLosf] xf] eGg] nfU5, c~rn :t/sf] eg] k|b]z cGtu{t /xG5 .
t/ :jf:Yo ;]jf w]/} sf]0faf6 ;/sf/;Fu cGtlg{lxt x'G5 . :yfgLo
lgsfonfO{ 5f8\bf wfGg g;Snf eGg] 8/, g/fvf}+ s]Gb|Ls[t ;f]+r x'g]
lrGtf . t/ klg xfdLn] w]/} ;f]r ljrf/ u/]/ ;"rL lgdf{0f u/]sf xf}+ .
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] dg;fo x}g . dnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5
eg] xfd|f] ;ldltn] ;a} txsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ dl;gf] u/L s]nfPsf]
5, xfd|f] h:tf] k|:6tf cem ;ldltsf] 5}g . :yfgLo :t/sf] cfsf/
sqf] x'g] :ki6 ePsf] eP xfdLn] clwsf/sf] ;"rL c? k|:6 / ljjfb
/lxt ta/n] lgdf{0f ug{ ;SYof}+ . tyflk xfd|f] dg;fonfO{ gLltut
¿kdf k|ltj]bgdf k|:6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
cGo b]zx¿df ul7t ljQLo jf s]Gb|Lo cfof]ux¿ cfˆgf]
If]qflwsf/af/] Hofbf k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . ltgsf ;'emfj klg
;/sf/n] ;f]em} sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ xfd|f] cg'ej To:tf]
5}g . o; ;Gbe{df ljQLo cfof]un] ug]{ sfdsf ;Gbe{df tkfO{sf]
k|ltlqmof s] 5 <
cfof]usf ljifodf xfdLn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k"0f{ a}7sdf ePsf
5nkmn klg ;'g]sf] lyof}+, ;ef;b\x¿n] o:t} cfzÍf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf zf;sLo :j¿k s:tf] x'G5
eGg]df lge{/ /xG5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . cfof]usf] cjwf/0ff / sfdx¿
cfkm}df g/fd|f 5}gg\ . csf]{tkm{ cfof]ux¿nfO{ Pp6} ;+j}wflgs
cfof]usf] 5ftfdf zfvfsf] ¿kdf /fv]/ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5
eGg] s'/f klg 5nkmndf 5 . o:tf cfof]u k|fljlws x'G5g\, logsf]
;'emfjnfO{ k|efjsf/L / lgik|efjL agfpg zf;sLo ;+/rgfn] g}
xf] . zf;sLo :j¿ksf] 5gf]6 ;Fu} cfof]un] d"t{ ¿k lnG5 . k|fl1s /
k|fljlws ;lDdlnt cfof]un] /fhgLlt1sf] eGbf /fd|f];Fu sfd u5{g\
/ ug{ lbg'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf xf] . ;+3LotfnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ o:tf]
cfof]un] Hofb} ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
d:of}bfdfly l6Kk0fL
;+ljwfg ;efsf ljifout ;ldltsf cjwf/0ff kq;lxtsf
d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdfly ebf} ! / ( ut] sf7df8f}df cfof]lht 5'6\6f
5'6\6} sfo{qmddf l6Kk0fL kq k|:t't ul/of] . ;f] sfo{qmddf ljleGg
kf6L{sf &) eGbf a9L ;ef;b\ ;xefuL ePsf tL sfo{qmddf
;+ljwfgljb\ k"0f{dfg zfSosf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] l6Kk0fLsf/x?sf] ;d"xn]
l6Kk0fL k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . OG6/g];gn cfOl8of / g]kfn sfg'g
;dfhsf] cg'/f]wdf lj1 ;d"xn] d:of}bf k|ltj]bg dfly l6Kk0fL tof/
kf/]sf] xf] . d:of}bfdflysf l6Kk0fL cWoog ;ldlt, ;+j}wflgs ;ldlt
/ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k"0f{ a}7ssf nflu pkof]uL x'g]5g\ . tL b'j} 5nkmn
sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj ;+ljwfg ;efsf dxf;lrj dgf]x/k|;fb
e6\6/fO{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
17

ljljw
;+3Lo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf===
sfo{kq k|:tf]tfn] ;ldltsf d:of}bfaf6 st} cflwsfl/s dt /
st} km/s dtnfO{ hf]8 lbP/ k"jf{u|xL 9+un] pb\w[t u/]sf] l6Kk0fL
ug'{eof] .
b]jsf]6fsf] egfOdf ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df cfpg ;Sg] ljjfb ljifox¿
clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f, /fh:j ;+sng, cfDbfgLsf] ljt/0f / k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] pkof]u xf] . log} s'/fsf] ;Gbe{df ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] ;+oGq
cfjZos kb{5 . g]kfndf cem} PsfTds k|0ffnLsf] dfgl;stf,
j}wflgstf / hfu?stf /x]sf]n] ;+3Lotfsf nflu of] cj:yf klg
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] b]jsf]6fn] atfpg'eof] .
csf{ l6Kk0fLsf/ ;'zf;gljb\ ;f]dnfn ;'j]bLn] :yfgLo lgsfosf]
k'gM;+/rgf ug'{ h?/L /x]sf], ;+3Lo /fhwfgL sxfF /fVg] eGg] s'/f
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v gePsf], ;+3Lotf /fhgLlts ;kgf dfq /x]sfn]
o;sf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u gvf]lhPsf] tkm{ ;r]t u/fpg'eof] .
;'j]bLn] ljifout ;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx¿df If]qLo kf6L{sf] rfxgf /
/fli6«o :jfy{sf] ;+of]hg s;/L ul/G5 eGg] s'/f g/x]sf] atfpFb} k|fs[lts
;|f]t / ljQLo cfof]udf /xg]n] ldlnh'nL afF8] eg] Ifltk"lt{ s;/L
lbg] eGg] s'/f /fVg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbg'eof] . pxfFn] ljQLo cfof]u :yfoL
x'g'kg]{ / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg;Sg] agfpg'kg]{
atfpg'eof] . cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQLo ;dGjo ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/
/x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ ;'j]bLn] cfly{s ljefhg ;Gt'nLt agfpg'kg]{
atfpg'eof] .
csf{ l6Kk0fLstf{ clwjQmf lbg]z lqkf7Ln] ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf geO{
;+3Lotf rNg g;Sg] / ;+j}wflgs ;+oGq alnof] gePdf ;+3Lotfn]
sfd ug{ g;Sg] atfpFb} Joj:yflksf cGtu{t cbfnt /fVg] s'/fdf
ljdlt hgfpg'eof] . cbfnt :jtGq geO{ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf /xg
g;Sg] pxfFsf] lhls/ lyof] .
;xefuLx¿sf egfO
sfo{kq k|:t'lt / l6Kk0fLkl5 ;xefuLx¿n] 5nkmn u/]sf
lyP . 5nkmndf ljleGg kf6L{sf ;ef;b\, sfg'g Joj;foL / cGo
;/f]sf/jfnf ;xefuL lyP .
g]skf Pdfn]sf ;ef;b\ s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6fn] g]kfndf s]Gb|Ls[t
dfgl;stf /x]sfn] s]Gb|n] k|b]znfO{ glbg], k|b]zn] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{
clwsf/ glbg] l:ylt cfpg ;Sg] atfpFb} ;djtL{ d'2fx¿df Hofbf
ljjfb x'g]u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .
Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLsf ;ef;b\ Pj+ Gofo ;ldltsf ;b:o /fdaxfb'/
yfkf du/n] Joj:yflksf cGtu{t Gofokflnsf x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f
k'/fgf] dfgl;stf ePsf] atfpFb} ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ ;jf]{Rr agfpg
g} ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] Joj:yf cfkm\gf] ;ldltn] gu/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f
lbg'eof] .
jl/i7 clwjQmf l;Gw'gfy Kofs'/]nn] g]kfnnfO{ pQ/ blIf0f ;a}
If]q ;d]6\g] u/L sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL u/L tLg k|b]z agfpg
;'emfj lb+b} ljb]zLn] lbPsf cjwf/0ffx¿df a'l4ljnf; gug{ cfu|x
ug'{eof] . ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] ug]{ sfd klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ug{
;Sg] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .
clwjQmf z]/axfb'/ s]=;Ln] clxn]sf] /fhgLlts ult/f]wn] ;dod}
;+ljwfg aGg]df cfz+sf JoQm ug'{eof] .
clwjQmf afns[i0f Gof}kfg]n] !@ a'Fb] ;Demf}tf lbNnLdf ;DkGg
ePkl5 sf7df8f}df ;+ljwfg aGg] s'/fdf cfkm"nfO{ ljZjf;
gnfu]sf] atfpg'eof] .
k"j{ ;f+;b s'df/ km'b'ªn] g]kfn ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf ;+3Lo
/x]sf] atfpFb} cj /fhgLlts / cfly{s lx;fadf dfq ;+3Lo :j¿k
lng afFsL /x]sf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] .
g]kfn /fli6«o kf6L{sf ;ef;b\ a'4/Tg dfgGw/n] hftLo ;+3Lotfsf]
s'/f ubf{ @ ;o $) jif{b]lv zf;g ug]{ hflt t;]{sf] pNn]v ub}{
;+3Lotf gcfPdf h] klg x'g ;S5 egL r]tfjgL lbg'eof] .
g]kfn slG:6Ro';g km08];gsf dxf;lrj u0f]zbQ e6\6sf]
;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf Pg=;L=Pkm=sf cWoIf ljlkg
clwsf/Ln] wGojfb 1fkg ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmddf ;ef;b\,
sfg'g Joj;foL, k|fl1s If]qsf JolQmTj / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
;xefuL lyP .
