1 - Solvay Institutes
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REPORT 2007
REPORT 2007
“Der <strong>Solvay</strong> Kongress wird stets eine der<br />
schönsten Errinnerungen meines Lebens<br />
bleiben...“<br />
A. Einstein (November 22, 1911),<br />
Nobel Prize in Physics<br />
“To everybody who took part in the meeting<br />
(6th <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference in Physics) it<br />
was a most instructive and pleasant experience,<br />
and the discussions will surely be<br />
of great help for the future of everyone of<br />
us.“<br />
N. Bohr (November 1, 1930),<br />
Nobel Prize in Physics<br />
“For me it is a great pleasure and a great<br />
honor to chair this 23rd <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference<br />
in Physics. For all of us who have grown<br />
up in the 20th century, these conferences<br />
have played such an important role in<br />
our collective memory of physics that we<br />
hope that the revived and re-invigorated<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> will continue this tradition<br />
of <strong>Solvay</strong> Conferences in the same spirit.<br />
Perhaps they will play a role as important<br />
in the 21st century.”<br />
D. Gross (December 1, 2005),<br />
Nobel Prize in Physics
The International <strong>Institutes</strong> for Physics and Chemistry, founded by<br />
Ernest <strong>Solvay</strong>, acknowledge with gratitude the generous support of:<br />
the <strong>Solvay</strong> family<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> S.A. - N.V.<br />
the “Université Libre de Bruxelles”<br />
the “Vrije Universiteit Brussel”<br />
the “Loterie Nationale” – “Nationale Loterij”<br />
the “Communauté Française de Belgique”<br />
the “Ministre de la Recherche scientifique de la<br />
Région de Bruxelles Capitale” –<br />
“Minister van Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek<br />
van het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest”<br />
the “Fondation David et Alice Van Buuren”<br />
the “Fondation Wiener – Anspach”<br />
• the Hotel Metropole<br />
Fondation<br />
Wiener-Anspach
Contents<br />
A word from the Director 10<br />
General Information<br />
o Board of Directors 14<br />
o Scientific Committee for Physics 16<br />
o Scientific Committee for Chemistry 17<br />
o Local Scientific Committee 18<br />
o Honorary Members 19<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Public Events<br />
o Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto and <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards 23<br />
o Jean-Marie Lehn 31<br />
International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics: Sir Michael Berry 35<br />
21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry 41<br />
Workshops, Symposia and Schools organized by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
o Workshop on “Gauge Theories, Strings and Geometry” 55<br />
o Modave Summer School in Mathematical Physics 65<br />
Colloquia 71<br />
Workshops, Conferences and Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
o Magnetohydrodynamics Summer Program 85<br />
o Conference on “Computational Physics” 89<br />
o Conference on “Random and Integrable Models in<br />
Mathematics and Physics” 95<br />
o Doctoral School “Quantum Field Theory, Strings<br />
and Gravity” 101<br />
o Experimentarium: Lecture by Michael Berry 105
Seminars and Visitors<br />
o Seminars 110<br />
o Visitors 113<br />
Research on Gravitation, Strings and Cosmology<br />
o Researchers 118<br />
o Research Summary 118<br />
o Research Interests of some Members 121<br />
o Invited Talks at Conferences, Seminars and Schools 129<br />
o List of Publications 132<br />
Research carried out in the group of the Deputy Director<br />
o Members 138<br />
o Research Summary 139<br />
o Invited Talks at Conferences, Seminars and Schools 141<br />
o List of Publications 142<br />
Appendix: Outreach<br />
o Radio Interviews and Edition 146<br />
o Newspapers 147
A word from the Director<br />
A word from the Director<br />
The year 2007 has witnessed<br />
the revival of a<br />
tradition set up by Ernest<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> in the early 20th<br />
century.<br />
The founder of the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
<strong>Institutes</strong> wanted to have<br />
conferences on chemistry<br />
held on a periodic basis<br />
and devoted to challenging<br />
fundamental questions<br />
in chemistry. Due to the occurrence<br />
of the First World<br />
War, the first <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
took place only in 1922. Nineteen other<br />
ones followed it. The previous <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference<br />
on Chemistry was organized in 1995,<br />
twelve years ago. Since then, the cycle had<br />
been interrupted.<br />
It was therefore a challenge to revive the tradition.<br />
This challenge was successfully met this<br />
year with the organization of the 21st <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Conference on Chemistry, “From Noncovalent<br />
Assemblies to Molecular Machines”, during<br />
which the discussions have focused on<br />
the fascinating issues of molecular machines<br />
– so important for biology – and of the chemical<br />
principles on which they are based. In the<br />
name of the <strong>Institutes</strong>, it is a pleasure to thank<br />
the chair of the Conference, Professor Jean-<br />
Pierre Sauvage, the <strong>Solvay</strong> Scientific Committee<br />
for Chemistry, the rapporteurs, the session<br />
chairs and all the participants that made<br />
the 21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference an exceptional<br />
scientific success. We now look forward to<br />
the 22nd <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry,<br />
to be held in 2010.<br />
In the wake of the Conference on Chemistry,<br />
and in keeping with a tradition that was initiated<br />
in 2005, the <strong>Institutes</strong> organized a public<br />
event open to all on the Sunday following the<br />
conference. The public lecture “De la Matière<br />
à la Vie : la Chimie ? La Chimie !” was delivered<br />
by Nobel Laureate Jean-Marie Lehn who<br />
captivated the audience for more than one<br />
hour and made it marvel at supramolecules,<br />
molecular recognition and the remarkable<br />
potential of this field. He concluded with the<br />
famous words of the mathematician David<br />
Hilbert: “Wir müssen wissen. Wir werden<br />
wissen.“ (“We must know. We shall know.”),<br />
a program that captures very well the mission<br />
of the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>. The public lecture was<br />
followed by a debate on “Chemistry? More<br />
than ever!” during which the public could ask<br />
questions to a panel of distinguished chemists.<br />
It led to very exciting discussions.<br />
It was the same desire to popularize science<br />
among the general public that made the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
co-organize with the <strong>Solvay</strong> Company<br />
a public event in May of 2007 where<br />
the renowned Cambridge physicist Stephen<br />
Hawking and Nobel Laureate Harold Kroto<br />
gave popular lectures, one on “The Origin of<br />
the Universe” and the other on “Architecture<br />
in Nanospace”. This was again a notable success,<br />
which attracted more than 2000 persons<br />
at the Heysel auditorium. The event was<br />
10
A word from the Director<br />
coupled with the <strong>Solvay</strong> Award Ceremony,<br />
delivered by the <strong>Solvay</strong> Company to brilliant<br />
young researchers in physics and chemistry.<br />
The year 2007 was also the second year<br />
of the International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics.<br />
The <strong>Solvay</strong> Professor was Professor Michael<br />
Berry, from the University of Bristol, who<br />
gave a superb course of lectures on “asymptotic<br />
physics”. Not only physicists from Brussels<br />
attended these but also physicists from<br />
other Belgian universities as well as from the<br />
Netherlands and France. The course was<br />
completed by a public lecture “Seven<br />
Wonders of Physics” that was co-organized<br />
with the ULB museum of physics (“Experimentarium”).<br />
The repeated success of the International<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics has convinced<br />
us to launch in 2008 the International <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Chair in Chemistry.<br />
The International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> have also<br />
organized or sponsored workshops and<br />
conferences on themes ranging from gauge<br />
theories, strings and gravity to computational<br />
physics and random matrices. We have<br />
also supported a summer research program<br />
on magnetohydrodynamics as well as two<br />
graduate schools. Training through research<br />
is indeed one of the goals pursued by the<br />
<strong>Institutes</strong>. Hundreds of scientists took part in<br />
these activities. Finally, our colloquium series<br />
has now become a well-established and wellattended<br />
tradition.<br />
All these activities are reviewed in the present<br />
report, together with the research carried out<br />
by the scientists affiliated with the <strong>Institutes</strong>.<br />
On the administrative side, the year 2007 has<br />
also been a year of important changes since<br />
our Board of Directors was renewed, with an<br />
eye to strengthen the visibility of the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
in the civil society. I would like to welcome the<br />
new members who have accepted to help us,<br />
and to thank the leaving members for their assistance<br />
through so many years.<br />
At the same time, it was decided to create an<br />
International Advisory Committee composed<br />
of renowned scientists, whose tasks are to<br />
evaluate periodically our activities, to make<br />
suggestions and to report to the Board of Directors.<br />
The mission of this Committee, which<br />
advises on the daily activities of the <strong>Institutes</strong>,<br />
is complementary to that of the International<br />
Scientific Committees for Physics and Chemistry,<br />
which are in charge of the <strong>Solvay</strong> Conferences<br />
on Physics and Chemistry. We are most<br />
grateful to Professor Lars Brink from Chalmers<br />
University for having accepted the important<br />
responsibility of chairing the International<br />
Advisory Committee.<br />
While we keep consolidating and expanding<br />
our scientific activities, we continue at the same<br />
time to improve our financial situation through<br />
strict management practices. The straight<br />
loan has been reduced and represents now<br />
only a fraction of what it was at the end of<br />
2003. This effort will be pursued with the<br />
same willpower. This necessary stabilizing of<br />
our finances would not have been possible<br />
without the firm hand of our treasurer, Professor<br />
Bingen.<br />
Finally, I would also like to thank all the<br />
sponsors of the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> who made<br />
possible the activities developed in 2007.<br />
11
A word from the Director<br />
These are the Université Libre de Bruxelles,<br />
the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the <strong>Solvay</strong> Company,<br />
the Belgian National Lottery, the Communauté<br />
Française de Belgique, the Brussels<br />
Capital Region, the David & Alice Van Buren<br />
Foundation, the Wiener-Anspach Foundation,<br />
the Hôtel Métropole and last but not<br />
least, the <strong>Solvay</strong> family who, since 1911, has<br />
unfailingly supported the <strong>Institutes</strong> through<br />
cheerful but also difficult times.<br />
The extraordinary dedication of the entire<br />
staff working at the <strong>Institutes</strong> is also gratefully<br />
acknowledged.<br />
Marc Henneaux<br />
12
A word from the Director<br />
General Information<br />
13
General Information<br />
Director:<br />
Management and Staff<br />
Deputy Director:<br />
Prof. Marc Henneaux (ULB)<br />
Prof. Franklin Lambert (VUB)<br />
Assistants to the Director: Prof. Anne De Wit (ULB)<br />
Prof. Glenn Barnich (ULB)<br />
Prof. Ben Craps (VUB)<br />
Administrative Assistants: Ms Dominique Bogaerts<br />
Ms Fabienne De Neyn<br />
Ms Stéphanie Deprins<br />
Ms Isabelle Juif<br />
Accountant:<br />
Ms Chantal Verrier<br />
Postal address: International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> - Campus Plaine ULB/CP 231- Bd du Triomphe - B-1050 Brussels - Belgium.<br />
Delivery address: IIPC-<strong>Solvay</strong> - Campus Plaine ULB - Access 2 - Building NO - 5 th Floor - Office N105A - Bd du Triomphe<br />
B-1050 Brussels - Belgium.<br />
Tel: +32 2 650 54 23/55 42 • Fax: +32 2 650 50 28<br />
Website: www.solvayinstitutes.be • Emails: dobogaer@ulb.ac.be / Isabelle.Juif@ulb.ac.be<br />
Board of Directors<br />
Members<br />
Mr <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Professor Franz Bingen<br />
Emeritus - Professor VUB<br />
Professor Rosette S’Jegers<br />
Vice-rector VUB and Professor VUB<br />
President<br />
Vice-President and Treasurer<br />
Secretary<br />
Professor Françoise Thys-Clément<br />
Honorary Rector and Professor ULB<br />
Mr Philippe Busquin<br />
European Deputy and Former European Commissioner<br />
Baron Daniel Janssen<br />
Honorary Chairman of the Board of Directors of <strong>Solvay</strong> S.A.<br />
14
General Information<br />
Mr Jean-Marie <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Member of the Board of Directors of <strong>Solvay</strong> S.A.<br />
Mr Eddy Van Gelder<br />
President of the Administrative Board of the VUB<br />
Professor Jean-Louis Vanherweghem<br />
President of the Administrative Board of the ULB<br />
Honorary Members<br />
Professor Irina Veretennicoff<br />
Professor VUB<br />
Baron Jaumotte<br />
Honorary Rector and Honorary President ULB<br />
Honorary Director<br />
Mr Jean-Marie Piret<br />
Attorney General of the Supreme Court of Appeal<br />
and Honorary Principal Private Secretary to the King<br />
Guests<br />
Professor Marc Henneaux<br />
Professor ULB<br />
Professor Franklin Lambert<br />
Professor VUB<br />
Professor Albert Goldbeter<br />
Professor ULB<br />
Professor Alexandre Sevrin<br />
Professor VUB<br />
Director<br />
Deputy Director<br />
Scientific Secretary of the Committee<br />
for Chemistry<br />
Scientific Secretary of the Committee<br />
for Physics<br />
Mr Pascal De Wit<br />
Adviser <strong>Solvay</strong> S.A.<br />
Professor Niceas Schamp<br />
Secretary of the Royal Flemish Academy for Sciences and Arts<br />
15
General Information<br />
Scientific Committee for Physics<br />
Members are appointed for a 6-year period term, renewable once.<br />
Chair:<br />
Professor David GROSS, Nobel Prize 2004, Kavli<br />
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara, USA<br />
