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Appendix I Key Terms The meaning of the terms leisure, recreation and sport is frequently debated. Despite the absence of universally agreed definitions the Taskforce believes it important to set out in detail the charteristics of these key terms. Recreation Recreation is a dimension of leisure. Leisure time is time spent away from work pursuing activities that may fall into the following categories: (a) activities that primarily have a mental and/or creative domain such as painting or embroidery (b) activities that primarily have an intellectual domain such as playing chess or reading (c) physical recreation, which may have a number of the following characteristics: - participants personally experience physical activity - there are flexible arrangements for the activity to take place - physical activity is self-determined - the conditions of engagement such as its organisation and location, may be changed by mutual agreement of the participants rather than by external authorities - the participant has control of the physical activity in terms of location, travel arrangements, conditions of participation, time of the engagement, clothing, equipment, and criteria for determining its success - there are self-determined outcomes that relate to personal and social satisfaction - there is an investment of time, self-organisation, socialisation, emotion and physical commitment - there is often an engagement with the natural outdoor environment - there is a lack of formal support roles Examples of physical recreation include: tramping in the bush, boating, fishing, fitness classes, walking and physical activity games. Sport In general, sport is more structured than physical recreation and has parameters set externally from the participants over which they have little or no direct control. Sport may have a number of the following characteristics: - participants personally experience physical activity - the conditions of engagement in the activity are determined by others with rules that can only be changed by authorities - participants conform to externally set conditions such as numbers of participants, location, time, duration of the engagement, clothing and equipment used - participants may be paid - there is uncertainty over the outcome Ministerial Taskforce on Sport, Fitness & Leisure January 2001 page 118 of 153
- there are factors affecting the final result which are outside the participant's control - there is an investment of allotted training time, participation time, emotion and physical commitment. - the outcomes may be extrinsic as well as intrinsic - the activity is part of formalised competition to which the public assigns the term "sport" - organisations which govern the activity and competition have national structures and, usually, international federations, networks or affiliations - authorities may determine participation on the basis of ability, age, physical characteristics or gender - competition against an opponent or prescribed standard of achievement is basic to the activity - vigorous physical exertion is often exhibited in recognisable patterns of activity or set pieces of engagement - there is standardised equipment - deviation and/or misconduct are determined by authorities with processes for formal sanctions - there is a referee for the contest - the rules may be varied depending upon the level of engagement and skills of the participants - there is an organisational environment associated with the competition that has formal membership and organisational structures - there are formalised support roles for a coach, sponsors, support staff, and a manager - there is a set arena or area of contest with formalised boundaries and internal areas of demarcation - the objective is to establish superiority over an opponent - there may be a membership or participation fee - there is a pathway to participation at an elite level Social Sport Social sport straddles recreation and sport. The main characteristics of social sport are: - any competition is informal - participants do not necessarily pay a fee to play - participants can, by mutual agreement, set or alter the terms of participation - the activity has primary goals of personal enjoyment and social cohesion An informal indication of the relationship between leisure, recreation and sport is visually indicated below. (A is leisure, B is physical recreation, C is sport and D is social sport). A B D C Ministerial Taskforce on Sport, Fitness & Leisure January 2001 page 119 of 153
Page 1 and 2:
GETTING SET For an Active Nation RE
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5.14 Research and Resources .......
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Membership of the Ministerial Taskf
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• identify linkages and strategie
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sport, fitness an
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Implicit in the realisation of this
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• The transfer of the sport, fitn
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Part 1 BACKGROUND TO THE MINISTERIA
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Part 2 THE HISTORICAL SHAPING OF RE
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period has been observed by some sp
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• 1973 Council for Recreation and
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• Individual sport and leisure pu
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In performing its functions the Com
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3.3 Other Government Agencies Invol
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incidence, severity and cost of inj
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14,000-15,000 clubs. National Gover
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• Mountain Safety Council. • Pa
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3.5.4 Gaming Machines 3.6 Summary I
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ensure the intangible benefits from
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12= Suicide Depression, stress 14 O
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Osteoporosis and Skeletal Injury
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An Enhanced Sense of Identity and I
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4.3 The Economic Benefit of Recreat
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Apple and Pear Marketing Board and
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• High blood pressure and cholest
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• Recreation and sport organisati
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viability of such local and fundame
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• A drop-off has been recorded in
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• Professional sports have not cl
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• The appropriate development of
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5.15 Media recreation and sport bod
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Part 6 THE FUTURE ENVIRONMENT AND S
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collaborating with all relevant gov
Page 67 and 68: Each has significant roles but crit
Page 69 and 70: • Two Board members will have an
Page 71 and 72: 6.7.1 Recreation Development This k
Page 73 and 74: • Advocate and facilitate integra
Page 75 and 76: • Support the rationalisation and
Page 77 and 78: Sport Development will develop poli
Page 79 and 80: The future elite sport framework mu
Page 81 and 82: opportunities for alternative study
Page 83 and 84: • Facilitate the rationalisation
Page 85 and 86: - explore potential research links
Page 87 and 88: ecreation and sport. In facilitatin
Page 89 and 90: Regional Alignments Active New Zeal
Page 91 and 92: • Implementation of a funding fra
Page 93 and 94: strategically planned and proactive
Page 95 and 96: doping control. The New Zealand Spo
Page 97 and 98: Part 7 IMPLEMENTING AND RESOURCING
Page 99 and 100: Teacher Education • In three year
Page 101 and 102: The Taskforce is unequivocal that t
Page 103 and 104: Post-secondary • Each post-second
Page 105 and 106: - Examine the possible development
Page 107 and 108: A more holistic view of local gover
Page 109 and 110: Each initiative noted above will ma
Page 111 and 112: • A regional forum of funders and
Page 113 and 114: 7.4.1.4 Secondary School Regional R
Page 115 and 116: ($250,000 per centre with at least
Page 117: 7.5 Key Milestones To ensure the mo
Page 121 and 122: Events & Sponsorship Association of
Page 123 and 124: Physical Activity Steering group Ph
Page 125 and 126: Bill Thomas Bob Stothart Brendan Ho
Page 127 and 128: Rick Ellis Robin McNeill Robyn Crus
Page 129 and 130: Sport Auckland Simon Peterson, Chri
Page 131 and 132: Nick Cowan Joan Erceg Tony Clemow J
Page 133 and 134: Dunedin Participants Margie Campbel
Page 135 and 136: Michael McLean Keith McAuliffe Bria
Page 137 and 138: Andrew Hercus Joan Haythornwaite Ke
Page 139 and 140: Gary Curtis Michele Hayes Claire Br
Page 141 and 142: Steve Trudgeon Iris Thomas Bruce Cr
Page 143 and 144: Diana Pohatu Mihi Aston Leigh Gibso
Page 145 and 146: Appendix III TASKFORCE MEMBERS: Bio
Page 147 and 148: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bauman, A., & Owen, N.
Page 149 and 150: Fletcher, G.F., Balady, G., Froelic
Page 151 and 152: NZIER. (New Zealand Institute of Ec
Page 153: Volkerling, M. (2000). Sport as Cul
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