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“home”. Imperial links were further reinforced by the institution of the Empire Games in 1930, now known as the Commonwealth Games. New Zealand’s initial entry into the Olympic Games in the early decades of the twentieth century was undertaken as part of an Australasian team. Subsequent decades have seen the country perform in its own right with a range of Olympic heroes. For Maori, marae sport and activity was a special feature of their life in the first half of the twentieth century. Haka, poi and action songs shared the billing with such sports as hockey, netball or tennis keenly contested at iwi gatherings that attracted thousands. The physical and leisure activities became a feature in settings such as those of Waihirere and Ngati Poneke. The impact of political and economic forces upon New Zealand society in the depression of the 1930s was also seen in their influence upon sport, such as at the annual meeting of Auckland soccer in 1932 when many clubs were declared to be unfinancial. A 1935 advertisement for Darlow’s footballs advised potential purchasers they would be assisting the New Zealand farmer, tanner and football maker “and thus relieving the bugbear of unemployment in your own country”. Two years later, however, a step forward in New Zealand sport came with the Physical Welfare and Recreation Act 1937. The Labour Government of that time was concerned at the low level of fitness of young New Zealanders and implications this had for defence. Parliamentary rhetoric revealed bipartisan beliefs in the moral and social values of sport for the individual and society. The Act provided for central government to grant sport facilities money to local governments and allowed local government to spend money on these facilities. A physical welfare programme was hindered by the advent of World War II. A National Council for Sport, set up to support sporting bodies, withered. Post-war, the country’s population became more urban and increasingly mobile. Perceived social problems, such as the antisocial behaviour of teenagers with few facilities for activity, influenced consideration of the social role of sport in New Zealand society. Coupled with the post-war industrial growth and resultant urban development, the integral place of sport in New Zealand society was reflected in the provision of sports grounds and facilities by local governments. In the late 1950s and early 1960s for example, the new timber town of Kaingaroa had two dozen different organisations associated with sport (Chapple, 1973, p.129). The daily press of each decade reveals the extent to which recreation and sport featured in contemporary life and indicates the gendered experience of these for much of the century. The Recreation and Sport Act 1973, provided for the establishment of a Council for Recreation and Sport and created the Office of a Minister of Recreation and Sport. Administratively, the political recognition of sport – at times in a response to perceived social needs – was further reflected in the rise of the New Zealand Sports Foundation and the Hillary Commission. Arguably, these structures have assumed de facto roles of social organisation and control of recreation and sport through their powers of financial disbursement and economic patronage. In the past three decades the main administrative changes, and reviews of recreation and sport have included: Ministerial Taskforce on Sport, Fitness & Leisure January 2001 page 20 of 153
• 1973 Council for Recreation and Sport established. • 1978 New Zealand Sports Foundation was incorporated, as an independent entity. • 1985 The Recreation and Government in New Zealand and Sport on the Move reports were written for the Government. • 1987 The Recreation and Sport Act established the Hillary Commission for Recreation and Sport. • 1992 The Sport, Fitness and Leisure Act renamed the Crown Agency the Hillary Commission for Sport, Fitness and Leisure. • 1994 The New Zealand Sports Drug Agency was instituted in response to the rise of athletes taking banned substances. • 1995 The Winning Way report on high performance sport was released. Contemporary In New Zealand “sport and leisure is a $4.5 million a day business” (Hillary Commission, 1993b, p.3) which supports almost 23,000 jobs and generates some $300 million per annum in taxes. The Business of Sport and Leisure by the Hillary Commission (1993b) examined sport, fitness and leisure, and related these to social and economic outcomes and activity. The survey confirmed that 1.4 million people were members of sport and leisure organisations in New Zealand. The economic impact of sport and leisure was determined to be $4.5 million per day. The tax payments of $300 million per year from sport and leisure are direct outcomes from these sectors. The industry also generates employment and expenditure through associated tourism and sport or fitness-related industries. Sports codes have diversified, sport values have shifted, and social issues have been strongly reflected in the interplay of sport and politics and the directions that certain forms of sport have taken. Recreation and leisure interests have been reflected in the 1990 Hillary Commission Life In New Zealand survey which placed swimming and diving, cycling, pool and snooker, tennis and aerobics as major interests of New Zealanders over 15 years of age. This lends support to the assertion that the informal engagement by small groups in sport may be more common than formally organised participation. The foremost sporting interests revealed in the Life In New Zealand survey were swimming, diving, cycling, snooker and pool, tennis and aerobics. More New Zealanders, however, watch sport than participate in it. The survey noted that New Zealanders’ leisure involvement was most frequently undertaken in the home environment e.g. gardening, relaxing, reading, music or watching television. The housework commitment of women was substantially higher than that of men, implying restrictions on available time for leisure. The closing decades of the twentieth century saw the establishment of Regional Sports Trusts which promote physically healthy lifestyles and programmes geared to particular community needs. The Trusts are financed by local community and business interests and also receive grants from the Hillary Commission. The most pervasive aspect of organised recreation and sport is the game of rugby union football. Rugby illustrates the complex interface of sport and society in New Zealand and makes for itself a special case of national and international prominence. Played throughout the country rugby has a range of perceptions and cultural meanings attached to it by various societal groups. Rugby league, netball and cricket also continue to dominate team sport allegiances in New Zealand sport. However, independent and more individualistic sports such Ministerial Taskforce on Sport, Fitness & Leisure January 2001 page 21 of 153
Page 1 and 2: GETTING SET For an Active Nation RE
Page 3 and 4: 5.14 Research and Resources .......