Members:<br />
Professor Fortunato Tito ARECCHI, Università di Firenze<br />
and INOA, Italy (1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, Second Term)<br />
Professor Jocelyn BELL BURNELL, University of Bath, UK<br />
(1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, First Term)<br />
Professor Steven CHU, Nobel Prize 1997, Stanford<br />
University, USA (1 January 2008 - 31 December 2013, First Term)<br />
Professor Claude COHEN-TANNOUDJI, Nobel Prize<br />
1997, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France<br />
(1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, Second Term)<br />
Professor Ludwig FADDEEV, V.A. Steklov Mathematical<br />
Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia<br />
(1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, Second Term)<br />
Professor Gerard ’t HOOFT, Nobel Prize 1999, Spinoza<br />
Instituut, Utrecht, the Netherlands<br />
(1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, Second Term)<br />
Professor Giorgio PARISI, Università La Sapienza, Roma,<br />
Italy (1 January 2008 - 31 December 2013, First Term)<br />
Professor Pierre RAMOND, University of Florida, Gainesville,<br />
USA (1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, First Term)<br />
Professor Klaus VON KLITZING, Nobel Prize 1985,<br />
Max-Planck-Institut, Stuttgart, Germany<br />
(1 July 2004 - 30 June 2010, First Term)<br />
Scientific Secretary:<br />
Professor Alexandre SEVRIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel,<br />
Belgium<br />
16
General Information<br />
Scientific Committee for Chemistry<br />
Members are appointed for a 6-year period term, renewable once.<br />
Chair:<br />
Members:<br />
Professor Stuart RICE, University of Chicago, USA<br />
Professor Manfred EIGEN, Nobel Prize 1967, Max-<br />
Planck Institut, Göttingen, Germany (1 June 2005 - 31<br />
May 2011, Second Term)<br />
Professor Graham FLEMING, University of Berkeley,<br />
USA (1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, First Term)<br />
Professor Harold W. KROTO, Nobel Prize 1996, University<br />
of Sussex, Brighton, UK (1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, First Term)<br />
Professor Jean-Marie LEHN, Nobel Prize 1987, Collège<br />
de France, Paris, France (1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, Second Term)<br />
Professor Henk N.W. LEKKERKERKER, Utrecht Universiteit,<br />
the Netherlands (1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, First Term)<br />
Professor Mario J. MOLINA, Nobel Prize 1995,<br />
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA<br />
(1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, Second Term)<br />
Professor K.C. NICOLAOU, University of California, San<br />
Diego, USA (1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, First Term)<br />
Professor Kurt WÜTHRICH, Nobel Prize 2002, Institut<br />
für Molekularbiologie und Biophysik, Zurich, Switzerland<br />
(1 June 2005 - 31 May 2011, First Term)<br />
Scientific Secretary:<br />
Professor Albert GOLDBETER, Université Libre de<br />
Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
17
General Information<br />
Local Scientific Committee<br />
Chair:<br />
Members:<br />
Professor Marc HENNEAUX (ULB)<br />
Professor Ben CRAPS (VUB)<br />
Professor Anne DE WIT (ULB)<br />
Professor Pierre GASPARD (ULB)<br />
Professor Paul GEERLINGS (VUB)<br />
Professor Albert GOLDBETER (ULB)<br />
Professor Alexandre SEVRIN (VUB)<br />
18
General Information<br />
Honorary members<br />
Professor Anatole ABRAGAM, Collège de France, Paris, France<br />
Professor Robert BROUT, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Professor Claudio BUNSTER, Centro de Estudios Cientificos,<br />
Valdivia, Chile<br />
Professor François ENGLERT, Université Libre de<br />
Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Professor Ludwig FADDEEV, V.A. Steklov Mathematical<br />
Institute, St Petersburg, Russia<br />
Professor Ephraïm KATCHALSKY, Weizmann Institute,<br />
Rehovot, Israel<br />
Professor I.M. KHALATNIKOFF, Landau Institute of<br />
Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia<br />
Professor William LIPSCOMB, Nobel Prize 1976, Harvard<br />
University, USA<br />
Professor Victor P. MASLOV, Moscow State University, Russia<br />
Professor Victor A. SADOVNICHY, Moscow State University,<br />
Russia<br />
Professor Roald SAGDEEV, University of Maryland,<br />
College Park, USA<br />
Professor E.C.G. SUDARSHAN, University of Texas,<br />
Austin, USA<br />
Professor Morikazu TODA, Tokyo University of Education,<br />
Japan<br />
Professor Chen Ning YANG, Nobel Prize 1957, Chinese<br />
University Hong Kong & Tsingha University, Beijing, China<br />
19
Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto & <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
SOLVAY PUBLIC EVENTS
Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto & <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
Stephen Hawking,<br />
Harold Kroto<br />
and <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
20 May 2007<br />
<br />
STEPHEN HAWKING<br />
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics<br />
”The Origin of the Universe”<br />
<br />
<br />
HAROLD KROTO<br />
1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry<br />
”Architecture in Nanospace”<br />
During the event, a short <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards ceremony will take place<br />
Sponsors:<br />
Avec le soutien du Ministre de la Recherche<br />
scientifique de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale<br />
Met de steun van de Minister van Wetenschappelijk<br />
Onderzoek van het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest<br />
With the support of the Minister of Scientific<br />
Research of the Brussels Capital Region<br />
Interprétation simultanée<br />
des exposés en français.<br />
Simultaanvertaling is voorzien<br />
naar het Nederlands.<br />
Inscription (obligatoire),<br />
information et programme sur:<br />
Inschrijving (verplicht),<br />
informatie en programma op:<br />
Registration (compulsory),<br />
information and programme on:<br />
www.solvayinstitutes.be/20May2007<br />
The event is co-organized with<br />
23
<strong>Solvay</strong> Public Events<br />
On May 20, 2007, the International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> co-organized with the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Company, the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, a free<br />
public event at the Heysel, during which the renowned physicist Stephen Hawking<br />
(author of the best-seller “A brief History of Time”) and the Chemistry Nobel Laureate<br />
Harold Kroto both gave a public lecture.<br />
Prince Laurent and Princess Claire of Belgium graced the event with their presence.<br />
The lectures were translated into Dutch and French. Between the two talks, a brief<br />
ceremony during which the <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards were given to brilliant beginning researchers<br />
in physics and chemistry took place.<br />
Both speakers are well-known for their unique talents for popularizing science.<br />
The success of the event was such (more than 2000 people from all generations) that<br />
it was necessary to also video-retransmit it in the hall next to the lecture room.<br />
Professor Stephen Hawking is a distinguished theoretical<br />
physicist who has contributed revolutionary<br />
ideas to the theory of gravity, where he made<br />
crucial contributions to the understanding of black<br />
holes and the universe. He holds the Lucasian chair<br />
of mathematics at the University of Cambridge,<br />
which was occupied earlier by Newton. The title of<br />
his lecture was “The Origin of the Universe”.<br />
Professor Harold Kroto revolutionized chemistry<br />
through the discovery of new molecules paving the<br />
way to a new carbon chemistry: fullerenes, carbon<br />
nanotubes etc. He received in 1996 the Nobel Prize<br />
in Chemistry for his work. The title of his lecture was<br />
“Architecture in Nanospace”. He is currently devoting<br />
a good fraction of his time to making chemistry<br />
better known in the general public.<br />
24
Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto & <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
We reproduce here the presentation<br />
speech given by Marc Henneaux, Director<br />
of the <strong>Institutes</strong>.<br />
Your Royal Highnesses,<br />
Excellencies,<br />
Ladies and Gentlemen,<br />
Dear colleagues, dear friends,<br />
It is a great pleasure to welcome all<br />
of you to today’s public event, which<br />
the International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> coorganize<br />
with the Université Libre de<br />
Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel<br />
and the <strong>Solvay</strong> Company.<br />
On the 9th of June 1921, Einstein delivered<br />
his first public lecture in England.<br />
That was in Manchester and<br />
the lecture was given in German. In<br />
the next day’s issue, the Manchester<br />
Guardian gave reports of people rioting<br />
to get into the lecture hall when<br />
they found out they could not gain<br />
admission.<br />
Who said that science no longer interests<br />
the general public? Five days after<br />
we opened registration for today’s<br />
public event, the Heysel auditorium<br />
was fully packed. The enthusiasm for<br />
understanding the development of science<br />
is as big today as it was in Einstein’s<br />
time.<br />
In order to avoid the riots, and in view<br />
of the many angry email requests and<br />
furious phone calls we received, we<br />
decided, as appeasement measure,<br />
to also broadcast live today’s event<br />
in the hall next door, to allow an additional<br />
2000 people to benefit from<br />
the lectures. I hope we have been<br />
successful!<br />
The International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> is one<br />
of the best known Belgian research<br />
institutions. The pictures of the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Conferences (“Conseils <strong>Solvay</strong>” as they<br />
were called in the early days) have<br />
become symbols of excellence and<br />
are known worldwide. The tradition<br />
of these unique conferences, started in<br />
1911, has continued up to this date.<br />
The names of the Nobel laureates Einstein,<br />
Lorentz, Prigogine and more recently<br />
Gross to cite only a few, are associated<br />
with the <strong>Solvay</strong> successes.<br />
We have further ambitious projects in<br />
the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>’ tradition of excellence:<br />
international chairs, focused<br />
scientific workshops, grants to bright<br />
PhD students and postdoctoral fellows.<br />
Some of these projects are already in<br />
operation while some others, I am confident,<br />
will become reality in the near<br />
future.<br />
Supporting frontier research at the highest<br />
level in physics and chemistry is the<br />
main mission of the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>. But<br />
we are also convinced that it is our responsibility<br />
as scientists to inform society<br />
on the latest scientific discoveries. For<br />
this reason, we committed ourselves in<br />
2005 to periodically organize public<br />
events during which the best researchers<br />
would deliver popular lectures on<br />
their recent work. I can already announce<br />
that the next <strong>Solvay</strong> public lecture<br />
will be given on December 2nd by<br />
Nobel laureate Jean-Marie Lehn in the<br />
wake of the 21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference<br />
on Chemistry.<br />
25
<strong>Solvay</strong> Public Events<br />
We are often asked why we, scientists, do scientific research. I believe<br />
that for most of us, it is curiosity and the desire to understand how<br />
“nature works”, to use a somewhat grandiloquent expression. And like<br />
children, we are not satisfied with easy answers to our interrogations.<br />
And we have also kept intact our ability of astonishment and of wonder<br />
in front of new discoveries. Our curiosity-driven urge to understand and<br />
to explore new territories reveals indeed an amazingly unanticipated<br />
form of beauty in the natural laws.<br />
I am convinced that today’s talks, by two of the most brilliant scientists<br />
of our time, will demonstrate that. The lectures cover topics from<br />
the very large - the universe - to the very small - the nanoworld -,<br />
which are equally fascinating.<br />
When we decided to organize today’s lectures, we were<br />
greeted by many skeptics as being completely crazy. Your<br />
massive presence today demonstrates that we were right<br />
to be crazy. There is a quote by a Chilean poet Vicente<br />
Huidobro, which I appreciate very much – so much in fact<br />
that some of you have heard it already many times from me:<br />
“Si yo no hiciera al menos una locura por año, me volvería<br />
loco” – “If I would not make at least one act of craziness<br />
per year, I would become totally mad”. Before introducing<br />
the lecturers, I would like to thank the people and the<br />
organizations that helped us being crazy this afternoon.<br />
First, our two speakers, of course, who accepted our<br />
invitation in spite of a fully booked agenda, and<br />
managed to squeeze in a visit to Brussels between a<br />
zero gravity flight or a trip to New Zealand and many<br />
other exciting invitations. Second, our maecenas, the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
family, who still supports us with the same conviction after 5 generations.<br />
Third, our traditional institutional sponsors, the <strong>Solvay</strong> Company, the Université Libre<br />
de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Belgian National Lottery, the Communauté<br />
Française de Belgique, the Van Buuren Foundation and the hotel Metropole.<br />
I also wish to acknowledge a precious grant from the Brussels Capital Region that we<br />
received for this occasion, as well as the Heysel administration for its enormous help.<br />
And last but not least, I would like to thank the infinite dedication of the entire staff<br />
of the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>, who is able, like their director, of being crazy at least once a<br />
year (if not much more!).<br />
°°°°°<br />
26
Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto & <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
Our first speaker this evening is Professor Stephen Hawking. Professor Hawking has<br />
revolutionized our understanding of Einstein’s theory of gravity. He made outstanding<br />
contributions to black hole physics and cosmology. He holds at the University of<br />
Cambridge the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics, held before him by Newton. Stephen<br />