;+j}wflgs ;"rgf s]Gb|x?===
;ef;b\x? Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLsf s[i0fs'df/ rf}w/L / ltns kl/of/,
g]skf Pdfn]sf gf/bd'gL /fgf / bn axfb'/ ;'gf/, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
df]xDdb l;4LsL, ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|jQmf, afFs] / s}nfnLsf k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/Lsf ;fy} g]kfn jf/ P;f]l;P;g, g]kfn kqsf/
dxf;+3 / OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf k|ltlglwn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf lyP .
b'j} sfo{qmddf Jofj;flos ;+:yf, dlxnf ;+u7g, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;+u7g, >d ;+u7g, blnt ;+u7gsf clwsf/Lx? / /fhgLlts bnsf
k|ltlglwx? ;xefuL lyP . tL If]qx?df ;+j}wflgs ;"rgf s]Gb|
:yfkgfsf] :jfut ul/Psf] 5 / o:tf s]Gb|nfO{ lhNnf txdf klg
:yfkgf ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . s]Gb| pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf ;xefuL
Ps dlxnf elG5g\M– æ;+ljwfg n]vg k|lqmofdf :yfgLo hgtfsf]
cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf nflu ;"rgf s]Gb|n] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .Æ
;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] clGtd sfo{qmd cGtu{t klZrdf~rn ljsf;
If]qsf] kf]v/fdf ebf} @$ ut]b]lv s]Gb| ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
s]Gb| pb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf] cWoIftf ub}{ hgdt ;+sng tyf
;dGjo ;ldltsf ;efklt k|df]b u'Ktfn] cfufdL ;+ljwfgsf]
d:of}bf hg :t/;Dd nUbf s]Gb|n] hgdt ;+sngsf nflu k'nsf] sfd
ug]{ atfpg'eof] . o;}u/L u'Ktfn] ;+ljwfg ;ef / hgtfaLr ;+ljwfg
n]vg k|lqmofsf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ubf{sf l/Qmtf ;"rgf s]Gb|n] k"/f
ug]{ ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] . ;ef;b\x? lvdnfn b]jsf]6f / /jLGb|
clwsf/Ln] s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] :jfut ub}{ ;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf
k|jfxn] ;+ljwfg n]vg k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clea[l4
ug]{ pNn]v ug' {eof] . ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;lrj, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
/ g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf ;efkltn] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf
lyP . ;xefuLx?n] ;+ljwfg ;efeGbf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfsf]
k|efj Hofbf dx;'; ul/Psf] / ;Qf ;fem]bf/sf] ljifon] ;+ljwfg
n]vg sfo{nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] atfpFb} ;xdltsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg
n]vg k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'/\ofpg ;'emfj lbPsf lyP .
18
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

d"n cª\u|]hLaf6 cg"lbt
© © © ;jf{lwsf/M OG6/g];gn cfOl8of @)!)
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] M
ljZjJofkL cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfgaf6 l;lsPsf kf7x¿
PlG8«p Oln;
ls|:6L ;fd'ON;
g]kfnL cg'jfb M pbo g]kfnL >]i7
;Dkfbg M v'zL k|;fb yf?, OG6/g];gn cfOl8of
of] ;fdu|L /fi6«klt k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ p2]Zon] k|:t't ul/Psf] xf]Og a? ;+;f/sf ljleGg d'n'sdf /fi6«klt
k|0ffnL nfu' ubf{sf w]/yf]/ cg'ejx? o;df ;dflxt ePsfn] ltgsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf lglDt k|:t't ul/Psf]
xf] . o'/f]ksf w]/}h;f] d'n's /fi6«klt k|0ffnL geO{ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf 5g\ . ltgsf] w]/yf]/ 1fgsf ;fy} g]kfn
:jo+n] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] cg'ej @)$& ;fnb]lv a6'ln;s]sf] 5 .

kl/ro
ljut bz jif{b]lv nf]stGq lgdf{0f ;DjGwL ;xof]usf] k|s[ltdf
Jofks kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf blIf0fdf 1
nf]stGq lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;xefuL / Joj;foLx¿nfO{ pQ/ 2 /
klZrdsf] nf]stGq ;DaGwL ljz]if 1fg pknJw u/fpg]af/] Wofg
lbg] ul/GYof] . o; pkfudn] nf]stflGqs ljsf;nfO{ cS;/
k|fljlws tyf lj1x¿åf/f lgb]{lzt tof/L cj:yfdf ;dfwfg
lbg ;Sg] ljifosf] ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof] . k|efjsf/L nf]stGqsf]
lgdf{0f eg]sf] jftf{ / :yfgLo :jfldTjdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts
k|ls|of xf] eGg] jf:tljstf;Fu of] pkud cgle1 /x\of] .
;fy}, nf]stGqLs/0fsf] t];|f] nx/;Fu} blIf0fL d'n'sel/ cg'ej,
1fg, ;kmntf Pj+ c;kmntfsf] cf]O/f] g} nfUof] . Nofl6g
cd]l/sfdf kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo nx/ ;'? ePsf] clxn] #) jif{
k'lu;s]sf] 5, jln{g kvf{n 9n]sf] @) jif{, blIf0f clk|msfdf
klxnf] k6s jflnu dtflwsf/ ;lxtsf] :jtGq / lgikIf
lgjf{rg ePsf] !% jif{ / OG8f]g]l;ofdf ;'wf/sfnsf] klxnf]
lgjf{rg ePsf] !) jif{ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . t;y{, nf]stGq lgdf0f{df
;3fp k'¥ofpg] ;+u7gx¿sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;~hfn / ;fem]bf/L
lgdf{0f u/L oL cfkf/ ;|f]taf6 k|fKt t'ngfTds 1fg ;Zn]if0f ug{
;xhLs/0f ug'{ xf] .
of] s'/f ;+;bLo tyf /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds ;+ljwfgsf
;fk]lIfs u'0fx¿ ;DjGwL ax;df j9L ;Da4 b]lvG5 . bz jif{cl3
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf afx]s Hofb} sd d'n'sn] cWoIffTds
nf]stGq wfGg ;Sg] ts{ ul/GYof] . o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿n] df}lns
¿kn] ;+;bLo ;+/rgf cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ / ltg}nfO{ ;jf]{Ts[i6
7fg]sf 5g\ . t;y{ ToxfF /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] sd}
dfqfdf cWoog, lrGtg / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 -lglZrt ¿kn]
Nofl6g cd]l/sf aflx/_ / o;n] l:y/tf / k|efjsf/L pknlAw
lbg g;Sg] eGg] b[li6sf]0f kfOPsf 5g\ .
tyflk, y'k|} /fHox¿n] ljut !% jif{df ;+qmd0f sfn jf
nf]stGqLs/0fsf] cª\usf] ¿kdf /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL
ckgfPsf 5g\ / Tof] k|0ffnL ;+;bLo k|0ffnL hlQs} /fhgLlts
;+s6 jf cfly{s wSsfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] dflgPsf]
5 . ;+;bLo nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] cfo' /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds
k|0ffnLsf] eGbf j9L ePsf] s'/f w]/} jif{;Dd :jLsf/ ul/Psf] eP
tfklg xfn cfP/ o;sf] sf/0f cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf
:jo+ geO{ of] k|0ffnL s'g kl/l:ylt / ;dodf :yfkgf ePsf] xf]
1 cg'jfbssf] gf]6 M blIf0f eGgfn] ul/j /fi6« eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] .
2 cg'jfbssf] gf]6 M pQ/ eGgfn] wgL /fi6« eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] .
eGg]df lge{/ u5{ . vf; u/L nf]stGq ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g
/xg] ;}lgs tfgf;fxLaf6 u'h]|sf d'n'sx¿df :yfkgf ePsf] xf]
ls eGg]df lge{/ x'g] u5{ .
;fy}, jf:tljs ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ d'Vo k|Zg s] xf] eg] ;+;bLo tyf
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdWo] s'g k|0ffnL 5fGg' kb{5 eGg]
xf]Og ls xfd|f] k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L sfo{d"ns jgfpg] eGg] xf] . s'g}
d'n'sdf cjnDag ul/Psf] ;+:yfut k|0ffnLsf kl/l:ylthGo,
P]ltxfl;s / ;fª\s]lts sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . s'g} Pp6f ;+:yfut
k|0ffnLaf6 csf]{ k|0ffnLdf gf6Lso 9ª\un] kl/jlt{t x'g]
kl/sNkgf lj/n} ul/G5 . jf:tddf ljut ;f7L jif{df nf]stGqdf
;+:yfut k|0ffnLhGo ;'wf/x¿ sd} dfqfdf ePsf 5g\ . ;+;bLo
;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ tyf cWoIffTds jf cw{ cWoIffTds
;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ jLrsf] ;+qmd0fsf] af/]df eGg' kbf{ xfdLn]
;ft j6f dfq} b[i6fGt kfp+5f} . a|flhndf b'O{ / k|mfG;, uflDaof,
df]Nbf]ef, :nf]eflsof / >Lnª\sf x/]sdf Ps .
o; kIfdfly b[li6ut u/L OG6/g];gn cfOl8of (International
IDEA) / c6f]gf]d; g];gn o'lgel;{6L ckm d]lS;sf] (UNAM)
n] ;g\ @))* sf] km]a|'c/Ldf d]lS;sf] ;x/df cWoIffTds zf;g
k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L sfo{d"ns agfpg] eGg] ljifodf sfo{zfnf
uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . ;f] sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf k|fl1s ju{,
jlsnb]lv /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ tyf /fhgLlts l6Kk0fLsf/x¿,
lj1x¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"x 5nkmndf ;xefuL eO{ /fhgLlts
;'wf/sf ljifodf ljrf/ ljdz{ u/]sf lyP . pSt sfo{zfnf
uf]i7Ldf /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL :yflkt ePsf Pl;of
/ clk|msfsf /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds / nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL
ckgfPsf d'n'ssf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;d]t efu lnPsf lyP .
Jojxf/df /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds ;+/rgfx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{
r'gf}tLsf af/]df ljrf/ ljdz{ u/L l:y/ / k|efjsf/L ;/sf/
lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut
k|f¿ksf ljz]iftfx¿ klxrfg u/L tyf o; k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L
sfo{d"ns jgfpg ;lsG5 eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm / s]xL dfu{bz{g
ljsf; u/L ;f] sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ln] nf]stGq / nf]stGqLs/0fdf
cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] ;DefJo e"ldsfsf] af]w clej[l4
ug{ vf]h]sf] lyof] . cw{ cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf af/]df klg
s]xL 5nkmn ul/of] t/ ltgsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] af/]df lj:t[t
ljZn]if0f ul/Pg . ;fy} ;f] sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ln] d]lS;sf]df
;DefJo ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ;DaGwL ax;df of]ubfg ug]{ k|of;
klg u¥of] . of] l;+xfjnf]sgn] sfo{zfnfdf k|:t't sfo{kqx¿df
ul/Psf] ljZjJofkL t'ngfTds 5nkmnsf] ;f/ ;+If]k k|:t't
ub{5 . tL sfo{kqx¿sf] ;Fufnf] d]lS;sf]sf] o'gfd ljZjljBfno
(UNAM) / OG6/g];gn cfOl8of (IDEA) af6 k|sflzt
ul/Psf] 5 .