Page 5 and 6: Membership of the Ministerial Taskf
Page 7 and 8: • identify linkages and strategie
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sport, fitness an
Page 11 and 12: Implicit in the realisation of this
Page 13 and 14: • The transfer of the sport, fitn
Page 15 and 16: Part 1 BACKGROUND TO THE MINISTERIA
Page 17 and 18: Part 2 THE HISTORICAL SHAPING OF RE
Page 19: period has been observed by some sp
Page 23 and 24: • Individual sport and leisure pu
Page 25 and 26: In performing its functions the Com
Page 27 and 28: 3.3 Other Government Agencies Invol
Page 29 and 30: incidence, severity and cost of inj
Page 31 and 32: 14,000-15,000 clubs. National Gover
Page 33 and 34: • Mountain Safety Council. • Pa
Page 35 and 36: 3.5.4 Gaming Machines 3.6 Summary I
Page 37 and 38: ensure the intangible benefits from
Page 39 and 40: 12= Suicide Depression, stress 14 O
Page 41 and 42: Osteoporosis and Skeletal Injury
Page 43 and 44: An Enhanced Sense of Identity and I
Page 45 and 46: 4.3 The Economic Benefit of Recreat
Page 47 and 48: Apple and Pear Marketing Board and
Page 49 and 50: • High blood pressure and cholest
Page 51 and 52: • Recreation and sport organisati
Page 53 and 54: viability of such local and fundame
Page 55 and 56: • A drop-off has been recorded in
Page 57 and 58: • Professional sports have not cl
Page 59 and 60: • The appropriate development of
Page 61 and 62: 5.15 Media recreation and sport bod
Page 63 and 64: Part 6 THE FUTURE ENVIRONMENT AND S
Page 65 and 66: collaborating with all relevant gov
Page 67 and 68: Each has significant roles but crit
Page 69 and 70: • Two Board members will have an
Page 71 and 72:
6.7.1 Recreation Development This k
Page 73 and 74:
• Advocate and facilitate integra
Page 75 and 76:
• Support the rationalisation and
Page 77 and 78:
Sport Development will develop poli
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The future elite sport framework mu
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opportunities for alternative study
Page 83 and 84:
• Facilitate the rationalisation
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- explore potential research links
Page 87 and 88:
ecreation and sport. In facilitatin
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Regional Alignments Active New Zeal
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• Implementation of a funding fra
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strategically planned and proactive
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doping control. The New Zealand Spo
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Part 7 IMPLEMENTING AND RESOURCING
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Teacher Education • In three year
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The Taskforce is unequivocal that t
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Post-secondary • Each post-second
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- Examine the possible development
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A more holistic view of local gover
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Each initiative noted above will ma
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• A regional forum of funders and
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7.4.1.4 Secondary School Regional R
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($250,000 per centre with at least
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7.5 Key Milestones To ensure the mo
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- there are factors affecting the f
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Events & Sponsorship Association of
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Physical Activity Steering group Ph
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Bill Thomas Bob Stothart Brendan Ho
Page 127 and 128:
Rick Ellis Robin McNeill Robyn Crus
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Sport Auckland Simon Peterson, Chri
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Nick Cowan Joan Erceg Tony Clemow J
Page 133 and 134:
Dunedin Participants Margie Campbel
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Michael McLean Keith McAuliffe Bria
Page 137 and 138:
Andrew Hercus Joan Haythornwaite Ke
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Gary Curtis Michele Hayes Claire Br
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Steve Trudgeon Iris Thomas Bruce Cr
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Diana Pohatu Mihi Aston Leigh Gibso
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Appendix III TASKFORCE MEMBERS: Bio
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bauman, A., & Owen, N.
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Fletcher, G.F., Balady, G., Froelic
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NZIER. (New Zealand Institute of Ec
Page 153:
Volkerling, M. (2000). Sport as Cul
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