Hawking has exceptional talents for popularizing science. Without further introduction,<br />
I will let him share with us his vision of the universe... let us dream with him!<br />
°°°°°<br />
The interest of the young generations<br />
for science is crucial to the future of our<br />
society. This is why today’s event is free<br />
and open to all. This is also why it is combined<br />
with the <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards ceremony.<br />
These awards, given by the <strong>Solvay</strong> company,<br />
recognize the merits of students who<br />
wrote excellent theses in basic or applied<br />
sciences.<br />
It is my great pleasure to give the floor to<br />
Mr. Christian Jourquin, Chairman of the Executive<br />
Committee of the <strong>Solvay</strong> company,<br />
who will present the awards.<br />
°°°°°<br />
Our second lecturer is Sir Harold Kroto. Who has not heard of “nanoscience”?<br />
The discovery by Professor Kroto of new carbon compounds, Carbon-60 and other<br />
fullerenes, leading to carbon nanotubes, has been a dramatic landmark in that area,<br />
which has completely revolutionized nanoscience. He was awarded the Nobel Prize<br />
in Chemistry in 1996 for this discovery. For a very long time, he has also been<br />
popularizing science and has communicated his passion for it through lectures, presentations<br />
and workshops. Please join me in this other fascinating journey into another<br />
world, the nanoworld.<br />
27
<strong>Solvay</strong> Public Events<br />
28
Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto & <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
29
Stephen Hawking, Harold Kroto & <strong>Solvay</strong> Awards<br />
Jean-Marie Lehn<br />
2 December 2007<br />
21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference<br />
on Chemistry<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Chemistry?<br />
More than ever!<br />
Talk by Jean-Marie Lehn<br />
1987 Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry,<br />
Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France<br />
«De la Matière à la Vie: la Chimie?<br />
La Chimie!»<br />
Talk followed by a debate<br />
with the participation of<br />
Professors B. Feringa, V. Heitz, J.-P. Launay,<br />
J.-M. Lehn, D. Leigh, A. Moore,<br />
J.-P. Sauvage and F. Stoddart.<br />
Simultaneous interpretation into<br />
French, English and Dutch.<br />
Registration (requested), information and programme<br />
on ”www.solvayinstitutes.be/2dec07.html”<br />
The event is co-organized with<br />
Sponsors:<br />
31
The <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> organize on a regular<br />
basis lectures aimed at the general<br />
public and delivered by eminent physicists<br />
or chemists. One of the objectives<br />
of these lectures is to popularize science<br />
and to make it more attractive to the<br />
younger generations.<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Public Events<br />
‘De la Matière à la Vie:<br />
la Chimie? La Chimie!’<br />
The second <strong>Solvay</strong> public event organized<br />
in 2007 took place as a satellite<br />
meeting to the 21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference<br />
on Chemistry. The eminent<br />
lecturer was the 1987 Nobel<br />
Laureate in Chemistry<br />
Professor Jean-Marie Lehn from the Collège de France and<br />
Strasbourg University. Professor Lehn has made pioneering contributions<br />
to the development and use of molecules that mimic<br />
key biological processes (molecular “recognition”, selective<br />
transport). He is one of the fathers of supramolecular chemistry.<br />
His work has found applications in many areas, going from biomimetism<br />
to nanotechnology and material science.<br />
In this talk entitled “De la Matière à la Vie : la Chimie ?<br />
La Chimie !”, Professor Lehn has embarked the audience in<br />
a fascinating journey across the progresses of Chemistry<br />
throughout the ages and on a thrilling discussion of exciting<br />
new perspectives of research in supramolecular chemistry.<br />
32
Jean-Marie Lehn<br />
A debate took place after the lecture, during which a panel of participants<br />
to the 21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry has answered<br />
questions from the public. After the event, a drink was offered to all<br />
participants and to the public to allow a closer contact between<br />
younger students and the invited scientists.<br />
This event which took place at the Flagey building was a great success<br />
with more than 500 participants.<br />
33
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
INTERNATIONAL SOLVAY<br />
CHAIR IN PHYSICS<br />
1-31 October 2007
International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics<br />
Professor Michael Berry<br />
1–31 October 2007<br />
Bristol University, UK<br />
The International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> were fortunate that Sir Michael Berry, Melville<br />
Wills distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Bristol, accepted the<br />
2007 International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics.<br />
Since 2006, the International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics has been given every year,<br />
for one to two months, to an eminent physicist who comes to Brussels to give a series<br />
of specialized lectures on a subject of his or her choice, together with an inaugural<br />
lecture aimed at a wider audience.<br />
Professor Michael Berry spent the month of October in Brussels. He gave his inaugural<br />
lecture “Making Light of Mathematics” on October 2. The lecture was attended<br />
by researchers from the ULB, the VUB, as well as other Universities of Belgium and of<br />
neighboring countries. His course of more specialized lectures illustrated the remarkable<br />
diversity and originality of his work and was included in the doctoral training in<br />
physics. Professor Michael Berry also gave on October 23 a public lecture “Seven<br />
Wonders of Physics” in the context of the event entitled “L’Experimentarium fait peau<br />
neuve” organized by the science museum of the ULB (“Experimentarium”).<br />
Professor Sir Michael Berry<br />
Professor Michael Berry is well known for his central<br />
contributions to physics. These are now an integral<br />
part of modern quantum theory. They are used in<br />
areas as diverse as condensed matter physics, field<br />
theory, string theory, gravitational physics, mechanics<br />
and physical chemistry.<br />
His work deals with phenomena in the borderlands<br />
between physical theories - between classical<br />
and quantum, between rays and waves - , which<br />
is the domain of physical asymptotics. He has emphasized<br />
topological and geometrical aspects of<br />
waves and chaos. In particular, he has brought out<br />
the significance of the “geometrical phase” which is<br />
now called “Berry’s phase”.<br />
He received many prestigious distinctions, including<br />
the 1996 Dirac Medal and Prize of the ICTP, and<br />
the 1998 Wolf Prize in Physics. He is a member of<br />
many Academies around the world.<br />
36
International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics<br />
Programme of Chair<br />
Inaugural Lecture<br />
Tuesday 2 October 2007<br />
“Making light of mathematics”<br />
Abstract: “Many ‘mathematical phenomena’ find<br />
application and sometimes spectacular physical illustration<br />
in the physics of light. Concepts such as<br />
fractals, catastrophe theory, knots, infinity, zero, and<br />
even when 1+1 fails to equal 2, are needed to understand<br />
rainbows, twinkling starlight, sparkling<br />
seas, oriental magic mirrors, and simple experiments on interference, polarization<br />
and focusing. The lecture is strongly visual, and nontechnical, though the concepts<br />
are subtle.”<br />
Lectures<br />
Monday 15 October 2007<br />
“Polarization fingerprints in the clear blue sky”<br />
Abstract: “Daylight is polarized, the strength being greatest at points in the sky at right<br />
angles to the sun, and zero at four points: above and below the sun and anti-sun. The<br />
zero-polarization points are ‘fingerprint’ singularities, around which the polarization<br />
direction makes a half-turn. Using elementary singularity theory, the polarization pattern<br />
across the whole sky can be described in a way that fits recent observations<br />
with an accuracy comparable to that of conventional elaborate multiple-scattering<br />
calculations. This recent work is a contribution to a story that started in 1817 and has<br />
been central to our understanding of polarized light.”<br />
“Tsunami asymptotics”<br />
Abstract: “For most of their propagation distance, tsunamis are linear dispersive<br />
waves whose speed is limited by the depth of the ocean and which can be regarded<br />
as a diffraction-decorated caustic in spacetime. For constant depth, uniform as-<br />
37
International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics<br />
ymptotics gives a very accurate compact description of the<br />
tsunami profile generated by an arbitrary initial disturbance.<br />
Variations in depth can focus tsunamis onto cusped caustics,<br />
and this ‘singularity on a singularity’ constitutes an unusual diffraction<br />
problem, whose solution indicates that focusing can<br />
amplify the tsunami energy by an order of magnitude.”<br />
Tuesday 16 October 2007<br />
“Optical vorticulture”<br />
Abstract: “After reviewing the history, beginning in the 1660s,<br />
of lines of phase and polarization singularity in light and other<br />
waves, I will describe our present understanding of their geometry,<br />
and several recent applications: to spiral phase plates (vortex choreography), vortex<br />
knots and links, ubiquity of vortices in interferometers, and quantum cores of the singularities.”<br />
“Physics of nonhermitian degeneracies”<br />
Abstract: “Decoherence makes quantum evolution nonunitary, and such systems, where some<br />
freedoms are ignored, can be described by nonhermitian hamiltonian operators. These differ<br />
most dramatically from hermitian operators in the neighbourhood of degeneracies. Several<br />
examples of nonhermitian degeneracy-dominated physical phenomena will be given, in laser<br />
physics, atom optics, and crystal optics.”<br />
Wednesday 17 October 2007<br />
“Singularity-dominated strong fluctuations”<br />
Abstract: “The fluctuations of a physical quantity can be described by its moments. In many<br />
cases, these diverge as an asymptotic parameter becomes large (or small), through the influence<br />
of geometric singularities. These large moments are described by power laws whose<br />
exponents can be determined from a knowledge of the singularities. Examples are twinkling<br />
starlight, the sex life of moths, certain contour integrals, and several properties of spectra in<br />
quantum chaology.”<br />
38
International <strong>Solvay</strong> Chair in Physics<br />
“Three recent results on asymptotics of oscillations”<br />
Abstract: “The results are separate, and apparently paradoxical, and have implications<br />
for physics. First, when two exponentials compete, their interference<br />
can be dominated by the contribution with smaller exponent. Second, repeated<br />
differentiation of almost all functions in a wide class generates trigonometric oscillations<br />
(‘almost all functions tend to cosx’). Third, it is possible to find band-limited<br />
functions that oscillate arbitrarily faster than their fastest Fourier component<br />
(‘superoscillations’).”<br />
Thursday 18 October 2007<br />
“Quantum mechanics, chaos, and the music of the primes”<br />
Abstract: “The Riemann hypothesis can be interpreted as stating that the prime numbers contain<br />
‘music’, whose component frequencies are the Riemann zeros. The question «Frequencies<br />
of what?» leads to tantalizing connections with the energy levels of quantum systems<br />
whose corresponding classical motion is chaotic. At the level of statistics, predictions for the<br />
Riemann zeros based on semiclassical quantum asymptotics (with primes as periods of classical<br />
trajectories) have reached a high degree of accuracy and refinement. For the zeros<br />
themselves, the Riemann-Siegel formula and its improvements lead to new ways of calculating<br />
quantum levels.”<br />
Friday 19 October 2007<br />
“Conical diffraction: imaging Hamilton’s diabolical point”<br />
Abstract: “The transformation of a narrow beam into a hollow cone when incident along<br />
the optic axis of a biaxial crystal, predicted by Hamilton in 1832, created a sensation when<br />
observed by Lloyd soon afterwards. It was possibly the first prediction of a qualitatively new<br />
phenomenon using mathematics, the first application of the concept of phase space, and the<br />
prototype of the conical intersections now popular in quantum chemistry. But the fine structure<br />
of the light cone contains many subtle features, slowly revealed by experiment, whose definitive<br />
explanation, involving new mathematical asymptotics, has been achieved only recently,<br />
along with definitive experimental test of the theory. Radically different phenomena, being<br />
intensively studied now, arise when chirality and absorption are incorporated in addition to<br />
biaxiality.”<br />
39
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
21 st SOLVAY CONFERENCE<br />
ON CHEMISTRY<br />
28 November - 1 December<br />
2007<br />
41
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
‘From Noncovalent Assemblies<br />
to Molecular Machines’<br />
Twelve years after the last 1995<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry,<br />
the International <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
<strong>Institutes</strong> have proudly revived<br />
this year the tradition of organizing<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Conferences<br />
on Chemistry at the highest<br />
scientific level. The 21st<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on<br />
Chemistry took place<br />
from November 28th to<br />
December 1st, 2007 at<br />
the Hotel Metropole on the theme<br />
“From Noncovalent Assemblies to Molecular<br />
Machines”. This meeting gathered the<br />
leading world experts in one of the most exciting<br />
fields in modern chemistry namely supramolecular<br />
chemistry. The format of the meeting<br />
centered on intense discussions among selected<br />
participants expert in the field has ensured vivid<br />
exchanges of ideas at the frontier of science.<br />
Scientific background<br />
The 21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry has<br />
discussed the fundamental concepts underlying<br />
supramolecular assemblies and their ability of<br />
working as “molecular machines”.<br />
28 November - 1 st December<br />
Molecular machines are very small objects able<br />
to undergo controlled motion or to direct movement<br />
of molecules or ions. They are essential in<br />
