Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress
Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress
Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
LEADERSHIP, MENTORING AND STRESS 371<br />
suggesting new ways of performing tasks, <strong>and</strong> rethinking what has never been questioned before.<br />
According to Torrance (1983), these e€ects also may foster prote ge intellectual development.<br />
Fourth, in their e€orts to motivate others, transformational leaders articulate inspirational<br />
long-term visions which attach meaning <strong>and</strong> importance to human development. By linking the<br />
signi®cance of human development (e.g., developing new skills <strong>and</strong> higher levels of creative<br />
thinking, trust, <strong>and</strong> responsibility) to the successful attainment of the broader organizational<br />
mission, these leaders enhance others' belief that they can be e€ective contributors to a high<br />
achieving organization (Shamir et al., 1993). These inspirationally motivating behaviors are<br />
similar to ecacy <strong>and</strong> con®dence building behaviors required by mentors (Kram, 1985). On the<br />
basis of these arguments, we expected a strong positive relationship between mentor transformational<br />
leadership behavior <strong>and</strong> prote ge receipt of <strong>mentoring</strong> <strong>functions</strong>.<br />
Mentor transactional contingent reward leadership behavior also may be associated with<br />
prote ge receipt of <strong>mentoring</strong> <strong>functions</strong>. When a leader sets goals, clari®es outcomes <strong>and</strong> exchanges<br />
rewards <strong>and</strong> recognition for follower accomplishments, followers generally achieve expected performance<br />
(Bass, 1985). A contingent reward leader may lay the foundation for follower development<br />
by clarifying desired developmental outcomes, discussing in speci®c terms learning<br />
objectives which outline what must be accomplished, <strong>and</strong> rewarding the follower when she/he<br />
identi®es <strong>and</strong> participates in developmental activities. Similarly, a <strong>mentoring</strong> relationship, in<br />
which contingent reward behavior is displayed by the mentor, is based upon the assumption that<br />
by clarifying what the mentor expects <strong>and</strong> then rewarding the prote ge for developmental behavior,<br />
the mentor directs the prote ge to the desired developmental outcome. In fact, Thibodeaux <strong>and</strong><br />
Lowe (1996) found mentored individuals to report greater supervisory use of rewards than nonmentored<br />
individuals. In addition, prote ge trust may be enhanced to the extent that the mentor<br />
(a) negotiates, agrees, exchanges, <strong>and</strong> bargains with the prote ge by establishing a `learning<br />
contract'; (b) communicates a clear underst<strong>and</strong>ing to the prote ge about what the mentor <strong>and</strong><br />
prote ge will do for one another in order to adhere to the learning contract; <strong>and</strong> (c) rewards<br />
developmental behavior. These behaviors parallel contingent reward leadership <strong>and</strong> are characteristic<br />
of what Covey (1997) <strong>and</strong> Podsako€ et al. (1990) describe as behaviors that promote<br />
trustÐa key aspect of e€ective mentor±prote ge relationships (Murray, 1991; Yukl, 1994).<br />
E€ective <strong>mentoring</strong> provides career development <strong>and</strong> psychosocial support for the prote geÂ<br />
(Kram, 1985). Given that contingent reward behavior involves goal setting (Bass, 1985) <strong>and</strong> setting<br />
career goals promotes career development (Kram, 1985), mentors who display contingent reward<br />
behavior may provide career development to prote ge s by setting career goals. Since contingent<br />
reward behavior is generally associated with increased <strong>job</strong> satisfaction (Sims <strong>and</strong> Lorenzi, 1992)<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>job</strong> satisfaction is associated with receiving psychosocial support (Bahniuk, Dobos <strong>and</strong> Hill,<br />
1990; Parasuraman, Greenhaus <strong>and</strong> Granrose, 1992), mentors who display contingent reward<br />
behaviors may provide psychosocial support for prote ge s by increasing prote ge <strong>job</strong> satisfaction.<br />
However, contingent reward behavior focuses on getting the task done <strong>and</strong> is less likely to be<br />
associated with stimulating greater development of others than transformational behavior (Bass,<br />
1998). Contingent reward behavior attends less to relational aspects of interactions <strong>and</strong> more to<br />
de®ning the task <strong>and</strong> level of expected performance. Given the importance of relational aspects in<br />
mentor±prote ge relationships (Kram <strong>and</strong> Bragar, 1991) <strong>and</strong> the task orientation of contingent<br />
reward behavior, we expected mentor contingent reward behavior to be less positively associated<br />
with prote ge receipt of <strong>mentoring</strong> <strong>functions</strong> than transformational behavior.<br />
Mentor laissez-faire behavior may be totally inconsistent with prote ge receipt of <strong>mentoring</strong><br />
<strong>functions</strong>. Laissez-faire leadership results in less concentration on work, poor quality of work,<br />
<strong>and</strong> low levels of productivity, cohesiveness <strong>and</strong> satisfaction (Bass, 1990). Applied to <strong>mentoring</strong><br />
relationships, these e€ects may be detrimental to the skill <strong>and</strong> career development of the prote ge .<br />
Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Organiz. Behav. 21, 365±390 (2000)