20
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] If]qM /fi6«kltnfO{ s] s:tf
;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts clwsf/ lbOg' kb{5
lj1x¿ M n/]G; XjfO6x]8, 8fO{6/ gf]n]g, h];; cf]/f]hsf] x]lG/lSjh
sfo{qmddf ;j{k|yd Hf]f;] cG6f]lgof] r]j'jn] d"n ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{
eof] t/ ;d"xut jf ;fd"lxs 5nkmndf pxfF ;xefuL x'g ;Sg'
ePg . /fi6«kltn] /fHosf] ;Qf jf zlQm k|fKt ul{/;s]kl5 p;sf]
cfˆgf] ;/sf/, ;+;b, /fhgLlts bn / hgtfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf sd
x'Fb} hfG5 . t;y{ zlQm;DkGg cyf{t\ lg0ff{os lg0ff{ox¿ ug{ ;Sg]
Pj+ ljsf;sf bL3{sfnLg nIox¿ k|lt k|lta4tf JoSt ug{ ;Sg]
/fi6«klt / hjfkmb]xL tyf k/fdz{d'vL /fi6«klt jLrsf] km/s Joj:yfkg
ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 . oL b'O{ vt/f jLr s;/L ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ cyf{t\
/fi6«klt lg/+s'z aGg] / /fi6«kltsf clwsf/ ck|efjsf/L jf lzlyn
x'g] cj:yf aLr ;Gt'ng s;/L sfod ug{] eGg] r'gf}tL 5 .
cg'ejn] s] b]vfpF5 eg]] sfo{sfl/0fLsf] s'g} klg 9fFrf ;a} ;Gbe{
/ kl/j]zx¿df cfbz{d"ns 5}g . w]/} s'/f /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts,
;+:yfut k/Dk/f, /fhgLlts bnLo k|0ffnL, hgtfsf] b[li6sf]0f /
/fi6«kltsf] g]t[Tj z}nLdf lge{/ u5{ . /fi6«klt slt ;an jf
zlQmzfnL x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/f ;Da4 kl/l:yltx¿df lge{/ u5{ .
s]xL cj:yfdf sdhf]/ ePsf]df tfTsflns ;+s6sfnLg ;d:ofx¿
-pbfx/0fsf] nflu nfu' kbfy{sf] cf];f/k;f/_ nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /
k|efjsf/L g]Q[Tj lbg /fi6«kltn] tTsfn sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 eg]
cGo cj:yfdf /fi6«kltn] bL3{sfnLg ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / ljleGg
bn jf kIfx¿ jLrsf] åGånfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zo
/fVg' kb{5 .
;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿n] ;+:yfut oyfy{tf lgSof{}n ug{df
v]Ng] e"ldsfaf/] cltz+of]lQm ug]{ k|j[lQ 5 . oL Joj:yf / ltgsf]
sfo{Gjog ug]{ tl/sf w/ftnLo oyfy{;+Fu ;DjlGwt 5}gg\ .
/fi6«kltsf] g]t[Tjz}nL jf Joj:yflksfk|ltsf] lghsf] ;Ddfg h:tf
cGo kIfx¿nfO{ klg b[li6ut ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} cj:yfdf Joj:yflksf
/ /fi6«klt aLr clwsf/sf] cf}krfl/stf ;DjGwL ;d:ofsf] t'ngfdf
sdhf]/ ;+:yfut sf/0f g} d"n ;d:of x'G5 . clwsf+z blIf0f
cd]l/sL df]8]nx¿df sfo{kflnsfn] Joj:yflksf dfly u/]sf]
clts|d0f / Joj:ylksfn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ k5f/]sf kl/b[Zox¿ aLr
l9lsRofpF v]n]h:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu, d]lS;sf]df ;+ljwfgdf s'g} ;+zf]wg gul/Psf] eP tfklg
;dosf] qmd;Fu} Hofb} zlStzfnL /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL a9L
ax'njfbL / sd lg/+s'z x'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/, sfo{kflnsf /
Joj:yflksf Ps csf{k|lt a9\bf] ¿kdf cj/f]wfTds Pj+ lj/f]wL x'b}
uPsf klg 5g\ .
cfd"n kl/jt{geGbf klg s|lds ljsf; nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿sf]
;anLs/0fdf j9L ;xof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 lsgls pTk|]/0ffdf ;'wf/
Nofpg ul/g] cd"t{ lg0f{on] df}g ;dembf/Ldf vnn kfg{ ;Sg],
cfj]ufTds x7 e8\sfpg] vt/f /xg] / csf{] efiffdf eGg' kbf{
;"qfwf/x¿n] g;f]r]sf b'ikl/0ffdx¿ lgDTofpg ;Sg] x'G5 . :yfgLo
;Gbe{ / nf]slk|o a'emfOnfO{ Wofg lbg] k|:tfjsf] ;dfof]hg,
;d:ofsf] klxrfg / l;kmfl/;sf] ljZj;gLotfsf ;DjGwdf k|fljlws
;Nnfxsf/x¿sf] g/d / ;zSt of]hgfn] s|lds ljsf;k|ltsf] cfd
?lrnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5g\ h'g s'/f sd xflgsf/s tTj x'g\ .
sfo{qmddf /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/
;DaGwL k|Zgdf klg 5nkmn s]lGb|t lyof] . l:y/ ;/sf/, ljw]os kfl/t
u/fpg ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf tyf ;]jf jf ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfuts/0fsf]
txnfO{ dfkb08sf] cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ ts{x¿ klg k|:t't ePsf lyP .
cw{ cWoIffTds jf ldl>t k|0ffnLsf] ;DefJotfsf af/]df klg
5nkmn eof] . t/, w]/}sf] ljrf/df o:tf] k|0ffnLn] jf:tljs lg/+s'z
k|j[lQsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] dWoljGb' pknAw u/fp+b}g lsgeg] of]
k|0ffnL Jojxf/df slxn] ;+;bLo k|0ffnL h:tf] t slxn] cWoIffTds
k|0ffnL h:tf] x'g] b]lvG5 . of] b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ cWoIffTds /
;+;bLo k|0ffnL cfkm}df :jfoQ 5}g a? k|m]Gr k|0ffnL h:tf] ;+;bdf
/fi6«kltsf] ax'dt ePsf] cj:yfdf cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf /
ax'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf sfd ub{5 .
r]a'an] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL ;DjGwL y'k|} k/Dk/fut
cawf/0ff / kf7x¿sf] j}wtf pk/ k|Zg ug'{eof] . Hf:t} M ljZj;gLotf
/ Joj:yflksf;Fusf] åGåsf] ;DefJotf j[l4 ug]{ ePsfn] w]/}
;+j}wflgs clwsf/ glbg]; /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpg /
Joj:yflksfdf ax'dtsf] ;DefAotf j9fpg /fi6«kltsf] ;femf jf b'O{
r/0f lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfpg], ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfO{
Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg u/fpFbf o;n] Joj:yfksLo v08Ls/0ftkm{
n}hfg] ePsfn] To:tf] k|0ffnL gckgfpg / cfkm"nfO{ ;Qfdf l6sfO{
/fVg cfˆgf] ;+:yfut cf]xbf k|of]u ug{af6 ;j{zlQmdfg\ stf{nfO{
/f]Sg k'gM lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g] ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf /fVg] .
kbfjlw ;DaGwL ;Ldf Ps} lsl;dsf] /fVg] ;DaGwdf / vf; u/L
/fi6«klt jf Joj:yflksfsf ;b:osf] kbfjlw nfdf] /x]sf]
-pbfx/0fsf nflu d]lS;sf]df /fi6«kltsf] sfo{sfn Ps k6sdf ^
jif{sf] x'g]_ ljifodf klg k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . k'gM lgjf{rgsf nflu
cfˆgf] ;DefJotfsf] af/]df xf]Og ls /fHosf] lxtdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{]
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf kmfObfsf] af/]df klg 5nkmn ePsf]
lyof] . s;}n] s] klg ts{ u/] eg] clxn] ;jf]{Ts[i6 JolQmTj sf]xL
klg 5}g M pbfx/0fsf nflu, d'lvof k|yf /x]sf] ;dfhdf ;+;b jf
/fi6«kltsf] k'gM lgjf{rgn] s'g} d"No / dxTj yk ub}{g . /fhgLlt1nfO{
k'gM lgjf{rg ug{] jf gug{] hgOR5f g} nf]stGqdf hafkmb]lxtf
;'lglZrt ug{] Pp6f tTj xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0fn] of] ts{sf] ;Gt'ng
eof] . lgjf{rg g} To:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;n] ;/sf/nfO{ dtbftfsf
nflu sfd ug{] / dtbftfk|lt hafkmb]xL x'g k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .
kbfjlwsf] ;Ldfsf] ;§f a? cGo ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf; ug{' plrt x'G5,
h:t}M lgjf{rgdf k|lt:kwL{x¿n] cfkm";Fu /x]sf ;fwg ;|f]tx¿sf]
b'¿kof]ux¿nfO{ lgoGq0f / ;Lldt ug]{ .
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
21

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/df lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ /fhgLlts
bn, Gofkflnsf, Joj:yflksf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
lj1x¿ dfl/of cDkf/f] sf;/, h'cg l/cn, PlSjlngf] lkd]G6]n /
8f]ldGuf] ul;{of a]nfpG8]åf/f lnlvt sfg'g / jf:tljstf aLrsf]
l/Sttf vf; u/L ;+:yfut /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f d'Vo
sl7gfO xf] eGg] klxnf] ;d"xsf] lgrf]8 pk/ 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
k|foM h'g;'s} k|f¿k ckgfOP tfklg r/d /fi6«kltjfb÷cWoIfjfb
pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 lsgeg] sdhf]/ /fhgLlts bn, sdhf]/ Goflos
;+/rgf / sdhf]/ lgsfox¿sf] sf/0fn] lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng klg
sdhf]/ x'g k'U5 . Pp6} k|f¿k ePsf d'n'sx¿df leGg leGg ;dodf
Pp6f /fi6«klt ;xdlt k|j[lQsf] / csf{] lg/+s'z k|j[lQsf] klg x'g
;Sb5 . t;y{, t'ngfTds ;Gb]z jf kf7 lng] ;Gbe{df /fi6«kltsf]
clwsf/df eGbf klg tL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u / ;+of]hgdf /fi6«kltsf]
hjfkmb]lxtf lge{/ /xG5 .
/fhgLlts bn dfkm{t hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lgZrt ug{ vf]Hg' k|foM clglZrt
x'G5 . blIf0f cd]l/sfsf clwsf+z efudf hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fn]
/fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ j}w k|ltlglw dfGb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu,
af]lnleof / OSj]8/n] cfkm\gf k'/fgf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ c:jLsf/
u/]sf 5g\ / lgsf/fu'cf / cGo :yfgdf bnsf] c;+:yfs/0fsf] k|ls|of
jl9/x]sf] 5 / /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngsf] e"ldsf / sfd dxTjk"0f{ x'b}
cfPsf] 5 . o; k|j[lQn] /fi6«kltdf / /fhgLltsf] JolSts/0fdf
j9\bf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . blIf0f cd]l/sfdf ;g\
@))* df axfnjfnf !* dWo] !@ j6f /fi6«kltx¿ JolStTj jf
ljnIf0f k|ltefsf cfwf/df lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP .
ælgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] sfd ug{ Joj:yflksf /
sfo{kflnsf aLrsf] ;DaGw åGåfTds x'g' kb{5 eGg]
b[li6sf]0f / ;f]r g} Pp6f d'Vo ;d:of xf] . a?
k|efjsf/L / l:y/ ;/sf/sf nflu oL b'O{ lgsfox¿n]
/fd|f];Fu ;xsfo{ ug{' kb{5 / cx+ k|Zg rflxF o;nfO{
;d'Ggt 9ª\un] ;xhLs/0f ug{] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf s]
s:tf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] xf]Æ
sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf ;+:yfut sdhf]/L tyf ckl/kSj nf]stGqdf
cGtlg{lxt r'gf}tLx¿sf] klxrfgaf/] klg 5nkmn ul/Psf]
lyof] . lkmlnlkG;sf 36gfqmdsf] cWoogn] /fi6«kltnfO{ lbPsf]
lgo'lQm;DaGwL w]/} Jofks clwsf/n] cleefjsLo /fhgLltnfO{
k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] b]lvof] . /fi6«kltnfO{ ;/sf/sf d'Vo d'Vo
cª\ux¿, dGqL, /fhb"t, cDa'8;Dofg / dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u h:tf
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿, sg{]n bhf{b]lv dflysf ;}lgs
clwsf/L, pRr kb:y k|x/L clws[t, ;/sf/L sfof{no ;~rfng
æPp6} k|f¿k ePsf d'n'sx¿df leGg leGg ;dodf Pp6f
/fi6«klt ;xdlt k|j[lQsf] / csf{] lg/+s'z k|j[lQsf] klg x'g
;Sb5 . t;y{, t'ngfTds ;Gb]z jf kf7 lng] ;Gbe{df
/fi6«kltsf] clwsf/df eGbf klg tL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u /
;+of]hgdf /fi6«kltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf lge{/ /xG5Æ
ug{] If]qLo lgb{]zs / ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf ;+:yfgsf ;+rfnsx¿
;d]t lgo'lQm ug{] clwsf/ 5 . /fi6«kltn] Gofokflnsfsf] k|f/lDes
txsf] cbfntb]lv ;jf{]Rr cbfnt;Ddsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm
klg ub{5, h;af6 Gofokflnsfsf] /fhgLlts/0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ub{5 . o;n] /fi6«kltnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;Sg] jf:tljs ;+:yfsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ cjd"Nog ub{5 . ;+ljwfgtM Joj:yflksfn] /fi6«kltn]
ug{] lgo'lQmdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 t/ Jojxf/df of] cToGt sdhf]/ jf
lkmtnf] ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
/fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf ;+;b aLrsf] zlQm ;DaGwdf ;+zf]wg ug{sf
nflu ul/g] ;+a}wflgs ;'wf/sf r'gf}tLx¿af/] ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf]
lyof] h;df k]?sf] pbfx/0f lbOof] . cf}krfl/s k|f¿k kl/jt{g
ePsf] eP tfklg zlQm;+3if{ / åGåfTds Jojxf/ lgod h:t} /xg
k'u] . k]?df, ;+;bdf /fi6«kltsf] ax'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf sfo{kflnsf
/ Joj:yflksf aLrsf] ;DaGw åGåk"0f{ /x\of] . ;g\ !(#@ sf]
;+ljwfgn] ldl>t /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds ;+;bLo k|0ffnL cjnDag
u/L /fi6«kltsf clwsf/x¿ s6f}tL u¥of] . of] ;+/rgfsf] kmn:j¿k
sfo{sfl/0fL / Joj:yflksf aLr y'k|} ult/f]w / ;Qf;+3if{ pTkGg
eof], h;n] cGttf]uTjf /fhgLlts ;+s6 / ;Qf kn6 (coup) g}
lgDTofof] . ;g\ !(&( sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltdf k'gM zlQm s]lGb|t
u/\of] t/ ;+;bdf /fi6«kltsf] ax'dt gePsf] cj:yfdf sl7gfO pTkGg
x'g] qmd eg] sfod} /x\of] . cnj6f{] k'mlhdf]/Ln] ;Qf sAhf u/]kl5
;g\ !((# sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/nfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfof] .
k'mlhdf]/Lsf] ktg eP tfklg Tof] ;+ljwfg cem} sfod} 5 .
sdhf]/ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ tLj| ¿kn] ;'b[9 ug{] jf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{
k'gM j}wtf lbg] s'/f k|foM c;Dej ePsf] x'Fbf ;d"xn] lgoGq0f /
;Gt'ngdf dfq} Wofg glbP/ ;xof]u, ;dGjo ug{] ;+oGqsf] cefj
h:tf s'/fdf 5nkmn s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf]
sfd ug{ Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsf aLrsf] ;DaGw åGåfTds x'g'
kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f / ;f]r g} Pp6f d'Vo ;d:of xf] . a? k|efjsf/L
/ l:y/ ;/sf/sf nflu oL b'O{ lgsfox¿n] /fd|f];Fu ;xsfo{ ug{' kb{5
/ cx+ k|Zg rflxF o;nfO{ ;d'Ggt 9ª\un] ;xhLs/0f ug{] ;+:yfut
;+/rgf s] s:tf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] xf] .
22
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg / kbd'lSt M /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf]
sfof{Gjogdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / bnLo k|0ffnLn] kfg]{ k|efj
cl3Nnf ;d"xsf] d"n ljifo / ;Gb]znfO{ lj:t[tLs/0f ub{} 5nkmn
cl3 a9\of] . pQd lgjf{rg k|0ffnL Tof] xf] h;n] /fi6«kltnfO{ ax'dtdf
/fVb5 t/ ax'dt sdhf]/ x'g' kb{5 h;df jftf{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
o;n] /fi6«kltn] bnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ Ps;fy /fVg' kg{] cj:yf ;lxt
;+;bsf] ;+/rgf k|ltljlDat ub{5 .
k|:t't cWoogdf a]lggdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / bnLo k|0ffnLnfO{
/fi6«kltsf] clwsf/ ;Gt'ng ug{df k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvof] .
bzsf}+sf] cl:y/tf, /fhgLltsf] hflts/0f / JolSts/0f Pj+
;}lgs tfg;fxLaf6 kf/ kfpg Pp6f /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ePsf] lyof] h;n]
k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] lg0f{o u¥of], h;df ax'bnLotfdf cfwfl/t
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL ckgfpg] / bnsf] u7gdf ;/ntf /
;an Gofokflnsfsf] k|fjwfg lyof] . o;sf] k|efj t'ngfTds ¿kn]
;kmn /x\of] . a]lggdf cg]s hftLo ;d"x / efiffx¿ 5g\ h;df
u7aGwg lgdf{0f u/L ax'dt sfod /fVg Hofb} sl7g 5 . ToxfFsf]
Joj:yflksfdf !@ j6f bnx¿sf] dfq k|ltlglwTj eP tfklg
a]lggdf s'n !)^ j6f /fhgLlts bnx¿ 5g\ . ;fy} o;af6
/fi6«kltsf] clwsf/dfly lgoGq0f /fVg ;xof]u klg ePsf] 5, lsgls
/fi6«kltn] ljleGg 36sx¿nfO{ ;xh} lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
a]lggdf ;g\ !(() df nfu' ul/Psf] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL
zlStzfnL /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf u|x0f ul/Psf]
lyof] h;df sfo{kflnsfnfO{ Joj:yflksfsf] l:y/tfaf6 k|efljt
gx'g] u/L cToGt} ljeflht /fhgLlts kl/b[Zodf sfd ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yf lyof] . ;f] k|0ffnLn] ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf tLg j6f ;DefJo
r'gf}tLx¿ lyPM k|0ffnLdf cl:y/tf / åGåsf] hf]lvd, lg/+s'ztfsf]
hf]lvd / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj . o;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ qmddf
sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf jLr clwsf/sf] :ki6 ljefhg kb{5
h;df sfg'g lgdf0f{df /fi6«kltnfO{ sdhf]/ lgif]wflwsf/ -le6f]_ /
/fi6«kltsf] cfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 kfl/t x'g] ah]6 ;DaGwL ckjfbnfO{
5f8]/ /fi6«kltn] k|:t't ug{] ljw]osdf ;+;bn] ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf kb{5 Pj+ ;an ;+a}wflgs cbfntsf] cjZostf klg
b]vfOof] . lg/+s'z k|j[lQ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]uL d'Vo d'Vo pkfox¿df
;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] ;jntf, ;+j}wflgs cbfntdf ph'/L ug{
gful/snfO{ clwsf/ lbg] ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿, /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg
b'O{ r/0fdf ug{' kg{] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg ug{] :jtGq
lgsfo ;d]tnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
sfo{kflnsfsf] cg'udg jf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf lglDt Joj:yflksfnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ug{ ul/Psf s'g} klg cf}krfl/s Joj:yfn] /fd|f];Fu sfd
ug{ ;s]gg\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;/sf/nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg], hfFra'em
/ ;"rgf cfof]u, ah]6 ;DaGwL sfg'gdf dtbfg cflb_ . tyflk,
/fi6«klt jf dGqLkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] /fhgLlts OR5f zlQm Pj+
gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7gx¿af6 hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL ljZj;gLo
sfd sf/afxL eP . oBlk e|i6frf/ / ;fj{hlgs sfd sf/afxLsf]
lj1x¿M nf]/]Ghf] sf]8f{]ef, n/]G; XjfO6x]8, dflyof; x'Gsk] / hh{ nfGhf/f]
unt Joj:yfkg lj?4sf] n8fOFdf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7gx¿
cu| kª\ltdf 5g\ .
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLn] Joj:yflksLo ;f}bfafhLsf]
jftfj/0fnfO{ hl6n agfpF5 klg eGg ;lsG5 . ;f]xL cg'¿k, 5nkmn
/ ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ o:tf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{] nIo
x'g' kb{5 . /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdf lgjf{lrt ljwfosx¿n]
bnsf] c8fg cg'¿k dt lbg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 h;af6 bnx¿
sdhf]/ aG5g\ . tyflk of] :ki6 5}g ls bnx¿sf] sdhf]/L
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf sf/s x'g\ jf /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds
k|0ffnLsf sf/0fn] bnx¿ sdhf]/ ePsf x'G5g\ .