numerous biological processes. As an example,<br />
ATP 1 synthase is a natural molecular machine,<br />
functioning as a rotary motor, which uses and<br />
consumes ATP as energy source or, on the contrary,<br />
which is able to fabricate ATP from ADP<br />
and inorganic phosphate. ATP is a universal biological<br />
molecule, associated to all the important<br />
processes related to energy in living systems. This<br />
ATP synthase, one of the most famous biological<br />
motors, produces ATP a bit like the dynamo of a<br />
bicycle wheel produces electricity.<br />
Such intriguing natural molecular motors fascinate<br />
synthetic chemists and motivate them to<br />
invent and create their own synthetic analogs,<br />
either for the challenge that the synthesis of such<br />
systems represents or for the many potential applications<br />
that artificial molecular machines could<br />
give rise to.<br />
Nowadays, the fabrication of artificial molecular<br />
machines, motors, and pumps represents anactive<br />
field of research, the latest developments of<br />
which were discussed at the <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference.<br />
Such machines have dimensions in the nanometer<br />
range (a nanometer is a million times smaller<br />
than a millimeter). Just as the engine of a car, some<br />
parts of a molecular motor, that are stimulated<br />
by an external signal, are periodically moving<br />
whereas others are motionless. Some chemistry<br />
research groups have made motors that perform<br />
various motions, such as rotation of an axis in a<br />
given direction, extensions or contractions of rodshaped<br />
molecules in a similar way to muscles of<br />
mammals but at the nano scale, gliding of a molecular<br />
fragments along an axis between two<br />
“stations” similarly to a shuttle, to cite a few.<br />
Although molecular machines may appear as relatively<br />
remote from everyday life at first glance,<br />
unprecedented applications are envisaged:<br />
- Molecular electronics would be based on electronic<br />
components reduced to the size of molecules,<br />
i.e. 100 to 1000 times smaller than those<br />
currently used in computer chips.<br />
- Microscopic robots composed of molecular<br />
pieces and tailored to perform specific tasks, such<br />
as local tissue analysis in vein and intestine.<br />
42
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
- Selective transport of ions or molecules through the membranes of living cells.<br />
These molecular machines are the subject of an emerging and very active field of research of modern<br />
chemistry that will contribute to create a safer, cleaner, and better environment for citizens.<br />
1<br />
ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate ; ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate<br />
November 27, 2007 – Le Soir (p.15), Belgium<br />
43
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Reception at the Brussels City Hall - 27 November 2007<br />
44
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
45
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Scientific Programme<br />
Wednesday 28 November 2007<br />
9:00 - 9:10 Opening by M. Henneaux (Director of the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
<strong>Institutes</strong>, Belgium) and J.-P. Sauvage<br />
(Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France)<br />
Morning session<br />
Chair:<br />
Rapporteur:<br />
“Noncovalent Assemblies: Design and Synthesis”<br />
J. Rebek (Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, USA)<br />
M. Fujita (Tokyo University, Japan)<br />
9:10 - 12:00 Talk and Discussion<br />
Afternoon session<br />
Chair:<br />
Rapporteur:<br />
“Template Synthesis of Catenanes and<br />
Rotaxanes”<br />
F. Vögtle (Universität Bonn, Germany)<br />
F. Stoddart (University of California,<br />
Los Angeles, USA)<br />
2:00 - 5:00 Talk and Discussion<br />
Thursday 29 November 2007<br />
Morning session<br />
Chair:<br />
Rapporteur:<br />
“Molecular Machines based on Catenanes<br />
and Rotaxanes”<br />
D.A. Leigh (Edinburgh University, UK)<br />
V. Balzani (Università di Bologna, Italy)<br />
9:00 - 12:00 Talk and Discussion<br />
Afternoon free<br />
46
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Scientific Programme<br />
Friday 30 November 2007<br />
Morning session<br />
Chair:<br />
Rapporteur:<br />
“Molecular Machines based on<br />
Non-Interlocking Molecules”<br />
T. Aida (Tokyo University, Japan)<br />
B.L. Feringa (Rijksuniversiteit, Groningen,<br />
the Netherlands)<br />
9:00 - 12:00 Talk and Discussion<br />
Afternoon session<br />
Chair:<br />
Rapporteur:<br />
“Towards Molecular Logics and Artificial<br />
Photosynthesis”<br />
A.P. de Silva (Queen’s University, UK)<br />
D. Gust (Arizona State University, USA)<br />
2:00 - 5:00 Talk and Discussion<br />
Saturday 1 December 2007<br />
Morning session<br />
Chair:<br />
Rapporteur:<br />
“From Single Molecules to Practical Devices”<br />
E. Dalcanale (Università di Parma, Italy)<br />
J.-P. Launay (CEMES-CNRS, France)<br />
9:00 - 12:00 Talk and Discussion<br />
47
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Participants<br />
Last Name First Name Institution<br />
Aida Takuzo University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
Anderson Harry University of Oxford, UK<br />
Astumian R. Dean University of Maine, Orono, USA<br />
Balzani Vincenzo Università di Bologna, Italy<br />
Beer Paul University of Oxford, UK<br />
Brouwer Albert M. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands<br />
Credi Alberto Università di Bologna, Italy<br />
Dalcanale Enrico Univeristà di Parma, Italy<br />
de Silva A. Prasanna Queen’s University, Belfast, UK<br />
Fabbrizzi Luigi Università di Pavia, Italy<br />
Feringa Ben L. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, the Netherlands<br />
Fleming Graham University of California, Berkeley, USA<br />
Fujita Makoto University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
Gust Devens Arizona State University, Tempe, USA<br />
Harada Akira Osaka University, Japan<br />
Heitz Valérie Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France<br />
Hunter Christopher University of Sheffield, UK<br />
Joachim Christian CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, France<br />
Kim Kimoon Pohang University of Sciences and Technology, Korea<br />
Launay Jean-Pierre CEMES-CNRS, Toulouse, France<br />
Lehn Jean-Marie Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France<br />
Leigh David A. University of Edinburgh, UK<br />
Lekkerkerker Henk Universiteit Utrecht, the Netherlands<br />
Michl Josef University of Colorado, Boulder, USA<br />
Moore Ana L. Arizona University, Tempe, USA<br />
Moore Thomas A. Arizona University, Tempe, USA<br />
Nolte Roeland Universiteit Nijmegen, the Netherlands<br />
Otero Toribio F. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain<br />
Prost Jacques Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie<br />
Industrielles, Paris, France<br />
Raymond Kenneth University of California, Berkeley, USA<br />
Rebek Julius The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, USA<br />
Reinhoudt David N. Universiteit Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands<br />
Rice Stuart University of Chicago, USA<br />
48
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Last Name First Name Institution<br />
Saalfrank Rolf W. Universität Erlangen-<br />
Nürnberg, Germany<br />
Sanders Jeremy Cambridge Center for Molecular<br />
Recognition, UK<br />
Sauvage Jean-Pierre Université Louis Pasteur,<br />
Strasbourg, France<br />
Shanzer Abraham Weizmann Institute of<br />
Sciences, Rehovot, Israel<br />
Shinkai Seiji Kyushu University, Fukuoka,Japan<br />
Shionoya Mitsuhiko University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
Stoddart J. Fraser University of California,<br />
Los Angeles, USA<br />
Vögtle Fritz Universität Bonn, Germany<br />
Wozniak Krzysztof Warsaw University, Poland<br />
49
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Auditeurs<br />
Last Name First Name Institution<br />
Bartik Kristin ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Bonifazi Davide FUNDP, Namur, Belgium<br />
De Feyter Steven K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Durot Stéphanie Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France<br />
Gaspard Pierre ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Geerlings Paul VUB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Geerts Yves ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Goldbeter Albert ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Hofkens Johan K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Jabin Ivan ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Jonas Alain UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium<br />
Kirsch Fanny ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Lefever René ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Mandel Paul ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Martins Jose Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
Moucheron Cécile ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Reisse Jacques ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Sergeyev Sergey ULB, Brussels, Belgium<br />
Vincent Stéphane FUNDP, Namur, Belgium<br />
50
21 st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Chemistry<br />
Reception at the ”Maison Ernest <strong>Solvay</strong>”<br />
29 November 2007<br />
51
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
WORKSHOPS, SYMPOSIA<br />
AND SCHOOLS ORGANIZED<br />
BY THE INSTITUTES<br />
53
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
Workshop on ‘Gauge Theories<br />
Strings and Geometry’<br />
9-11 May 2007<br />
55
Workshops & Schools organized by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
The aim of the Workshop was to gather top<br />
level researchers working on the relations between<br />
gauge theories and string theory.<br />
There were 20 seminars by invited speakers,<br />
and an overall attendance of almost 100<br />
participants (speakers included), many of<br />
them from abroad, which is a testimony to the<br />
interest in the field of research and the Workshop<br />
itself. The main idea addressed by the<br />
workshop is that string theory incorporates<br />
the physics of gauge theories, but sometimes<br />
in a way which is reminiscent of holography.<br />
This powerful “duality” allows in particular<br />
cases to describe through string theory some<br />
strongly coupled gauge theory phenomena,<br />
and vice-versa.<br />
Some specific topics discussed during the<br />
Workshop were the following:<br />
° Dynamical (super)symmetry breaking<br />
° Metastable vacua in gauge and string<br />
theories<br />
Scientific Committee<br />
Riccardo Argurio (ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Paolo Di Vecchia (Nordita, Stockholm,<br />
Sweden),<br />
Nick Dorey (University of Cambridge, UK)<br />
Frank Ferrari (ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Igor Klebanov (Princeton University, USA)<br />
Juan Maldacena (Institute of Advanced Studies,<br />
Princeton, USA)<br />
Nathan Seiberg (Institute of Advanced Studies,<br />
Princeton, USA)<br />
Alberto Zaffaroni (Università di Milano-Bicocca,<br />
Italy)<br />
Organising Committee<br />
Riccardo Argurio (ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Ben Craps (VUB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Frank Ferrari (ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Alexander Sevrin (VUB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
° Non - critical string backgrounds and<br />
holographic QCD<br />
° Gauge theories and QCD from<br />
intersecting branes<br />
° Flavor physics and chiral symmetry from<br />
string theory<br />
° Integrability and AdS/CFT<br />
° BPS states counting<br />
56
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
List of Invited Speakers<br />
Niklas Beisert (Max-Planck Institut, Potsdam,<br />
Germany)<br />
Nick Dorey (University of Cambridge, UK)<br />
Gabriele Ferretti (Chalmers/Göteborgs Universitet,<br />
Sweden)<br />
Rajesh Gopakumar (Harish-Chandra Research<br />
Institute, Allahabad, India)<br />
Amihay Hanany (Perimeter Institute, Waterloo,<br />
Canada)<br />
Tim Hollowood (Swansea University, UK)<br />
David Kosower (CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,<br />
France)<br />
David Kutasov (University of Chicago, USA)<br />
Shiraz Minwalla (Tata Institute of Fundamental<br />
Research, Mumbai, India)<br />
Carlos Nunez (University of Wales<br />
Swansea, UK)<br />
Angel Paredes (Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau,<br />
France)<br />
Alexander Polyakov (Princeton University, USA)<br />
Shigeki Sugimoto (Nagoya University, Japan)<br />
Andrei Starinets (Perimeter Institute, Waterloo,<br />
Canada)<br />
Matthias Staudacher (Max-Planck Institut, Potsdam,<br />
Germany)<br />
Jan Troost (Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris,<br />
France)<br />
Angel Uranga (CERN, Switzerland)<br />
Alberto Zaffaroni (Università di<br />
Milano-Bicocca, Italy)<br />
57
Workshops & Schools organized by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
8:30 - 9:00 Registration<br />
Wednesday 9 May 2007<br />
9:00 - 9:15 Opening by M. Henneaux<br />
9:15 - 10:00 D. Kutasov (University of Chicago, USA)<br />
“Dynamical symmetry breaking from intersecting branes”<br />
10:00 - 10:45 A. Uranga (CERN, Switzerland)<br />
“Metastable vacua in runaway quiver gauge theories”<br />
10:45 - 11:15 Coffee Break<br />
11:15 - 12:00 R. Gopakumar (Harish-Chandra Research Institute, India)<br />
“Comments on the worldsheet description of free large<br />
N gauge theories”<br />
12:00 - 12:45 J. Troost (Ecole Normale Supérieure, France)<br />
“D-branes in non-critical superstrings and duality in super<br />
symmetric gauge theories”<br />
12:45 - 15:00 Lunch<br />
Programme<br />
15:00 - 15:45 A. Polyakov (Princeton University, USA)<br />
“Causality vs Stability of the de Sitter spaces”<br />
15:45 - 16:15 Coffee Break<br />
16:15 - 17:00 N. Dorey (University of Cambridge, UK)<br />
“Singularities of the Magnon S-matrix”<br />
17:00 - 17:45 A. Paredes (Ecole Polytechnique, France)<br />
“Chiral symmetry breaking as tachyon condensation”<br />
58
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
Thursday 10 May 2007<br />
9:00 - 9:45 T. Hollowood (Swansea University, UK)<br />
”The Refractive Index of Curved Space: the Fate of<br />
Causality in QED”<br />
9:45 - 10:30 D. Kosower (CEA-Saclay, France)<br />
”A Maximally Supersymmetric Journey from Weak to<br />
Strong Coupling”<br />
10:30 - 11:00 Coffee Break<br />
11:00 - 11:45 A. Starinets (Perimeter Institute, Canada)<br />
”Transport properties of strongly coupled plasmas and<br />
gauge/gravity duality”<br />
11:45 - 12:30 A. Hanany (Perimeter Institute, Canada)<br />
”Counting BPS operators - the Plethystic Story”<br />
12:30 - 14:15 Lunch<br />
14:15 - 15:00 A. Zaffaroni (Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy)<br />
