Sr. Flordeliza Deza, SPC - St. Paul University Manila

Thus, orientation to language study is made up
of integrative orientation [“reasons for learning
a second language that emphasize the notion of
identification with the community” (p. 174)] and
instrumental orientation [or the “practical
reasons for learning the language without
implying any interest in getting closer socially
to the language community” (p. 175)].
Thus, the Spolsky equation is modified here as:
Kf = Kp + A + (Mo + At + Or) + O