;kmn nf]stGqsf nflu ;an bnx¿ cTofjZos x'G5g\ egL k|fo
eGg] ul/G5 tfklg tYox¿n] s] b]vfpF5g\ eg] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf
y'k}| hgtfn] cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx¿n] bnLo /]vf cg';f/ eGbf cfkm\gf
ljj]ssf cfwf/df dt lbPsf] x]g{ rfxG5g\ . Joj:yfksLo lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;fd"lxs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL ;d:of /
;dfwfg ug{ bnx¿sf] cfjZostf kg{] ePsfn] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds
k|0ffnLdf ;+:yfut 9fFrfsf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] bnx¿nfO{ ;LdflGts[t
gu/L jf k"0f{ ¿kn] ltgnfO{ sdhf]/ gagfO{ ;+;bLo bnx¿;Fu} ;xsfo{
ug{ ;Sg] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{' xf] .
cfˆgf] sfo{kqdf r]a'an] Jofks bnLo ljv08g ePsf] cj:yfdf
u7aGwg lgdf{0f ug{ /fi6«kltnfO{ sl7g x'G5 jf PsbnLo cNkdtsf]
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds ;/sf/ u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] t'ngfdf sd
k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k'li6 ug{] s'g} klg Jofjxfl/s
k|df0f gePsf] ts{ k|:t't ug{' eof] . t;y{, ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
:jo+n] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLnfO{ lg:t]h ub{}g . /fi6«kltsf]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrf agfpFbf Pstf / PsLs/0fsf nflu
zlQm;]t'sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ /fi6«kltnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ] /fhgLlts, hftLo,
ef}uf]lns jf wfld{s kIfx¿nfO{ dWogh/ /fVg' kb{5 . pbf/x0fsf nflu,
gfOh]l/odf lgjf{lrt x'gsf nflu ;+3sf sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO /
fHox¿df sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO dt k|fKt ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . To:tf]
e"ldsf blIf0f cd]l/sfdf cfd ¿kdf k|o'Qm b'O{ r/0f lgjf{rg
k|0ffnLn] klg v]Ng ;Sb5 . ;Fu;Fu} ul/g] /fi6«kltsf] / ;+;bLo lgjf{rgn]
/fi6«kltsf] sfo{sfnsf aLrdf cfˆgf] c:jLs[lt ;ª\s]t ug{]
ca;/af6 dtbftfnfO{ al~rt ub{5g\ .
tyflk, /fi6«klt s;/L lgjf{lrt x'G5 eGg] s'/feGbf Joj:yfksLo
sfo{;"rL lgwf{/0f ug{] / Joj:yfksLo ax'dt h'6fpg ;/sf/nfO{
;3fpg] ;+oGqx¿sf] ljBdfgtf / k|efjsfl/tf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
lgdf{tfx¿n] Joj:yfksLo 5nkmn k|lqmofsf kIfx¿, sfg'g agfpg]
tyf ;+zf]wg ug{] k|lqmof / vf; u/L ah]6, cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL,
/fi6«kltsf] lgif]wflwsf/ -le6f]_ sf] Joj:yf / :j¿k cflb
s'/fx¿dfly ljrf/ ug{' kb{5 .
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
23

fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdf æljh]tfn] ;a} lng]Æ
k|s[ltnfO{ ;+oldt agfpg]
lj1x¿M sfnf{]; x'lgo;, Ol:6 o'lwgL, dfl/of cDkf/f] sf;f/ / 8]le8 p;'kf;lenL
lj1x¿sf ljrf/df /fi6«kltsf] cflwkTo ;+oldt agfpg] /
sfo{kflnsf tyf Joj:yflksf aLrsf] ;xsfo{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] pkfosf]
vf]hL o;sf dxTjk"0f{ zLif{sx¿ lyP . 5nkmn ul/Psf clwsf+z
ljifox¿df /fi6«kltsf] cflwkTo tyf /fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf aLrsf]
åGå hxfF l;h{gfTds ;xsfo{ Hofb} Go"g /x]sf lyP .
lrnLdf, ;+ljwfgaf6 :yflkt s]Gb|Lo j}+s / ;+j}wflgs cbfnt h:tf
cw{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] ljBdfgtf / lgjf{rg vr{ lgoldt ug{]
sfg'gn] jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf] k|efj ;Lldt ul/lbPsf] 5 . vf; u/L
l;g]6 zlQmzfnL 5 / l;g]6n] g} s]Gb|Lo j}+s, dxfn]vf lgoGqs,
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u nufotsf y'k|} :jtGq lgsfosf ;+rfns ;ldltsf
;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt ub{5 . ;fy} l;g]6n] ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf b'O{
hgf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ub{5 / r]Da/ ckm 8]k'l6hn] dgf]gog u/]sf
cGo b'O{ hgf ;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog / cg'df]bg klg ub{5 .
o;nfO{ æ/fi6«kltn] ;a} lng]Æ k|f¿keGbf To;nfO{ ;xdltsf]
nf]stGq (Democracy by consensus) sf] k|f¿ksf] ¿kdf lng
;lsG5 . tyflk, oxL ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfdf rf/ j6f leGgfleGg}
/fi6«kltsf] sfo{sfndf s]xL km/s pkfudx¿ l;h{gf ePsf b]lvP,
/fi6«kltdf zlQmsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cg]s ¿kdf . o; k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{z}nL jf:tjdf /fi6«kltsf] nIo / g]t[Tj z}nLdf e/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
hlh{ofn] ;+;bLo, /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds / cw{ /fi6«klt÷cw{
cWoIffTds÷ldl>t u/L ;a} k|0ffnLx¿ cg'ej u/]sf] 5 / ;a}df
;d:of klg kfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf :jtGq x'Fbf hlh{of
;+;bLo k|0ffnLaf6 /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdf k|j]z u¥of] . ;g\
@))$ ;Dd ;f] k|0ffnLn] /fi6«kltnfO{ sª\u|]; / ;dfhpk/ k"0f{ lgoGq0f
x'g] u/L /fi6«kltdf zlQm s]lGb|t u¥of] . cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
/fi6«klt pQ/bfoL x'g' kb{5 eGg] hgck]Iff k"/f gePsf sf/0fn] k|z:t
cl:y/tf l;h{gf eof] . /fi6«kltx¿ of t ;}lgs ljb|f]xaf6 ckb:y
eP of t ;8s k|bz{gsf sf/0fn]] /flhgfdf lbg afWo eP . ;g\
@))$ df hlh{ofn] cw{ cWoIffTds÷/fi6«klt k|0ffnL cjnDag
u¥of] h;df k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lgo'lQm ;+;baf6 ul/G5
t/ ;+;b eË ug{] clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf 5 . tyflk o;af6 /fi6«kltsf]
zlQm lgoGq0f ug{'sf] ;§f cem a9L zlQmzfnL / lg/+s'z /fi6«kltsf]
pbo eof] .
OG8f]g]l;ofdf ljh]tfn] ;a} lng] /fi6«kltsf] k|j[lQ lgoGq0f ug{] k|oTgsf]
¿kdf /fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf b'j}sf] Psn lg0f{o ug{] IfdtfnfO{
;Lldt ug{] k|of; eof] . Joj:yflksLo k|ls|ofsf] 5nkmndf ;+;b tyf
;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx¿ b'j}n] efu lnG5g\ / sfg'g lgdf{0f k|ls|ofdf
b'j}sf] ;+o'Qm cg'df]bg rflxG5 . ;+s6sfnLg cj:ydf dfq
cfb]zaf6 zf;g x'G5 / ;+s6sfnLg cfb]znfO{ oyfzL3| ;+;baf6
cg'df]bg u/fpg' kb{5 . sfg'gsf] kb;f]kfg lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 /
sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]z pRr sfg'g;Fu cg's"n x'g' k5{ . ;fy}, xfn}
dfq ul7t ;+j}wflgs cbfntaf6 sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g] xF'bf
sfg'gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] Vofn ug{} k5{ . /fhgLlts ;xeflutfdf
ljljwtf h'6fpg OG8f]g]l;ofn] s'g} Ps bn jf u7aGwgaf6 /fi6«kltsf]
pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] k|j]zåf/sf] Joj:yf u¥of] h'g clxn];Dd sfod}
5 . /fi6«kltsf] k|ltlglwd"nstf / j}wtf ;'lglZrt ug{] csf{] /0fgLlt
lyof] /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg b'O{ r/0fdf x'g] Joj:yf . of] k|0ffnL cg';f/,
;du| ax'dtsf cltl/Qm /fi6«kltn] sDtLdf cfwf k|fGtx¿df v;]sf]
dtsf] @) k|ltzt dt k|fKt ug{' kb{5 .
æhlh{ofn] ;+;bLo, /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds / cw{
/fi6«klt÷cw{ cWoIffTds u/L ;a} k|0ffnLx¿ cg'ej
u/]sf] 5 / ;a}df ;d:of klg kfPsf] 5 . ToxfF
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdf ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf]
e"ldsf pk/ ljif]z Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] . GofofwLzsf]
lgo'lQm /fi6«kltaf6 x'g] Joj:yfn] GofofwLzx¿
/fi6«kltsf] k|efjdf kg]{ eO{ ;+j}wflgs cbfnt sdhf]/
x'g ;Sb5 . tyflk ;+;baf6 lgo'Qm x'g] Joj:yfdf
klg hf]lvdx¿ x'G5g\ .Æ
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdf ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] e"ldsf pk/
ljif]z Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] . GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm /fi6«kltaf6 x'g]
Joj:yfn] GofofwLzx¿ /fi6«kltsf] k|efjdf kg]{ eO{ ;+j}wflgs
cbfnt sdhf]/ x'g ;Sb5 . tyflk ;+;baf6 lgo'Qm x'g] Joj:yfdf
klg hf]lvdx¿ x'G5g\ . hlh{ofdf Joj:yflksfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg]
kl/jt{gn] ;+j}wflgs cbfntnfO{ klg sdhf]/ agfof] lsgeg] ToxfF
Ps ltxfO GofofwLz Joj:yflksfaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .
o;af6 klg Joj:yflksf sdhf]/ ePsf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] klg
:jtGqtf hf]ufpg Go"g ;xof]u kfPsf] dx;'; ul/of] .
;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf ;+j}wflgs cbfnt /x]sf]
df]8]nsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] a]lgg . a]lggsf] ;+j}wflgs cbfntk|lt
Joj:yflksfsf] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf ;3fpg
o;nfO{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 / s'g} klg gful/sn] cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg
lbg ;Sg] ePsfn] gful/ssf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtf ;+/If0fdf o;n]
d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .
/fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf aLrsf] ;xof]u tyf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ -h'g
sfo{d"ns k|0ffnLsf] ljlzi6 tTj xf]_ p2]Zon] ah]6 kfl/t ug{] ;+oGq,
lgif]wflwsf/, Joj:yflksfdf ljw]os th{'df, k|:t't / ;+zf]wg ug{],
Joj:yflksf / /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/, lgo'lQm;Fu ;DalGwt /fi6«kltsf]
clwsf/af/]df yk ljZn]if0f jf~5gLo 5 . /fi6«klt / /fhgLlts
bnx¿ s;/L ;dfof]lht x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
24
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnL / zlQmsf] ljefhg M
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, lgIf]k0f / ;+3Lotf
lj1x¿M lelh{nf] Pkmf]G;f] 8f l;Nef -a|flhn_, cf]G6f]lgof] dfl/of xgf{G8]h -ch{]lG6gf_, hf];] dfl/of ;]gf{ -d]lS;sf]_
l;åfGttM ljs]Gb|Ls/0f jf ;+3Lotfn] /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/sf]
cflwkTo sd ug]{ tTjsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{' kb{5 / zlQmsf] Gofok"0f{
lgIf]k0fsf] ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{' kb{5 . tyflk, Jojxf/df o;sf]
k|of]u s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f eg] w]/} tTjx¿df lge{/ x'G5 . ;+3Lo
jf ljs]lGb|t ;+/rgf sdhf]/ ePsf]df jf ljQLo ;|f]t Go"g jf ck'u
/x]sf]df o;sf] k|efj Hofb} sd k/]sf] 5 . If]q jf k|b]zx¿ k|efjsf/L
/ zlQm;DkGg ePsf]df /fi6«klt / ueg{/ jf /fHosf g]tfx¿ aLrsf]
zlQm;+3if{n] åGå / cl:y/tf a9\g ;Sb5 .
tyflk a|flhndf zlQm;DkGg ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] zlQmzfnL /fi6«klt
xF'bfxF'b} klg /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]sf] /f]rs pbfx/0f 5 . l;åfGttM
If]q, /fhgLlts bn / sfª\u|]; -k|ltlglw ;ef_ sdhf]/ /x]sf] /
/fi6«klt dfq} zlQmzfnL ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ Jojxf/df sfo{kflnsf /
Joj:yflksf k|foM /fd|/L ;xsfo{ ub{5g\ . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ æu7aGwgsf]
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLÆ elgPsf] 5 .
o:tf] k|0ffnL ljsl;t x'gdf Pp6f j:t'k/s sf/0f lyof] . Tof] s:tf]
eof] eg] a|flhndf /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+;bdf slxn} ax'dt k|fKt gePsf]
sf/0fn] lghn] zf;g ug{ u7aGwg lgdf{0f ug{' kg{] cfjZostf
/Xof]] . u7aGwg lgdf{0f ug{] /fi6«klt / bnx¿n] cToGt cg'zf;gdf
/xL ;xsfo{ ub{] cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0fdf ;+3sf
/fHox¿sf] klg s]xL e"ldsf 5 . ;+ljwfg cGtu{t /fHox¿nfO{
dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ geP tfklg Jojxf/df pDd]bjf/sf] rog / lgjf{rg
/fHos} txdf x'G5 . pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 If]qLo g]tfx¿df lge{/ x'G5
æa|flhndf zlQm;DkGg ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] zlQmzfnL
/fi6«klt xF'bfxF'b} klg /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]sf] /f]rs
pbfx/0f 5 . l;åfGttM If]q, /fhgLlts bn /
sfª\u|]; -k|ltlglw ;ef_ sdhf]/ /x]sf] / /fi6«klt dfq}
zlQmzfnL ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ Jojxf/df sfo{kflnsf /
Joj:yflksf k|foM /fd|/L ;xsfo{ ub{5g\ . of] k|0ffnLnfO{
æu7aGwgsf] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLÆ
elgPsf] 5Æ
lsgls sª\u|];df lgjf{lrt x'g] cj;/ kfpg pDd]bjf/n] ;]jf pknAw
u/fPsf] / If]qdf nufgL lelqPsf] b]lvg' kb{5 h;sf nflu /fHosf]
ueg{/;Fu lghsf] ;DaGw c;n x'g' kb{5 . oxL sf/0fn] ;xof]uL
/ ;dfj]zL jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;xof]u xfl;n
ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . vf; u/L /fi6«kltn] ljleGg bnx¿;Fu If]qLo
dfux¿ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L / k|ltlglwTj ;l'glZrt x'g] u/L u7aGwg
lgdf{0f ug]{ x'Fbf of] ;kmn ePsf] xf] .
zlStzfnL /fi6«klt slxn] kmfObfhgs x'G5 <
lj1x¿M tflgof u|f]kL, hf]g s]/L, sfpg sfsf/ / hh{ l;Ne]/f]
/fi6«kltn] d"n /fhgLlts s]Gb|df ;f}bfafhLsf] j[Q km/flsnf] kf/L
;+jfbnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] cj:yfdf zlStzfnL /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds
clwsf/ l;h{gfTds x'g ;Sb5 . zlStzfnL /fi6«klt /fHonfO{
Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa¢ u/L ;lxi0f' Pj+ /fi6«sf] k|tLs x'g ;Sb5,
hf] Joj:yflksf ljeflht ePsf] cj:yfdf Pstfsf] ;"qwf/ aGg
;Sb5 tyflk zlStzfnL /fi6«klt ;du| ;dfhsf] jf:tljs k|ltlglw
gePsf] cj:yfdf ljefhgsf/L klg x'g ;Sb5 .
sdhf]/ /fi6«x¿ jf åGåaf6 u'h|]sf /fHox¿df Joj:yfksLo k|ls|ofdf
cgle1tf tyf åGåsf] dfgl;stfsf sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] w]/} hl6n
r'gf}tLx¿sf] c;/ zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf b]vf kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu, ckmuflg:tfg hxfF /fi6«klt /fhgLlts bnaf6 gcfPsf] x'Fbf
zlQmzfnL /fi6«kltsf] ¿kdf p;df cTolws ¿kn] clwsf/ s]lGb|t
5 . o; l:yltdf Joj:yflksfsf] e"ldsf uf}0f x'G5 / cfˆgf] w]/}
;do k|fljlws ax;df vr{ x'G5 . sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfn]
sd} dfqfdf cfcfˆgf] e"ldsf a'em]sf x'G5g\ tyf Joj:yflksLo
lgsfo / ;ldltx¿nfO{ kof{Kt ;xof]u / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf
5}g . h;n] ubf{ /fi6«klt / Joj:yflksf aLr åGåfTds ;DaGw pTkGg
ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, P]g gag];Dd /fi6«kltnfO{ ljwflosL
sfo{ljlwdf /fi6«kltsf] k/fdz{ lnO{Fb}g, kmntM lgif]wflwsf/ jf le6f]
k|of]usf] ;Defjgf a9]/ cfpF5 .
o;sf ljk/Lt a|flhndf zlStzfnL /fi6«klt xF'bfxF'b} klg ljw]osdf
cf+lzs dfqfdf lgif]wflwsf/ jf le6f] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] / cfb]z
hf/L ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eg] s'g} vf; ljw]ossf ;DjGwdf h?/L
5nkmn x'g' kg]{ egL cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] tyf ah]6 ljw]os k|:t't
ug]{ clwsf/ klg /x]sf] 5 . Jojxf/df a|flhnsf] /fi6«kltn] ljljw
tx / tKsfx¿ ePsf] d'n's, cfly{s ¿kn] ljljw If]qx¿ ePsf]
;+3Lo /fHo, sdhf]/ hgcf:yf ePsf /fhgLlts bnx¿, /fHosf
ueg{/nfO{ bnLo lg0f{opk/ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ljz]iftfx¿ ePsf] ;efsf]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL pbfx/0fsf nflu, v'nf ;"rL ;lxtsf] ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLnfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFw]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g
25

;f/f+z
nf]stGq lgdf{tfn] lbg] Jofjxfl/s ;Nnfx / ;+oGqx¿sf]
;DjGwdf k|fl1s k|sfzgnfO{ hlQs} k"0f{ lgod kfng ug'{k5{ eGg]
x'Fb}g . k|fl1s n]vsn] d]lS;sf]df ;DkGg ;]ldgf/df k|:t't sfo{qmd
/ ;d"x 5nkmnaf6 s] lgrf]8 lgsfNg ;Sb5g\ eg] 5nkmnaf6
lg:s]sf ljrf/x¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] dha't dfGg'eGbf klxn] cem a9L
uxg cWoog / ljZn]if0f cfjZos 5 . Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf of]ubfg
lbg s]xL kf7x¿ lng ;+ej 5 h'g nf]stGqsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+:yfut
kl/jt{gdf ;+nUg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ yk ljZn]if0f / yk cg'ejsf]
dfWodaf6 oL kf7x¿ ljsl;t, kl/dflh{t / ;DejtM kl/jlt{t ug{
;xof]u k'Ug]5 . Pp6f rqm :yflkt x'g ;S5 h;df cg'ejn] sfo{ ug{
l;sfpF5 / sfo{af6 ;du| cg'ej aGb5 .
blIf0f cd]l/sf, Pl;of / clk|msfsf] ljut bz jif{sf] Oltxf;n]
:ki6 ¿kdf s] a'emfpF5 eg] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLdf
u'0f / cju'0fx¿ b'j} lglxt 5g\ tyflk /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds
nf]stGq ljsf; ug{ / sfod /fVg zfZjt ¿kdf c;Dej eg] 5}g .
Jojxf/df o;n] s;/L sfd ub{5 eGg] s'/f s]jn cf}krfl/s ;+:yfut
¿k/]vfdf dfq} lge{/ x'g] xf]Og o:tf ¿k/]vf dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
o;df k|z:t tdfd ljsNkx¿ 5g\ h;dWo] s]xLn] lbuf] ¿kdf
nf]stGqsf] k|aw{g ub{5g\ eg] s]xLn] k5fl8 ws]N5g\ . o;sf ;fy}
/fi6«kltsf] JolQmTjdf klg lge{/ u5{ / s]xL cfd ;f+:s[lts d'2fdf
klg lge{/ x'g] ub{5 .
;+;bLo jf cw{ cWoIffTds jf /fi6«klt k|0ffnLdf kfOnf xfNg'eGbf
klg /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L sfo{d"ns agfpg] eGg]
k|Zgdfly ljrf/ ug'{ pkof]uL x'G5 . o;sf] pQ/ k|0ffnLs} kl/jt{g
eg] xf]Og lsgls x/]s k|0ffnLdf u'0f / bf]if cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . Pp6}
k|0ffnLn] leGg leGg /fi6«kltx¿ -a9L jf 36L s]Gb|Ls[t clwsf/
ePsf_ cGtu{t leGg leGg lsl;dn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] b]lvg
;S5, t;y{ ;'wf/ / vf; u/L df}lns ;'wf/nfO{ ;fjwfgLsf ;fy
x]g{' kb{5 . ck]lIft kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ qmlds kl/jt{g ;':t eP
tfklg a9L e/kbf]{ x'g ;Sb5 . k|0ffnLn] s;/L sfd ug{]5 eGg]
d"NofÍg ubf{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] clwsf/sf] cf}
krfl/s ljefhgsf ;DaGwdf dfq} xf]Og ls /fi6«kltsf] cgf}krfl/s
cEof; / g]t[Tj z}nLsf ;DaGwdf klg ljrf/ ug{' kb{5 .