”Chiral Rings and Generating Functions for Superconformal<br />
Gauge Theories”<br />
19:30 Banquet at Hotel Metropole<br />
59
Workshops & Schools organized by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Friday 11 May 2007<br />
9:00 - 9:45 G. Ferretti (Chalmers/Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden)<br />
”Exotic Instantons at Orbifold Singularities”<br />
9:45 - 10:30 N. Beisert (Max-Planck Institut, Germany)<br />
”Integrability in AdS/CFT”<br />
10:30 - 11:00 Coffee Break<br />
11:00 - 11:45 C. Nunez (University of Wales Swansea, UK)<br />
”String Theory and Flavor Physics”<br />
11:45 - 12:30 S. Sugimoto (Nagoya University, Japan)<br />
”Baryons from instantons in holographic QCD”<br />
12:30 - 15:00 Lunch<br />
15:00 - 15:45 M. Staudacher (Max-Planck Institut, Germany)<br />
”Dressing, Nesting and Wrapping in AdS/CFT”<br />
15:45 - 16:15 Coffee Break<br />
16:15 - 17:00 S. Minwalla (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India)<br />
”Plasmarings in Large N gauge Theories”<br />
17:00 - 17:30 A. Polyakov (Princeton University, USA)<br />
Closing remarks<br />
60
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
Participants<br />
Last Name First Name Institution<br />
Abou Zeid Mohab Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<br />
Anabalon Andres CECS, Valdivia and Concepcion University, Chile<br />
Andriot David Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, France<br />
Barnich Glenn Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Basso Benjamin Université PARIS XI, France<br />
Berman David Queen Mary College, University of London, UK<br />
Bigazzi Francesco Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Bolognesi Stefano Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark<br />
Bonelli Giulio SISSA/ISAS, Trieste, Italy<br />
Bouatta Nazim Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Bouwknegt Peter Australian National University, Canberra,<br />
Australia<br />
Calmet Xavier Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Chesterman Michael CEA Saclay, France<br />
Closset Cyril Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Compère Geoffrey Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
De Roo Frederik Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
De Rydt Jan K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Detournay Stéphane Università di Milano, Italy<br />
Drummond James LAPTH, Annecy, France<br />
Dudal David Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
Evnin Oleg Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Evslin Jarah Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Forcella Davide SISSA, Bergamo, Italy<br />
Forte Luca Antonio Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Francia Dario Università di Roma, Italy<br />
Gabriel Catren Ecole Polytechnique de Paris, France<br />
Giribet Gaston Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina<br />
Goncharenko Igor Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia,<br />
Moscow, Russia<br />
Henneaux Marc Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Hertog Thomas Université de Paris VII, France<br />
Houart Laurent Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Imeroni Emiliano Swansea University, UK<br />
61
Workshops & Schools organized by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Participants<br />
Last Name First Name Institution<br />
Jamsin Ella Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Janssen Bert Universidad de Granada, Spain<br />
Keurentjes Arjan Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<br />
Klose Thomas Uppsala Universitet, Sweden<br />
Koerber Paul Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany<br />
Koshelev Alexey University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece<br />
Krishnan Chethan Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Kuperstein Stanislav Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Liuba Mazzanti Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France/Università di<br />
Milano, Italy<br />
Lopez Alicia King’s College, University of London, UK<br />
Maccaferri Carlo Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<br />
Mariotti Alberto Università di Milano Bicocca, Italy<br />
Marmorini Giacomo Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy<br />
Martucci Luca K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Nitti Francesco Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France<br />
Njie Saihou Kombo Technology and Business Institute, Banjul, Gambia<br />
Onyemaechi Daniel Ofili Kombo Technology and Business Institute, Banjul, Gambia<br />
Orani Stefano Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Persson Daniel Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Rafik Aouane Université Es-Senia, Oran, Algeria<br />
Ruuge Artur Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium<br />
Smyth Paul K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Spindel Philippe Université Mons-Hainaut, Belgium<br />
Tabti Nassiba Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Tamassia Laura K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Taylor Marika Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands<br />
Teerlinck Dirk Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
Terryn Dimitri Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<br />
Troost Jan Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France<br />
Tytgat Michel Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Van den Bleeken Dieter K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Van Doorsselaere Jos Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
Van Herck Walter K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Vercauteren David Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
Verschelde Henri Universiteit Gent, Belgium<br />
62
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
Participants<br />
Last Name First Name Institution<br />
Vinci Walter Università di Pisa, Italy<br />
Wallet J-Christophe Université PARIS XI, France<br />
Wens Vincent Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium<br />
Wijns Alexander Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium<br />
Wyder Thomas K.U.Leuven, Belgium<br />
Yee Jung-Tay University of Helsinki, Finland<br />
63
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
Modave Summer School in<br />
Mathematical Physics<br />
29 August - 4 September 2007<br />
65
Workshops & Schools organized by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
The third edition of the Modave Summer School in Mathematical Physics<br />
was organized from the 29th of August to the 4th of September 2007, by<br />
young PhD students and Post-docs of the Service de Physique Théorique<br />
et Mathématique of the ULB, the Theoretical Particle Physics Group of the<br />
VUB, the Service de Physique des Particules of the Université de Mons-Hainaut,<br />
the String Theory Group of Universitá degli Studi di Milano I and the<br />
I.H.E.S.<br />
The aim was to study tools useful for research in theoretical physics of fundamental<br />
interactions, generally supposed to be known but too seldom<br />
explained in details. The summer school consisted of about 6 hours of<br />
lectures a day, during the morning and in the late afternoon. Participants<br />
were given the opportunity to give a short presentation on their work<br />
(10-15 min). The atmosphere was informal and relaxed, so as<br />
to encourage the participants to interact with the speakers,<br />
who are also young researchers. Reference books were also<br />
placed at the disposal of everyone. The major part of the afternoon<br />
was left free, in order to allow spontaneous discussions<br />
and/or meetings for questions and answers in connection with<br />
the morning’s courses. Pastoral walks, cultural visits were also<br />
possible in the afternoon.<br />
Organising Committee<br />
N. Bouatta<br />
G. Compère<br />
S. de Buyl<br />
S. Detournay<br />
V. Mathieu<br />
N. Tabti<br />
V. Wens<br />
A. Wijns<br />
66
Modave Summer School<br />
Programme<br />
Lectures<br />
Integrable models<br />
(C. Sieg, 3h)<br />
Algebraic topology<br />
(J. Evslin, A. Wijns, 4h)<br />
Kac-Moody algebras<br />
(D. Persson, N. Tabti, 4h)<br />
Poisson and symplectic geometry<br />
(S. de Buyl, S. Detournay, 4h)<br />
Background field method and pinch technique<br />
(V. Mathieu, 3h)<br />
D-branes, sheaves and categories<br />
(C. Krishnan, 3h)<br />
Topological strings<br />
(A. Collinucci, T. Wyder, 4h)<br />
Modular forms<br />
(D. Van den Bleeken, 3h)<br />
Special geometry<br />
(J. Rosseel, 2h)<br />
67
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
A word from the Director<br />
68
Modave Summer School<br />
Participants<br />
Nazim Bouatta (ULB,<br />
Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Andrea Brini (SISSA,<br />
Trieste, Italy)<br />
Cyril Closset (ULB,<br />
Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Andres Collinucci<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Geoffrey Compère (ULB,<br />
Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Sophie de Buyl (IHES,<br />
Bures-sur-Yvette, France)<br />
Frederik De Roo (VUB,<br />
Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Jan De Rydt<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Térence Delsate<br />
(UMH, Mons, Belgium)<br />
Stéphane Detournay<br />
(University of Milano I,<br />
Italy)<br />
Jarah Evslin<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Abdelmoubine Amar Henni<br />
(SISSA, Trieste, Italy)<br />
Ella Jamsin<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Euihun Joung<br />
(Paris7, France)<br />
Chethan Krishnan<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Stanislav Kuperstein<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Carlo Maccaferri<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Vincent Mathieu<br />
(UMH, Mons, Belgium)<br />
Daniel Persson (ULB,<br />
Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Jan Rosseel<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Mitul Shah<br />
(University of Oxford, UK)<br />
Christoph Sieg<br />
(Universitá degli Studi<br />
di Milano, Italy)<br />
Nassiba Tabti<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Dimitri Terryn<br />
(VUB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Dieter Van den Bleeken<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Walter Van Herck<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Bert Vercnocke<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Vincent Wens<br />
(ULB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Alexander Wijns<br />
(VUB, Brussels, Belgium)<br />
Thomas Wyder<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
69
Gauge Theories, Strings & Geometry<br />
COLLOQUIA<br />
71
Colloquia<br />
Inflation: Confronting Predictions<br />
with Observations<br />
Professor Viatcheslav MUKHANOV<br />
Ludwig - Maximilians - Universität München, Germany<br />
6 February 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“I will discuss the robust, scenario-independent predictions of cosmic inflation and<br />
compare them with the results of the current observations of the CMB fluctuations.”<br />
72
Colloquia<br />
From Chemical Topology to<br />
Molecular Machines and Motors<br />
Professor Jean–Pierre SAUVAGE<br />
Université Louis Pasteur/CNRS<br />
Strasbourg, France<br />
27 February 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“Catenanes (interlocking rings) and knots represent<br />
attractive synthetic challenges for molecular chemists.<br />
Besides their topological properties, these<br />
systems can be regarded as works of art at the<br />
nanometre scale. The creation of such complex<br />
molecules also demonstrates that synthetic chemistry<br />
is now powerful enough to tackle problems whose<br />
complexity is sometimes reminiscent of biology,<br />
although the elaboration of molecular ensembles<br />
displaying properties as complex as biological assemblies<br />
is still a long-term challenge.<br />
The field of artificial molecular machines and motors<br />
has experienced a spectacular development<br />
in the course of the last decade, in relation with<br />
biological motors (as mimics) or information storage<br />
and processing at the molecular level (toward<br />
molecule-based computers). These systems<br />
are multicomponent assemblies undergoing largeamplitude<br />
geometrical changes or leading to the<br />
locomotion of one of the components, under the<br />
action of an external stimulus.<br />
A recent example consists of a rotaxane whose motions<br />
can be triggered by using anelectrochemical<br />
signal: the oxidized form (copper(II)) corresponds<br />
to a 5-coordinate situation<br />
whereas the reduced state<br />
(copper(I)) is 4-coordinate.<br />
For this electrochemically<br />
driven machine, pirouetting<br />
of the ring occurs on the millisecond<br />
time scale. Another<br />
particularly significant example<br />
is that of a rod-shaped<br />
molecule which can be contracted<br />
or stretched at will<br />
under the action of a chemical<br />
signal. It can thus be regarded<br />
as a «nano-muscle»,<br />
its size varying between 6.5<br />
and 8.5 nm.<br />
Recently, our group has also proposed a transition<br />
metal-based strategy for making two-dimensional<br />
interlocking and threaded networks. Large<br />
cyclic assemblies containing several copper(I) centres<br />
could be prepared which open the gate to<br />
controlled dynamic two-dimensional systems and<br />
membrane-like structures consisting of multiple catenanes<br />
and rotaxanes.<br />
In the course of the last three years, we have been<br />
much interested in endocyclic or exotopic but non<br />
sterically hindering chelates. These compounds<br />
are based on carefully designed 3,3’-bi-isoquinoline<br />
derivatives. Some of them have even been<br />
incorporated into macrocyclic compounds. A particularly<br />
efficient and fast moving molecular «shuttle»<br />
based on such a chelate has been made and<br />
investigated as well as three-component molecular<br />
entanglements constructed by assembling three<br />
such ligands around an octahedral metal centre.<br />
Although it is still premature to claim that this new<br />
field will become practically important in a shortterm<br />
prospective, we think it is a very active and<br />
conceptually important field of research.”<br />
73
Colloquia<br />
Do we understand<br />
Crystal Nucleation?<br />
Professor Daan FRENKEL<br />
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands<br />
20 March 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“Crystal nucleation is a very common phenomenon, but it is not well understood. For<br />
almost a century, the theoretical models that predict rate of crystal nucleation could<br />
not be tested in detail. That situation is now changing because of two developments<br />
in colloidal science: 1. better realspace probes of (colloidal) crystal nucleation and 2.<br />
better numerical modeling techniques. In my talk, I will review recent advances in our<br />
understanding of homogeneous and heterogeneous crystal nucleation and I will indicate<br />
some of the areas where our understanding is still far from complete. Examples<br />
will include: colloidal crystals, molten salts and extraterrestrial diamonds.”<br />
74
Colloquia<br />
Single Molecule Spectroscopy<br />
and its Applications<br />
Professor Johan HOFKENS<br />
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium<br />
24 April 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“Over the last 15 years, single molecule spectroscopy (SMS) has been established as a new tool<br />
in the ever expanding range of spectroscopic methods. SMS is especially useful to study inhomogeneous<br />
systems. Biological systems are by their nature highly heterogeneous and as such perfect<br />
targets for SMS. From this it is clear that, next to biological samples, polymers form a study object<br />
of SMS as polymers are very often heterogeneous in their behavior. Many theories that describe<br />
polymer properties are based on a microscopic picture that now can be evaluated experimentally<br />
by applying single molecule techniques. Furthermore, single molecule techniques are very useful<br />
for the study of dynamic processes since no synchronization is needed when dynamic events are<br />
studied. In this contribution, we will show how different single molecule techniques can be used in<br />
the study of dynamic processes at the molecular level.”<br />
75
Strings, Gauge Theory and<br />
Integrability: What Old Ideas<br />
from Condensed Matter are Teaching<br />
us about Fundamental Physics<br />
Professor Curtis CALLAN<br />
Colloquia<br />
Princeton University, USA<br />
8 May 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“String theory has redefined itself several times since its invention forty years ago. A<br />
recent chapter in this saga is the proposal that string theory in ten dimensions is dual<br />
to a supersymmetric gauge theory in four dimensions. In its weak form, duality implies<br />
that the strong coupling behavior of the gauge theory should be identical to that of a<br />
weakly-coupled gravity theory (in a different dimension), a surprising assertion which<br />
has received numerous qualitative checks. In its strong form, duality says that the two<br />
theories should be identical, something which, in the absence of exact solutions for<br />
either theory, is hard to verify. In a dramatic recent development, duality has been<br />
traced to the presence, in both theories, of an underlying integrable one-dimensional<br />
spin chain, of a type familiar from condensed matter physics. Integrability allows exact<br />
solutions to be constructed, (using techniques invented by Bethe in the 1930’s!) and<br />
this has opened up the possibility of directly verifying the strong form of duality. The<br />
first results of exploiting these new ideas are most impressive and my goal in this talk<br />
is to convey to a general physics audience some idea of what has been achieved.<br />
While I will have to gloss over technical details, I hope to be able to communicate<br />
a clear sense of why these new developments are of great conceptual, and maybe<br />
even practical, importance.”<br />
76
Colloquia<br />
Making Light of Mathematics<br />
Professor Michael BERRY<br />
Bristol University, UK<br />
2 October 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“Many ‘mathematical phenomena’ find application and sometimes spectacular physical illustration<br />
in the physics of light. Concepts such as fractals, catastrophe theory, knots, infinity, zero, and even<br />
when 1+1 fails to equal 2, are needed to understand rainbows, twinkling starlight, sparkling seas,<br />
oriental magic mirrors, and simple experiments on interference, polarization and focusing. The<br />
lecture is strongly visual, and nontechnical, though the concepts are subtle.”<br />
77
Colloquia<br />
Gravitational Wave Searches:<br />
Progress Report<br />
Professor Bernard SCHUTZ<br />
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik,<br />
Potsdam, Germany & LIGO Scientific Collaboration<br />
30 October 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“The giant gravitational wave interferometers of the LIGO and GEO projects have just<br />
completed a two-year long observational run with «first-stage» sensitivity. While the<br />
data are still be analysed, some interesting upper limits have already been announced<br />
on specific gamma-ray bursts and pulsars. After the current hardware upgrade, LIGO<br />
and VIRGO will resume in 2009, with much better chances of detections, and by<br />
2013 the final upgrade will make detections virtually certain. Meanwhile ESA and<br />
NASA continue to develop LISA for launch in 2018, starting with the launch of LISA<br />
Pathfinder in 2010. I will survey current developments on all these fronts.”<br />
78
Colloquia<br />
Physiological Relevance of<br />
Molecular Motors<br />
Professor Jacques PROST<br />
ESPCI and Institut Curie, Paris, France<br />
27 November 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“Much of the cell mechanics, morphology and motility is determined by the dynamical properties<br />
of an actin network moving under the action of molecular motors and by a continuous process of<br />
polymerization/depolymerization called treadmilling. The actin network constitutes a physical gel<br />
the cross-links of which are both temporary and mobile. It is more complex than a physical gel in<br />
that it has a macroscopic polarity due to the microscopic polarity of actin filaments and in that the<br />
cross-links are dynamically redistributed by molecular motors. This requires an energy input, which<br />
implies that this system is intrinsically out of equilibrium. I will show how one can write down a set<br />
of phenomenological equations, which can describe this situation. I will illustrate the usefulness of<br />
this approach by considering lamellipodium motion and cell oscillatory instabilities, mitosis and<br />
synapse formation.”<br />
79
Colloquia<br />
Reconsidering the 1927 <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Conference<br />
Professor Antony VALENTINI<br />
Centre de Physique Théorique, Marseille, France<br />
18 December 2007<br />
Abstract<br />
“We reconsider the crucial 1927 <strong>Solvay</strong> conference in the context of current research<br />
in the foundations of quantum theory. Contrary to folklore, the interpretation<br />
question was not settled at this conference and no consensus was reached; instead,<br />
a range of sharply conflicting views were presented and extensively discussed.<br />
Today, there is no longer an established or dominant interpretation of quantum theory,<br />
so it is important to re-evaluate the historical sources and keep the interpretation debate<br />
open. The proceedings of the conference contain much unexpected material.<br />
After providing a general overview, we shall focus (a) on the extensive discussions of<br />
de Broglie’s pilot-wave theory, which de Broglie presented for a many-body system,<br />
including the much misunderstood critique by Pauli, and (b) on Born and Heisenberg’s<br />
presentation of a ‘quantum mechanics’ apparently lacking in wave function collapse<br />
or fundamental time evolution. This talk is based on our English translation and commentary<br />
of the proceedings of the conference, ‘Quantum Theory at the Crossroads’<br />
(forthcoming with Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9780521814218).”<br />
80
Colloquia<br />
81
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
WORKSHOPS,CONFERENCES<br />
AND SCHOOLS SPONSORED<br />
BY THE INSTITUTES<br />
83
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Magnetohydrodynamics<br />
Summer Program<br />
15-27 July 2007<br />
85
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
MHD Summer Program 2007<br />
15-27 July 2007<br />
The 2nd “MHD summer program” in Brussels took place between the 15th of July and the<br />
27th of July 2007 (2 weeks) and gathered about 50 scientists.<br />
The research program focused on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the science that describes<br />
the coupling between fluid mechanics and electromagnetism. Research in MHD is intrinsically<br />
interdisciplinary. It is relevant to fields as diverse as astrophysics, metallurgy, crystal growth<br />
or nuclear fusion. The originality of the organisation is that the participants spent their time in<br />
Brussels working on research projects and on scientific exchanges rather than attending talks<br />
and seminars.<br />
As for the first edition of the event, the organizing committee consisted of Prof Daniele Carati<br />
(ULB, Belgium), Prof Bernard Knaepen (ULB, Belgium) and Prof Stavros Kassinos (University<br />
of Cyprus, Cyprus), with the help of Fabienne De Neyn, Stéphanie Deprins and Isabelle Juif.<br />
The scientific committee included: Prof Sergei Molokov (Coventry, UK), Prof René Moreau<br />
(Grenoble, France) and Prof Andre Thess (Ilmenay, Germany).<br />
The event again proved a unique opportunity for ULB scientists (academic staff, post-docs<br />
and PhD students) to interact extensively with specialists coming from all over the world.<br />
The organizers are very grateful to the following sponsors without which the summer program<br />
could not have been held:<br />
° EURATOM-Belgian state Association<br />
° Action de Recherche Concertée de la Communauté Française de Belgique<br />
(Contract N.02/07-283)<br />
° Fonds de la Recherche Fondamentale Collective (Contract N. 2.4542.05)<br />
° International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> for Physics and Chemistry<br />
° COST action P17<br />
° European Science Foundation, EURYI programme<br />
° Interuniversity Attraction Pole P6/08 Physical chemistry of plasma - surface<br />
interactions<br />
86
MHD Summer Program 2007<br />
This year’s invited participants along with their research projects included:<br />
Participants and projects<br />
Thomas Boeck and Dmitry Krasnov (Technische Universität Ilmenau)<br />
Project: Large eddy simulation of turbulent Hartmann flow<br />
Leo Bühler (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe)<br />
Project: Unstable side layers in rectangular duct flow<br />
Arakel Petrosyan and Aleksandr Chernyshov (Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy<br />
of Science)<br />
Project: Large eddy simulation of compressible MHD turbulence<br />
Alban Pothérat and Vitali Dymkou (Technische Universität Ilmenau)<br />
Project: Numerical and theoretical study of the transition between two-dimensional and<br />
three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence under imposed magnetic field<br />
Harikrishnan Radhakrishnan (University of Cyprus)<br />
Project: Large Eddy Simulations of MHD flows with conducting walls<br />
Jacques Léorat, Caroline Nore and Adolfo Ribeiro (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, LIMSI-<br />
CNRS)<br />
Project: A new hybrid Spectral-Finite Element Method for MHD problems<br />
Owen Matthews (Paul Scherrer Institute)<br />
Project: Large Eddy Simulation of Accretion Discs<br />
Frank Plunian and Rodion Stepanov (LGIT, Grenoble / Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics,<br />
Perm)<br />
Project: A new shell model for anisotropic MHD turbulence<br />
Daniel Price (University of Exeter)<br />
Project: Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for MHD<br />
Damian Rouson and Xiaofeng Xu (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Mindware Engineering)<br />
Project: Variational multiscale LES of quasi-static MHD turbulence with linear forcing<br />
87
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Participants and projects<br />
Philipp Schlatter (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm)<br />
Project: Passive scalar transport in transitional and turbulent Hartmann flows with Spectral Methods<br />
Oleg Zikanov and Anatoliy Vorobev (University of Michigan – Dearborn)<br />
Project: Robustness of magnetically enforced two-dimensional turbulence<br />
Evgeny Votyakov and Egbert Zienicke (Technische Universität Ilmenau)<br />
Project: Fine details of the local inhomogeneous external magnetic field and their manifestation in duct<br />
flow of a liquid metal<br />
Sotiris Kakarantzas (University of Thessaly)<br />
Project: Natural MHD convection in cylindrical geometries<br />
Nikos Pelekasis and Dimitrios Dimopoulos (University of Thessaly)<br />
Project: 3D stability analysis with finite elements, of free convection rolls in a duct in the presence of a<br />
magnetic field<br />
Dimokratis Grigoriadis (University of Cyprus)<br />
Project: Particle transport in MHD flows, MHD flows in complex geometries<br />
88
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Conference on<br />
‘Computational Physics’<br />
5-8 September 2007<br />
89
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Conference on<br />
Computational Physics<br />
5-8 September 2007<br />
The CCP series of conferences has become, in the course of time, the most important annual<br />
conference gathering top-level experts in Computational Physics. It aims at confronting important<br />
research issues in the various domains of Physics where the usage of computers has<br />
allowed to make conceptual breakthroughs. The field has matured in the recent years and it<br />
has developed both qualitatively, with new techniques being developed, and quantitativelyseveral<br />
tens of thousands of researchers in Europe only. In particular, the development of density<br />
functional techniques has allowed to model matter properties, starting time-dependent<br />
problems, and connecting to other levels of description from the most elementary level. Generalizing<br />
those approaches into in efficient multi-scale approaches are among the major challenges<br />
of the field. It is worth emphasizing that CCP2007 focuses more on technical progress<br />
based on physical approaches and approximations, rather than on possibilities offered by<br />
nowadays large and cheap computing power available.<br />
The main topics discussed at CCP2007 were: Electronic Structure Methods (DFT and<br />
beyond), Quantum Monte Carlo, Materials modeling, Soft Matter and biomaterials, Phase<br />
Transitions, Non-equilibrium Matter, MicroFluidics, Mesoscopic Modeling, Methodological<br />
Advances, Plasmas, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Astrophysics.<br />
Also to be noted: a session was dedicated to a presentation of a “Forward Look” study, a<br />
strategic prospective analysis of the field under the responsibility of the European Science<br />
Foundation. Two prize ceremonies have been held, involving IUPAP Commissions, the EPS<br />
and CECAM.<br />
90
Conference on Computational Physics<br />
Conference Directors<br />
Michel Mareschal (ULB) and Paul Geerlings (VUB)<br />