;du|df, d]gjfl/ª\u / ;'uf6{n] ;kmn /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf
nflu k|:t't ug{' ePsf] ljrf/n] ;]ldgf/df ePsf] 5nkmndf ;dy{g
k|fKt u¥of] . tL ljrf/x¿ x'g\ – Joj:yflksfdf ax'dt geP tfklg
dgfl;j txsf] ;dy{g /fi6«kltn] kfpg] Joj:yf ug{] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL,
/fi6«kltnfO{ cfb]zaf6 sfg'g agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ Go"gtd dfq lbg]
jf To:tf] clwsf/ g} glbg] Joj:yf, /fhgLlts bnn] Joj:yflksfdf
cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿ pk/ pko'Qm lsl;dsf] lgoGq0f /fVg] Joj:yf
-o:tf] lgoGq0f Hofb} Go"g klg x'g' xF'b}g lsgls k|To]s ;dodf
Joj:yflksfsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;dy{g lng'kg{] x'G5 / To:tf] lgoGq0f
Hofb} clws klg x'g' x'Fb}g lsgls o;n] /fi6«klt / bnsf] g]t[Tj aLr
hl6n åGå l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5_ .
sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf aLr ;xof]usf] ;+:s[lt / of] ;xof]u
sfod /fVg] ;+oGqx¿sf] cfjZostf 5nkmnsf] k|d'v ljifosf]
¿kdf /xg k'Uof] . of] ;DjGw åGåd"ns x'g' x'Fb}g . k|efjsf/L / l:y/
;/sf/sf nflu oL b'O{ cËx¿n] ;xsfo{ ug{' kb{5 . t;y{, d"n k|Zg
s] xf] eg] – o:tf] ;xof]unfO{ s] s:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfn] ;xhLs/0f
ub{5 t < y'k}| s'/fx¿n] o;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ / 36gfqmd
cWoogx¿n] s]xL ;+efJo pkfudx¿df Wofgfsif{0f u/fPsf 5g\ .
;xsfo{d"ns Joj:yfksLo k|ls|of s;n] ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;Sb5
jf s;n] sfg'g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] ljifo, cfsl:ds
ah]6, /fi6«kltsf] lgif]wflwsf/ jf le6f]sf] Joj:yf / :j¿k cflb
k|:t't sfo{;"rLsf ljifox¿ x'g\ . w]/} s'/f /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt / bnsf]
k|ltlglwd"nstf, Jofj;flostf / /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yflksfleq
g]t[Tj z}nLdf klg lge{/ x'g]5 .
zlQmzfnL /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/ :jo+d} ljgfzsf/L jf vt/gfs
x' Fb}g . /fi6«kltn] ;+jfbnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf d"n /fhgLlts ;f}bfafhLsf]
j[Q lj:tf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] clwsf/ l;h{gfTds klg x'g
;Sb5 . zlQmzfnL /fi6«klt /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{], /fHonfO{ PsLs/0f
ug]{ / Pstfsf] k|tLs x'g ;Sb5, h;n] Joj:yflksf ljeflht ePsf]
cj:yfdf Pstfsf] ;"qwf/sf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . tyflk ;d'xut
p2]Zosf nflu clwsf/ k|of]u u/]df zlQmzfnL /fi6«klt vt/gfs
9ª\un] ljefhgsf/L klg x'g ;Sb5 . ax'hftLo / ljeflht ;dfhdf
pRr s]Gb|Ls[t clwsf/ ;lxtsf] /fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf]
pko'Qmtfsf af/]df ljz]if ;fjwfg /xg' kb{5 lsgls o;sf] k|j[lQ
alxis/0f / åGåtkm{ n}hfg] b]lvPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k"jL{ o'/f]k
/ km|fGsf]kmf]g clk|msfdf cw{ cWoIffTds÷/fi6«klt k|0ffnLsf gjLg
cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;]ldgf/df ;Daf]wg ePsf] b]lvPg . tfklg ;Lldt
5nkmnaf6 s] kfOof] eg] cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{
cw{ cWoIffTds÷/fi6«klt k|0ffnLn] ;Gt'ng ug{ ;Sb}g a? åGå /
tgfjsf If]qx¿ j[l4 ub{5 .
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] cEof;sf cg'ejaf6 l;Sg' kg{] w]/}
s'/f eP tfklg of] k|0ffnL ;kmn x'g lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] k|efjsf/L
;+/rgf ;lxt ;xsfo{d"ns ;DjGwx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ . gful/s Pj+
;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] bfo/ u/]sf ljjfbx¿ ;'Gg] Jofks If]qflwsf/
ePsf] ;an ;+j}wflgs cbfnt /fi6«kltsf] clwsf/ k|of]udf
cg's"ntf ;'lgZrt ug{] / cfd ¿kdf sfg'gsf] zf;gk|lt ;Ddfgsf]
jftfj/0f k|a4{g ug{] Pp6f pkof]uL ;+oGq l;4 ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfx¿
sdhf]/ ePsf] / /fhgLlts bnx¿ k|ltgLlwd"ns g/x]sf] cj:yfdf
/fi6«klt÷cWoIffTds k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg]
eGg] ;jfn rflxF d"n r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
5flgPsf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
r]a'a, hf];] cG6f]lgof], k|l;8]lG;oflnh\d, kfln{ofd]G6flnhd\ PG8
8]df]qm];L, SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];, @))& O{=
xfuf8{, :6]km]g PG8 Dofs'ljG;, DofYo', k|l;8]G8;\, kfln{ofd]G6;\ PG8
kf]ln;L, SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];, @))! O{=
Dofgjfl/g, :s6 PG8 ;'uf6{, DofYo', k|]l;8]lG;oflnhd\ PG8 8]df]qm];L
Og Nofl6g cd]l/sf, SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];, !((& O{=
cf]/f]Hsf] x]lG8«So'hL, h];;, d]lsª k|l;8]lG;oflnhd\ js{, o'=Pg=Pd=
k|];, d]lS;sf] l;6L -@))( O{= k|sfzf]Gd'v_
;'uf6{, DofYo' PG8 sf/L, hf]g, k|]l;8]G6;\ PG8 P;]lDnh, slG:6Ro';gn
l8hfOg PG8 On]S6«f]/n 8fOgfldS;, SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L
k|];, !((@ O{=
6]:j]ln;, hh{, le6f] Kn]o;{, lk|G;6g o'lgel;{6L k|];, @))@ O{=
26
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+jfb a'n]l6g

fi6«klt jf cWoIffTds k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
-of] k|:t'lt OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] >fj0f !* / !( df w'lnv]ndf cfof]hgf u/]sf] bnut jx;df k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] _
k|:t'lt
km]a|'c/L @))* df d]lS;sf]df cfof]lht cGt/fli6«o
sfo{zfnfdf k|:t't ePsf] k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t /x]/
PlG8«p Pln;n] g]kfndf cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf
/fi6«klt k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljifodf ljrf/
kq k|:t't ug'{eof] . æcWoIffTds k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg]Æ /fi6«klt zf;g k|0ffnL ePsf ljZjsf !# j6f
k|hftflGqs d'n'sx¿sf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t eO{ tof/
kfl/Psf] b:tfj]h xf] . sfo{zfnfdf blIf0f cd]l/sf, Pl;of
/ clk|msfsf t'ngfTds cg'ej ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . h;n]
nf]stGq / nf]stflGqs k|lqmofdf /fi6«klt k|0ffnLsf
;DefJo e"ldsfk|lt cfda'emfOdf clea[l4 ug]{ k|oTg
ub{5 . o;sf] r'/f] s'/f eg]sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ dxTjk"0f{
/x]sf] cj:yfdf /fi6«klt k|0ffnL ;kmn ag]sf] 5 / /fi6«kltsf]
JolQmTjsf] k|efjdf klg ;kmntf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«klt
/fHosf] PsLs/0f / Pstfsf] k|tLs aGg ;Sb5, cyjf
juL{o :jfy{df pleP/ ljefhgsf/L k|tLssf] ¿kdf klg
/xg ;Sb5 . /fi6«klt k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
lgDgfg';f/sf kfFrj6f s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\M
!= Joj:yflksfsf nflu lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrf dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 tfls Joj:yflksfdf /fi6«kltnfO{ ;dy{sx¿af6
ts{;+ut k|lt/f]w -ax'dt g} cfjZos eGg] 5}g_ x'g
;sf];\ .
@= Joj:yflksfnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ / x's'daf6 zf;g ug]{
-pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{_ /fi6«kltsf
clwsf/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f / lgodg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
#= lgjf{lrt ljwfos / /fhgLlts bnaLr ;DaGw x'g'
cfjZos 5 . pgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw o:tf] xf];\ ls
kf6L{sf] nfOg ljk/Lt ef]6 xfNb}df ljwfossf] kb
u'Dg ;Sg] u/L kf6L{ k"0f{ ¿kdf lgb]{zgfTds klg gagf];\
cyjf kf6L{nfO{ a]j:tf ug]{ klg gxf];\, k|To]s ljwfosn]
cNksfnLg ;Demf}tfx¿df ;;t{ ;dy{g ug{ ;Sg]
tTk/tf xf];\ .
$= /fi6«klt / ljwfosx¿aLr ;xof]uL ;+:sf/ cfjZos
k5{ .
%= /fi6«klt / cGo lgsfo Pj+ ;+j}wflgs lgsfoaLr åGå
;dfwfgsf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf
lglDt ;+j}wflgs cbfnt Pp6f ljsNk x'g ;S5 .
PlG8«p Pln;sf] k|:t'ltkl5 ;ef;b\x¿n] pxfF;Fu cfcfˆgf
lh1f;f /fv]sf lyP . k|Zgf]Q/ v08sf dxTjk"0f{ c+zx¿
oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;+;bLo Joj:yf eGbf /fi6«klt k|0ffnL a9L l:y/
x'g ;S5 < -lxl;nf odL_
xfn} ul/Psf cg';Gwfgn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] cfwf/e"t ¿kdf
g t ;+;bLo, g t /fi6«klt k|0ffnL g} l:y/ 5 . /fi6«klt k|0ffnL
yf]/} l6sfp b]lvPsf] 5 . lsgeg] ;}lgs clwgfosTjnfO{
k5\ofpg] -/fi6«klt_ k|0ffnL yf]/} ;do l6sfp /xG5 .