Local Organising Committee<br />
Jean-Marie André (FUNDP)<br />
Marcel Arnould (ULB)<br />
Daniel Bertrand (ULB)<br />
Daniele Carati (ULB)<br />
Paul Geerlings (VUB, co-director)<br />
Marc Hou (ULB)<br />
Jacky Lievin (ULB)<br />
Michel Mareschal (ULB, Director)<br />
Jean-Paul Ryckaert (ULB)<br />
Christian van den Broeck (LUC)<br />
International Advisory Committee<br />
Jean-Marie André (Namur, Belgium)<br />
Joan Adler (Haifa, Israel)<br />
Berni J. Alder (Berkeley, USA)<br />
Panos Argyrakis (Thessaloniki, Greece)<br />
Norbert Attig (Jülich, Germany)<br />
Peter Borcherds (Birmingham, UK)<br />
Wanda Andreoni (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
Kurt Binder (Mainz, Germany)<br />
Bill Camp (Sandia, USA)<br />
Roberto Car (Princeton, USA)<br />
Paolo Carloni (Trieste, Italy)<br />
David Ceperley (Urbana, USA)<br />
Giovanni Ciccotti (Rome, Italy)<br />
Nithaya Chetty (Kwazulu-Natal, South<br />
Africa)<br />
Lee A. Collins (Los Alamos, USA)<br />
Hugh Couchman<br />
Peter Dederichs (Jülich, Germany)<br />
Marjolein Dijkstra (Utrecht, the Netherlands)<br />
Peter Drummond (Brisbane, South Africa)<br />
Daan Frenkel (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)<br />
Zhivko Genshev (Sofia, Bulgaria)<br />
Jurgen Hafner (Vienna, Austria)<br />
Brad L. Holian (Los Alamos, USA)<br />
Ray Kapral (Toronto, Canada)<br />
Tim Kaxiras (Boston, USA)<br />
Janos Kertesz (Budapest, Hungary)<br />
Jai Sam Kim (Korea)<br />
Mike Klein (Philadelphia, USA)<br />
Kurt Kremer (Mainz, Germany)<br />
G. Gompper (Jülich, Germany)<br />
Hardy Gross (Berlin, Germany)<br />
James Gubernatis (Los Alamos, USA)<br />
Alex Hansen (Trondheim, Norway)<br />
Volker Heine (Cambridge, UK)<br />
Renaud Lambiotte (Liège, Belgium)<br />
David P. Landau (Georgia, USA)<br />
Joaquin Marro (Granada, Spain)<br />
Alejandro Muramatsu (Stuttgart, Germany)<br />
Jaroslaw Nadrchal (Prague, Czech Republic)<br />
Ravil Nazirov (Moscow, Russia)<br />
Risto Nieminen (Helsinki, Finland)<br />
Yukata Okabe (Tokyo, Japan)<br />
Michele Parrinello (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
91
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Ramon Ravelo (El Paso, USA)<br />
Lucia Reining (Palaiseau, France)<br />
Ursula Röthlisberger (Lausanne, Switzerland)<br />
Matthias Scheffler (Berlin, Germany)<br />
Frederike Schmid (Bielefeld, Germany)<br />
Berend Smit (Lyon, France)<br />
Sauro Succi (Rome, Italy)<br />
Laszlo Szunyogh (Budapest, Hungary)<br />
Hervé Toulhoat (Rueil, France)<br />
Julia Yeomans (Oxford, UK)<br />
Gilles Zerah (Bruyères, France)<br />
Shaoping Zhu (Peking, China)<br />
Plenary Speakers<br />
Berni J Adler (Livermore, USA)<br />
S. Baroni (Trieste, Italy)<br />
E. Carter (Princeton, USA)<br />
D. Frenkel (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)<br />
E.K.U. Gross (Berlin, Germany)<br />
A. Georges (Palaiseau, France)<br />
R. Kapral (Toronto, Canada)<br />
K. Kremer (Mainz, Germany)<br />
A. Khokhlov (Chicago, USA)<br />
R. Lavery (Lyon, France)<br />
R. Needs (Cambridge, UK)<br />
S. Sanvito (Dublin, Ireland)<br />
L. Villard (Lausanne, Switzerland)<br />
E. Vanden-Eijnden (New York, USA)<br />
92
Conference on Computational Physics<br />
Invited Speakers<br />
M. P. Allen (Warwick, UK)<br />
R. Allen (Edinburgh, UK)<br />
P. Argyrakis (Thessaloniki, Greece)<br />
K. Binder (Mainz, Germany)<br />
D. Borgis (Evry, France)<br />
G. Bussi (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
P. Carloni (Trieste, Italy)<br />
D. Ceperley (Urbana USA)<br />
S. S. Chikatamarla (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
G. Courbebaisse (Lyon, France)<br />
G. Degrez (Brussels, Belgium)<br />
C. Dellago (Vienna, Austria)<br />
L. Delle Site (Mainz, Germany)<br />
H. De Raedt (Groningen, the Netherlands)<br />
V. Ganduglia Pirovano (Berlin, Germany)<br />
D. Garlaschelli (Siena, Italy)<br />
P. Gaspard (Brussels, Belgium)<br />
G. Gompper (Jülich, Germany)<br />
X. Gonze (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium)<br />
V. Heine (Cambridge, UK)<br />
B. L. Holian (Los Alamos, USA)<br />
W. Janke (Leipzig, Germany)<br />
F. Jenko (Garching, Germany)<br />
I. Karlin (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
J. Kermode (Cambridge, UK)<br />
J. Kertesz (Budapest, Hungary)<br />
S. Klapp (Berlin, Germany)<br />
G. Kresse (Vienna, Austria)<br />
S. Krieg (Jülich, Germany)<br />
R. Lambiotte (Liege, Belgium)<br />
D. P. Landau (Georgia, USA)<br />
T. Lenaerts (Brussels, Belgium)<br />
C. Likos (Düsseldorf, Germany)<br />
P. G. Lind (Stuttgart, Germany)<br />
H. Löwen (Düsseldorf, Germany)<br />
D. MacKernan (Dublin, Ireland)<br />
J. Marro (Granada, Spain)<br />
J.F.F. Mendes (Aveiro, Portugal)<br />
A. Migliore (Philadelphia, USA)<br />
A. Milchev (Mainz, Germany)<br />
C. Noel (Brussels, Belgium)<br />
R. Ouared (Geneva, Switzerland)<br />
I. Pagonabaraga (Barcelona, Spain)<br />
M. Parrinello (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
Y. Peysson (Cadarache, France)<br />
C. Pierleoni (L’Aquila, Italy)<br />
S. Poedts (Leuven, Belgium)<br />
N. Prasianakis (Zurich, Switzerland)<br />
P. Proulx (Québec, Canada)<br />
N. Quirke (London, UK)<br />
D. C. Rapaport (Ramat-Gan, Israel)<br />
R. Ravelo (El Paso, USA)<br />
P. Richmond (Dublin, Ireland)<br />
P. Rinke (Berlin, Germany)<br />
U. Röthlisberger (Lausanne, Switzerland)<br />
S. Rosswog (Bremen, Germany)<br />
J.-P. Ryckaert (Brussels, Belgium)<br />
T. Schilling (Mainz, Germany)<br />
L. Shchur (Chernogolovka, Russia)<br />
B. Smit (Lyon, France)<br />
M. Sprik (Cambridge, UK)<br />
B. Stahl (Geneva, Switzerland)<br />
B. Tadic (Ljubljana, Slovenia)<br />
D. Theodorou (Athens, Greece)<br />
S. Thurner (Vienna, Austria)<br />
A. Tröster (Vienna, Austria)<br />
H. van Beijeren (Utrecht, the Netherlands)<br />
T. van Erp (Leuven, Belgium)<br />
F. Vazquez (Morelos, Mexico)<br />
T. Wust (Georgia, USA)<br />
J. Yeomans (Oxford, UK)<br />
93
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Conference on ‘Random and<br />
Integrable Models in<br />
Mathematics and Physics’<br />
11-15 September 2007<br />
95
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Random and Integrable Models<br />
in Mathematics and Physics<br />
11-15 September 2007<br />
Random matrix theory has its origins in the 1920s in the works of Wishart in mathematical<br />
statistics and in the 1950s in the works of Wigner, Dyson and Mehta on the spectra of highly<br />
excited nuclei. Since then the subject has developed fast and has found applications in many<br />
branches of mathematics and physics, ranging from quantum field theory to statistical mechanics,<br />
integrable systems, number theory, statistics, probability and communication technology.<br />
The workshop “Random and integrable models in mathematics and physics” covered the<br />
recent advances in random matrix theory, with an emphasis on the probabilistic and physical<br />
aspects.<br />
Since the early 1990s, random matrix theory has produced a number of remarkable new<br />
distribution functions in probability theory. E.g. the distribution of the largest eigenvalues of<br />
Gaussian random matrices. Major breakthroughs came in the 90’s: connections with the fluctuations<br />
of the length of the longest increasing subsequence of a random permutation. Also<br />
connections with combinatorial and stochastic growth processes. Universality of these limit<br />
laws. Problems of non-intersecting Brownian motions and limits (Dyson). Energy spectra of<br />
quantum mechanical systems (quantum chaos), and most remarkably, in the zeros of the Riemann<br />
zeta-function on the critical line.<br />
These many connections have created a large and diverse community of researchers with an<br />
interest in random matrix theory. In recent years, a number of major international meetings<br />
were specifically devoted to random matrices. Very important were the half-year programs at<br />
the MSRI in Berkeley («Random Matrix Models and Their Applications» in 1999), at the Newton<br />
Institute in Cambridge («Random Matrix Approaches in Number Theory» in 2004), ETH<br />
in Zurich («Workshop on Random Matrices», 17-21 May 2005), CRM in Montreal («Random<br />
Matrices, Random Processes and Integrable Systems», 20 June-8 July 2005), etc…<br />
It is important to point out that the US National Science Foundation has identified “random<br />
matrix theory and its ties to classical analysis, number theory, quantum mechanics, and coding<br />
theory’’ as one of its emerging areas. Also two of the 10 plenary lectures at the 2006<br />
International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid are devoted to random matrix theory<br />
(Percy Deift and Iain Johnstone).<br />
96
Random & Integrable Models in Mathematics and Physics<br />
The workshop in Brussels was ideal to continue these activities. The meeting brought together<br />
a number of experts on the diverse aspects of random matrix theory. The participation of<br />
young researchers at the post-doctoral and pre-doctoral levels who are currently involved in<br />
research activities related to random matrices was encouraged.<br />
Specific themes included<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
Eigen values of random matrices.<br />
Matrix-valued stochastic processes.<br />
Statistical mechanical models.<br />
Quantum chaos.<br />
Free probability theory.<br />
Multivariate statistics<br />
Scientific Committee<br />
Boris Dubrovin (SISSA/ISAS, Trieste, Italy)<br />
Robbert Dijkgraaf (Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands)<br />
Luc Haine (UCL, Belgium)<br />
Marc Henneaux (ULB, Belgium)<br />
Arno Kuijlaars (K.U.Leuven, Belgium)<br />
Nicolai Reshetikhin (Berkeley, USA)<br />
Pierre van Moerbeke (UCL, Belgium)<br />
Organising Committee<br />
Peter Bueken (HZS, Belgium)<br />
Marc Henneaux (ULB, Belgium)<br />
Pierre van Moerbeke (UCL, Belgium)<br />
Pol Vanhaecke (Poitiers, France)<br />
97
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Invited Speakers<br />
Mark Adler (Brandeis University, Waltham,<br />
USA)<br />
Gerard Ben Arous (Courant Institute, New-<br />
York, USA)<br />
Marco Bertola (Université Concordia, Montreal,<br />
Canada)<br />
Pavel Bleher (Indiana University /Purdue University,<br />
Indianapolis, USA)<br />
Philippe Di Francesco (Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,<br />
France)<br />
Boris Dubrovin (SISSA/ISAS, Trieste, Italy)<br />
Robbert Dijkgraaf (Universiteit van Amsterdam,<br />
the Netherlands)<br />
Bertrand Eynard (SPHT, Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette,<br />
France)<br />
Patrik Ferrari (Weierstrass Institut, Berlin, Germany)<br />
Tamara Grava (SISSA/ISAS, Trieste, Italy)<br />
Alberto Grunbaum (University of California,<br />
Berkeley, USA)<br />
John Harnad (Centre de recherches mathématiques<br />
and Université Concordia, Montreal,<br />
Canada)<br />
Alexander Its (Indiana University /Purdue<br />
University, Indianapolis, USA)<br />
Kurt Johansson (Sveriges Största Tekniska<br />
Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden)<br />
Thomas Kriecherbauer (Ruhr-Universität, Bochum,<br />
Germany)<br />
Ken McLaughlin (University of Arizona, Tucson,<br />
USA)<br />
Marta Mazzocco (University of Manchester,<br />
United Kingdom)<br />
Brian Rider (University of Colorado, Boulder,<br />
USA)<br />
Toufic Suidan (University of California, Santa<br />
Cruz, USA)<br />
Johan van de Leur (Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht,<br />
the Netherlands)<br />
Alexander Veselov (Loughborough University,<br />
UK)<br />
Harold Widom (University of California, Santa<br />
Cruz, USA)<br />
Paul Wiegmann (University of Chicago,<br />
USA)<br />
Paul Zinn-Justin (Université Paris XI, France)<br />
98
Random & Integrable Models in Mathematics and Physics<br />
Comparison with some known exact<br />
results<br />
Let us compare this asymptotics with some<br />
known exact results. There are cases, for which<br />
the model has been solved earlier by different<br />
methods: the free fermion line and A(1), A(2),<br />
A(3), one, two, and three enumeration of alternating<br />
sign matrices (ASM).<br />
b/c<br />
F<br />
D<br />
1 A(1)<br />
A(2)<br />
AF<br />
A(3)<br />
F<br />
0 1<br />
a/c<br />
Phase diagram.<br />
15<br />
99
100
Quantum Field Theory,<br />
Strings and Gravity<br />
14-31 October 2007<br />
101
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
102
In 2007, the second edition of the Amsterdam-<br />
Brussels-Paris Doctoral School on “Quantum<br />
Field Theory, Strings and Gravity” was organized<br />
again with the partial support of the<br />
International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>. The aim of the<br />
school is to provide first-year PhD students<br />
with advanced courses that help bridge the<br />
gap between Master-level courses and the<br />
most recent advances in the field. Responsible<br />
for the organization as well as for teaching<br />
the courses are ULB, VUB, the University<br />
of Amsterdam and various institutions in Paris<br />
led by Ecole Normale Supérieure. The school<br />
serves as a module of the FNRS doctoral thematic<br />
school “Physique et Astrophysique” in<br />
the “Communauté Française de Belgique”.<br />
The school consisted of three weeks of lectures<br />
in Paris, three weeks in Brussels and<br />
three weeks in Amsterdam, with a one-week<br />
break between the segments. This way, the<br />
students are exposed to several institutes,<br />
each with their own research and teaching<br />
culture, and to professors from the various<br />
institutes. Last but not least, they get to meet<br />
fellow students from neighboring institutes<br />
and countries, who will be their peers and<br />
colleagues throughout (and possibly beyond)<br />
their PhD studies.<br />
Quantum Field Theory, Strings and Gravity<br />
Doctoral School<br />
Quantum Field Theory, Strings<br />
and Gravity 14-31 October 2007<br />
This year, the school had eighteen first-year<br />
PhD students, seventeen of whom attended<br />
the Brussels segment of the school. (The numbers<br />
were somewhat higher in 2006 because<br />
that first edition of the school was attended by<br />
both first and second year students.) In addition<br />
to the organizing universities, the neighboring<br />
institutes K.U.Leuven, Utrecht University<br />
and Saclay sent students to take part in<br />
the school. In total, seven students came from<br />
the Paris area, eight from Belgium and three<br />
from the Netherlands.<br />
An anonymous survey at the end of the school<br />
made it clear that the participants considered<br />
the school very useful and an essential part of<br />
their PhD training. This encourages the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
<strong>Institutes</strong> to continue to support the school in<br />
the coming years. The survey has also led to<br />
some useful suggestions for small changes to<br />
the coverage of topics, which we intend to<br />