/fi6«kltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ;]gfsf] clwgfosTj
:jLsf/ ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ k|z:t 5g\ . cem, /fi6«kltsf]
JolQmTj klg dxTjk"0f{ kIf /xG5 . ;+;bLo k|0ffnLn] klg
:yfloTj lbG5 . o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿ o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
/fi6«klt k|0ffnLsf] j}slNks wf/ Alternating
presidential system sf af/]df s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls<
-rqm af:tf]nf_
ljZjdf tLg y/Lsf k|0ffnL 5g\M /fi6«klt, ;+;bLo /
cw{–/fi6«klt jf ldl>t k|0ffnL -k|mfG; o;sf] pbfx/0f
xf]_ . ha dflyNnf] ;bgdf /fi6«kltsf] ax'dt x'Fb}g, /fi6«klt
/ k|wfgdGqLaLr sfo{ ;~rfngsf] ;DaGw pkl:yt jf
cg'kl:yt h] eP klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ dflgG5 . k|m]~r efiffdf
o;nfO{ ;xjf; elgG5 .
/fi6«kltsf] j}slNks wf/sf] lrGtg lucf]efGgL
;ftf]{/Ln] cl3 ;f/]sf x'g\ . of] k|0ffnL cfd lgjf{rg kl5;Dd
klg ;+;bLo g} xf], t/ ;/sf/ c;kmn eP kl5 /fi6«k|d'vn]
/fi6«klt k|0ffnL cGtu{t sfo{sf/L zlQm :jo+ u|x0f ub{5 .
o; Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cEof; ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5}g / o:tf]
cEof; ul/Pdf w]/} ;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;Sg]5g\ . lsgeg]
b'j} k|0ffnLsf km/s ljlw 5g\ . /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt xf];\ jf
5flgPsf] xf];\ pm /fi6«k|d'vsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{sf nflu xf],
hf] ;Fu ;/sf/ k|d'vdf x'g'kg]{ l;k / ;Ifdtf x'G5 eGg]
lglZrt 5}g .
ljljwtfk"0f{ ;dfh / zf;sLo :j¿ksf aLrdf s'g} ;DaGw
5 < -k|bLk 1jfnL_
ljleGg ;d'bfosf] ;dfh ePsf b]zx¿df b'j} y/L zf;g
k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dn]l;ofdf
/fi6«klt k|0ffnL 5 eg] ef/tdf ;+;bLo k|0ffnL 5 . /fi6«kltn]
g]t[Tj u/]sf ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg /fi6«klt /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfsf]
k|tLs ag]sf] x'G5 .
;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf /fi6«kltsf] pQ/bfloTj a9L x'G5 <
-lxl;nf odL_

zlQmsf] lgIf]k0f b'O{ tl/sfaf6 x'G5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdfkm{t
zlQmsf] lgIf]k0f b'O{ txdf ul/Psf] x'G5 / ;Gt'ngsf nflu
cfk;L ;xdltdf s]xL kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g
k|0ffnLdf zlQm ljs]lGb|t ub}{ s]Gb|b]lv tNnf] tx;Dd
clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5, t/ o;df kl5 s]Gb|n] tNnf] txsf]
clwsf/ lkmtf{ lng ;S5 . ;+3Lotfn] ;dfhsf] cfsf/ /
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'G5 / 7"nf /fi6«df of] ;fdfGo
5 . ;+3Lo d'n'ssf] /fi6«kltn] p;sf] k|zf;g jf ;~rfngdf
To; /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]s}
x'g'k5{ .
5nkmn kl5 k|:tf]tf PlG8«pn] s]xL dggof]Uo ljrf/;lxt
cfkm\gf] l6Kk0fL k|:t't ug'{eof] . klxnf] a'Fbf cw{ /fi6«klt
jf ldl>t k|0ffnLsf af/]df lyof] . cw{ /fi6«klt jf ldl>t
k|0ffnLsf] pbfx/0f k|mfG; dfq geO{ kf]NofG8, blIf0f
sf]l/of / cGo clk|msL b]zx¿sf] k[ys\ cEof;nfO{ klg
x]g'{kb{5 . bf];|f] a'Fbf lyof], blIf0f clk|msL cEof;sf] k|:6tf,
hxfF ckgfOPsf] zf;g k|0ffnL jf:tjdf ;+;bLo g} xf] .
ToxfF /fi6«kltnfO{ hgtfaf6 k|ToIf sfof{b]z k|fKt 5}g .
k|wfgdGqLn] /fi6«kltnfO{ /fi6«k|d'vsf] ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u5{ .
t];|f] a'Fbf ;+;bLo Joj:yf / :yfloTjsf af/]df k|:6 kfg'{;Fu
;DalGwt lyof] . ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf :yfloTjnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ug{ w]/} k|fjwfgx¿ /flvPsf x'G5g\ . tL dWo] /rgfTds
e"ldsfsf nflu cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Ps xf] . j}slNks
;/sf/sf] k|:tfj gul/P;Dd cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k|:t't
ul/b}g . of] k|0ffnL hd{gLdf k|of]udf 5 / o;n] ^ bzsb]lv
hd{g ;/sf/sf] :yfloTjsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
csf]{ pbfx/0fsf nflu kk'jf Go"lugLnfO{ lng ;lsG5
hxfF ;+;bLo Joj:yf 5 . of] b]z ;g\ !(&& df :jfwLg
eP kl5 s'g} klg ;/sf/n] k"0f{ sfo{sfn zf;g ug{
kfPgg\ . cljZjf;sf] dtdfkm{t ;a} ;/sf/ lu/] . sl/a
cf7 jif{cl3 kk'jf Go"lugLn] /fhgLlts bn / pDd]bjf/
x¿sf] PsLs/0fsf nflu cuf{lgs n -;/sf/sf] /fhgLlts
l;4fGtnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfg'g_ ckgfof] . /fhgLlts
bnx¿sf] lbuf]kg, ;xsfo{nfO{ clea[l4 ub}{ bnx¿sf]
c:jLs[ltnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu of] cf+lus sfg'g
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;n] s]xL ;do pknAw u/fpF5 h'g
;dodf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ldNb}g . kmn:j¿k,
kk'jf Go"lugLsf] Oltxf;d} klxnf] k6s ;/sf/n] k'/f cjlw
sfd ug{ ;Sof] . clxn] pgLx¿;Fu :yfoL ;/sf/ / ;'/lIft
kbfjlw 5 . t/ s]xL l6Kk0fLx¿ klg ePsf 5g\ tL s] x'g\ eg]
dGqLx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd cf]xbfdf /xFbf ;/sf/ e|i6frf/df
nLg ePsf] 5, h'g u+eL/ ;d:of xf] . kl/jt{gaf6 gb]lvPsf
s]xL cjfl~5t k|efj kg]{ s'/f dggLo 5 .
l:y/ ;/sf/ k|flKtsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿sf]
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+;bLo k|0ffnLaf6} ;'? eP/ aLrdf
kl/jt{g eP/ ckgfOg] /fi6«kltsf] j}slNks wf/ k|fl1s
ljrf/ xf], h;sf] cEof; ePsf] 5}g . gful/sx¿ ;+;bLo jf
/fi6«klt k|0ffnLdf cEo:t ePsf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ cfjZos
kg]{ l;k / ;+:sf/ gx'Fbf of] j}slNks wf/ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{
aGg ;S5 .
bf];|f] ljrf/ eg]sf] ;xdltjfb xf], h'g c/]G8 lnhkmf6{sf]
ljrf/ ;Fu hf]l8G5 . of] To:tf] :j¿ksf] ;/sf/ xf] hxfF
lglZrt ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /xG5 / ulx/f] ljefhgdf
k/]sf ;dfhsf] åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu of] pkof]uL
x'G5 . ;Qf ;fem]bf/sf] kof{ojfrLsf ¿kdf klg o;nfO{
x]l/G5 t/ k|fljlws ¿kdf ;Qf ;fem]bf/L Pp6} :j¿ksf]
x'G5 . ;xdltjfbsf] nIo s] xf] eg] l:y/ ;/sf/,
;Qf;fem]bf/ ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf] ;+/If0f, nf]stGqsf] cl:tTj
hf]ufpg' / lx+;fnfO{ gsfg'{ xf] . o;sf] lgs6:y k|0ffnL
eg]sf] n]jgfgsf] xf] . ToxfF wfld{s ;+:yf / hftLo ;d"xx¿sf
s]xL k|fylds clwsf/x¿ /fli6«o txdf g} ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] 5 . af]l:gofdf klg ;xdltjfbsf] k|of; ul/of] .
af]l:gofdf tLg j6f hftLo ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj 5 . hftLo
;d"xn] g} cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx¿sf] 5gf}6 ub{5g\ . kl/0ffdtM
cltjfbL ;d"xx¿n] lgjf{rgdf /fd|f] u5{g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
cfkm\gf] ;d'bfoeGbf csf]{df uP/ ef]6 dfUg] k|of; jf
clek|]/0ff yf]/} dfq x'G5 . o:tf] clknaf6 k|fKt ePsf dt
cltjfbL ;d"xsf nflu ef/L x'g ;S5g\ . cltjfbL d'2fx¿df
dt lbg] k|lqmofsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;xdltjfbdf
s]xL tl/sf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf 5g\, h;nfO{ ;Fu} dt xfNg]
elgG5 .
k|:t'ltM v'zL yf?, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, OG6/g];gn cfOl8of
b'O{ ;ef;b kb l/St
;+;b\ ;lrjfnon] ;+ljwfg ;efdf b'O{ lgjf{lrt ;b:o kb
l/St ePsf] hfgsf/L lgjf{rg cfof]u / k|wfgdGqL
sfof{nonfO{ u/fPsf] 5 . ;lrjfnosf dxf;lrj dgf]x/
k|;fb e6\6/fO{n] ebf} # ut] wg'iff ^ / dxf]Q/L $ df ;b:o
kb l/Qm ePsf] cf}krfl/s kq k7fpg' ePsf] xf] .
wg'iff ^ af6 lgjf{lrt dfcf]jfbL ;ef;b\ /fds'df/Lb]jL
ofbjsf] @( ;fpgdf lgwg ePsf] / ;+ljwfg ;ef r'gfjdf
t/fO{ dw]; nf]stflGqs kf6L{af6 dxf]Q/L $ df lgjf{lrt
/fds'df/ zdf{n] /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 tL b'O{ :yfg l/St ePsf
x'g\ . tdnf]kf 5f8]/ Ps jif{b]lv dfcf]jfbL kf6L{df ;lqmo
/x]sf /fds'df/ ofbjsf] kb vfnL ug{ tdnf]kfn] ;+ljwfg
;ef ;lrjfnodf lgj]bg lbPkl5 /fhLgfdf cfPsf] xf] .