implement in future editions. The possibility<br />
to include additional institutions, which have<br />
expressed interest in becoming part of the<br />
school, will certainly be seriously considered,<br />
although it is our intention to keep the teaching<br />
in Paris, Brussels and Amsterdam, a format<br />
that seems to work very well.<br />
103
104
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Experimentarium:<br />
Lecture by Michael Berry<br />
23 October 2007<br />
105
Conferences & Schools sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Seven Wonders of Physics<br />
23 October 2007<br />
Professor Michael Berry<br />
On 22-23 October, the Science Museum of ULB (Experimentarium) organized<br />
an “open door event”. Professor Michael Berry concluded the event<br />
with a public lecture attended by more than 150 persons.<br />
Abstract<br />
“Sometimes, nature illustrates the abstract ideas of physics and mathematics in beautiful<br />
ways, and the ideas can be brought to life by simple demonstrations. My seven<br />
wonders include the great moon-driven river wave, light interference magnified in<br />
rainbows, quantum twists and turns, and the colour of gold.”<br />
106
Experimentarium<br />
107
108
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Seminars and Visitors<br />
109
Seminars<br />
Seminars<br />
The list includes the seminars, discussion groups and journal clubs co-organized<br />
by the International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> and the Service de Physique Théorique et<br />
Mathematique of the ULB, the Theoretical Particle Physics Group of the VUB and<br />
the High Energy Physics and Relativistic Field Theory Group of the K.U.Leuven.<br />
1. Kac-Moody Algebras and Controlled<br />
Chaos, Daniel Wesley (Cambridge<br />
University, UK) – February 7, 2007.<br />
2. Pseudo supersymmetry: a tale of<br />
alternate realities, Dieter Van Den Bleeken<br />
(K.U.Leuven, Belgium) – February 14, 2007.<br />
3. Marco Zagermann (MPI München,<br />
Germany) – February 14, 2007.<br />
4. Perspectives of white noise analysis,<br />
Takeyuki Hida (Meijo University, Japan)<br />
and Poisson noise, infinite symmetric<br />
group and stochastic integrals based on<br />
the quadratic Hida distribution, Si Si (Aichi<br />
Prefectural University, Japan) – February 20,<br />
2007.<br />
5. KK-monopoles as giants gravitons<br />
in AdS_5xS^5, Bert Janssen (Universidad<br />
de Granada, Spain) – February 21, 2007.<br />
6. Trivializing the conifold’s base, Jarah<br />
Evslin (ULB, Belgium) – February 21,<br />
2007.<br />
7. Bootstrap in Supersymmetric<br />
Liouville Field Theory, Alexander Belavin<br />
(Landau Institute, Russia) – March 7,<br />
2007.<br />
8. The Universe as a Topological Defect,<br />
Andres Anabalon (Centro de Estudios<br />
Cientificos, Chile) – March 21, 2007.<br />
9. Gravity with zero metric and dark<br />
matter, Max Bañados (Pontificia Universidad<br />
Católica de Chile, Chile) – March 28,<br />
2007.<br />
10. Chiral symmetry breaking as<br />
open string tachyon condensation, Roberto<br />
Casero (Ecole Polytechnique, France)<br />
– March 28, 2007.<br />
11. Pure type I supergravity and<br />
DE(10), Christian Hillmann (AEI Potsdam,<br />
Germany) – April 18, 2007.<br />
12. A string dual perspective on quarkgluon<br />
plasmas of QCD-like theories, Jose<br />
Edelstein (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela,<br />
Spain) – April 18, 2007.<br />
13. Anti-de Sitter black holes, Harvey<br />
Reall (University of Nottingham, UK) – April<br />
25, 2007.<br />
14. Non-geometric fluxes as supergravity<br />
backgrounds, Fernando Marchesano<br />
(LMU München, Germany) – May 2,<br />
2007.<br />
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Seminars<br />
15. Chaos, Compactification and<br />
Coxeter Groups, Daniel Persson (ULB, Belgium)<br />
– May 2, 2007.<br />
16. Non-local SFT Tachyon and Cosmology,<br />
Alexey Koshelev (University of<br />
Crete, Greece) – May 16, 2007.<br />
17. On supersymmetry breaking in<br />
string theory from gauge theory in a<br />
throat, Sameer Murthy (ICTP Trieste, Italy)<br />
– May 16, 2007.<br />
18. Higher-spin Chern-Simons theories,<br />
Olaf Hohm (Utrecht Universiteit, the Netherlands)<br />
– May 23, 2007.<br />
19. Non-renormalization theorems in<br />
type II string theory and maximal supergravity,<br />
Jorge Russo (Universidad de Barcelona,<br />
Spain) – May 23, 2007.<br />
20. Metastable Supersymmetry Breaking<br />
and Gauge/Gravity Duality,<br />
Riccardo Argurio (ULB, Belgium) – May<br />
30, 2007.<br />
21. Phases of higher-dimensional black<br />
holes, Roberto Emparan (Universidad de Barcelona,<br />
Spain) – May 30, 2007.<br />
22. An E_9 multiplet of BPS states,<br />
Laurent Houart (ULB, Belgium) – June 6,<br />
2007.<br />
23. Cascading quivers from decaying<br />
D-Branes, Stanislav Kuperstein (ULB, Belgium)<br />
– June 6, 2007.<br />
24. All-order symmetric subtraction<br />
of divergences for massive Yang-Mills<br />
theory based on nonlinearly realized<br />
gauge group, Andrea Quadri (Università<br />
degli Studi di Milano, Italy) – June 13,<br />
2007.<br />
25. A symmetry approach to viruses,<br />
Anne Taormina (Durham University, UK)<br />
– September 26, 2007.<br />
26. Constrained E10 Geodesics<br />
and Supergravity, Axel Kleinschmidt<br />
(ULB, Belgium) – October 10, 2007.<br />
27. Magnetic Fields in the Universe,<br />
Hector Rubinstein (Stockholms Universitet,<br />
Sweden) – October 10, 2007.<br />
28. Phase structure of higher-dimensional<br />
black rings and black holes,<br />
Niels Obers (Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark)<br />
– October 17, 2007.<br />
29. First-order flow equations for extremal<br />
black holes in very special geometry,<br />
Jan Perz (K.U.Leuven, Belgium) – October<br />
24, 2007.<br />
30. K(E9) and the fermionic sector of<br />
maximal supergravity, Jakob Palmkvist<br />
(AEI Potsdam, Germany) – October 24,<br />
2007.<br />
31. Lie superalgebras associated to<br />
supergravity backgrounds, Jose<br />
M. Figueroa-O’Farrill (University of<br />
Edinburgh, UK) – October 31, 2007.<br />
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Seminars<br />
32. Hints for QCD from strings in five<br />
dimensions, Aldo Cotrone (K.U.Leuven,<br />
Belgium) – October 31, 2007.<br />
33. The nature of generic singularities<br />
in general relativity, Claes Uggla<br />
(Karlstads Universitet, Sweden) – November<br />
7, 2007.<br />
34. Constraints on extremal self-dual<br />
CFTs, Matthias Gaberdiel (ETH Zürich,<br />
Switzerland) – November 7, 2007.<br />
35. Spinor helicity methods in N=0 and<br />
N=8 Supergravity, Dan Freedman (RPI<br />
New-York, USA) – November 14, 2007.<br />
36. Singletons, Anti-Singletons and<br />
Higher-Spin Master Fields, Carlo Iazeolla<br />
(INFN Roma, Italy) – November 14, 2007.<br />
37. Some aspects of the Gauge-Strings<br />
Duality, Carlos Nuñez (Swansea University,<br />
UK) – November 21, 2007.<br />
38. Backreacting Flavors in the Klebanov-Strassler<br />
Theory: a New Duality Cascade,<br />
Stefano Cremonesi (SISSA Trieste,<br />
Italy) – November 21, 2007.<br />
39. An improved holographic model<br />
for QCD, Elias Kiritsis (CPHT Palaiseau,<br />
France) – November 28, 2007.<br />
40. Mesons and mesinos from AdS/<br />
CFT, Ingo Kirsch (ETH Zürich, Switzerland)<br />
– November 28, 2007.<br />
41. No-scale SUSY-breaking and soft<br />
terms with torsion, Pablo Camara (CPHT<br />
Palaiseau, France) – December 5, 2007.<br />
42. Resolving Gravitational Singularities,<br />
Finn Larsen (Michigan University,<br />
USA and CERN Geneva, Switzerland) – December<br />
5, 2007.<br />
43. Penrose Limits and Plane Waves<br />
– Geometry and String Theory Aspects,<br />
Sebastian Weiss (Université de Neuchâtel,<br />
Switzerland) – December 12, 2007.<br />
44. E(7) and d=11 supergravity, Christian<br />
Hillman (AEI Potsdam, Germany) – December<br />
12, 2007.<br />
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Visitors<br />
Visitors<br />
Numerous scientists came to Brussels in the context of the 21st <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on<br />
Chemistry, the Colloquia, Workshops, Seminars or Research Programs sponsored by the<br />
<strong>Institutes</strong>. Their names are listed in the sections dedicated to these activities.<br />
The <strong>Institutes</strong> are also developping an active visitors program to support international<br />
research collaboration.<br />
Jim Hartle’s quote (University of Santa Barbara, USA)<br />
19-29 July 2007<br />
“Our collaboration to study the origin of classicality from the no-boundary theory of the<br />
universe’s quantum state was helped by my visit to the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> in July 2007 to<br />
work with Thomas Hertog. International collaboration of this kind is becoming increasingly<br />
frequent in contemporary science, and the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> can play a significant<br />
role in fostering that through visits of this kind.”<br />
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Visitors<br />
Cooperation Agreements<br />
Centro de Estudios Científicos (Valdivia, Chile)<br />
January: A delegation of the International <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong> took part in the official inauguration<br />
of the Centro de Estudios Científicos by Mrs Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile.<br />
La Tercera, Chile, January 14, 2007 p. 27<br />
114
Visitors<br />
Visits of Chilean Scientists<br />
Mr. Andrés Anabalón (CECS), 20 March – 12 May 2007<br />
Prof. Max Bañados (PUC), 26-31 March 2007<br />
Prof. Andrés Gomberoff (Universidad Andrés Bello), 26-31 March 2007<br />
Prof. José Edelstein (CECS), 16-18 April 2007<br />
Joint publications<br />
C. Bunster, M. Henneaux – A Monopole Near a Black Hole – PNAS (USA) 104: 12243-<br />
12249, 2007 – [e-Print Archive: hep-th/0703155].<br />
G. Barnich, A. Gomberoff – Dyons with Potentials: Duality and Black Hole Thermodynamics<br />
– e-Print Archive: 0705.0632.<br />
Lebedev Physical Institute (Moscow, Russia)<br />
Visits of Russian Scientists<br />
Prof. Maxim Grigoriev (Lebedev Institute), 27 May – 2 June 2007<br />
Prof. Alexander Belavin (Landau Institute), 5-8 March 2007<br />
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Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
RESEARCH ON GRAVITATION,<br />
STRINGS AND COSMOLOGY<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Researchers<br />
Permanent Members<br />
Riccardo Argurio (ULB)<br />
Glenn Barnich (ULB)<br />
Ben Craps (VUB)<br />
Frank Ferrari (ULB)<br />
Marc Henneaux (ULB)<br />
Thomas Hertog (Paris VII)<br />
Laurent Houart (ULB)<br />
Axel Kleinschmidt (ULB)<br />
Christiane Schomblond (ULB)<br />
Alexander Sevrin (VUB)<br />
Postdoctoral Members<br />
Mohab Abou Zeid (VUB)<br />
Francesco Bigazzi (ULB)<br />
Oleg Evnin (VUB)<br />
Jarah Evslin (ULB)<br />
Emiliano Imeroni (ULB)<br />
Alexey Koshelev (VUB)<br />
Chethan Krishnan (ULB)<br />
Stanislav Kuperstein (ULB)<br />
Carlo Maccaferri (ULB)<br />
Doctoral Students<br />
Alice Bernamonti (VUB)<br />
Nazim Bouatta (ULB)<br />
Cyril Closset (ULB)<br />
Geoffrey Compère (ULB)<br />
François Dehouck (ULB)<br />
Frederik De Roo (VUB)<br />
Ella Jamsin (ULB)<br />
Daniel Persson (ULB)<br />
Wieland Staessens (VUB)<br />
Nassiba Tabti (ULB)<br />
Dimitri Terryn (VUB)<br />
Cedric Troessaert (ULB)<br />
Vincent Wens (ULB)<br />
Alexander Wijns (VUB)<br />
Research Summary<br />
General framework<br />
The standard model of particle physics is<br />
based on quantum field theory, a framework<br />
that reconciles Poincaré invariance with<br />
quantum mechanics and allows one to understand<br />
the electromagnetic and the two types<br />
of nuclear interactions. The fourth fundamental<br />
interaction, gravitation, is described<br />
by Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Experiments<br />
as well as theoretical arguments<br />
indicate that neither the standard model, nor<br />
general relativity can be complete.<br />
Purely theoretical attempts at generalizations<br />
are constrained, of course, by mathematical<br />
consistency and the need to incorporate the<br />
previous theories in the domains where they<br />
have been successful. Additional guiding<br />
principles are needed, though. Symmetry is<br />
such a principle and pervades most of the research<br />
carried out in theoretical high energy<br />
physics.<br />
The Yang-Mills type theories for the three microscopic<br />
forces of elementary particle physics<br />
are invariant under Poincaré symmetries,<br />
the symmetry group of flat space-time. These<br />
theories admit in addition certain internal symmetries<br />
known as gauge symmetries. In general<br />
relativity, gravitation arises when going<br />
from a flat to a curved spacetime, and Poincaré<br />
symmetries become part of the gauge<br />
group of diffeomorphisms.<br />
In models that go beyond the existing theories,<br />
other symmetries come to the front.<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Supersymmetry<br />
Supersymmetry is a natural extension of Poincaré<br />
symmetry in the presence of fermionic<br />
matter fields. Supersymmetric extensions of<br />
the standard model will be tested at the experiments<br />
planned in the Large Hadron Collider<br />
at CERN in Geneva.<br />
Supersymmetry is also an important ingredient<br />
of string theory, a model for unification<br />
of the four fundamental interactions and for<br />
a microscopic formulation of gravity. At low<br />
energy, higher dimensional theories of gravitation<br />
emerge that include supersymmetry as<br />
part of their gauge group together with supersymmetric<br />
extensions of Yang-Mills gauge<br />
theories.<br />
In supersymmetric situations, these dualities<br />
become tractable. Finally, dualities between<br />
different string theories as well as holographic<br />
duality between gauge and gravity theories<br />
feature prominently in most of the recent developments<br />
in string theory.<br />
Hidden symmetries<br />
Hidden symmetries in gravity and string theory<br />
arise in compactifications of supergravity<br />
theories and among the string duality groups.<br />
The algebraic structure of these symmetries<br />
is related to infinite-dimensional Lorentzian<br />
Kac-Moody algebras, in particular those of<br />
E 10<br />
and E 11<br />
.<br />
Dualities<br />
One of the first theoretical extensions of Maxwell’s<br />
theory of electromagnetism has been<br />
the inclusion of magnetic sources. The introduction<br />
of such sources is motivated by the<br />
desire to preserve invariance under duality<br />
rotations, a symmetry of the source-free equations.<br />
The solution that is dual to the Coulomb<br />
solution describing a static point-particle electron<br />
is a magnetic monopole. In some sense,<br />
black hole solutions in gravitational theories<br />
are the analog of the Coulomb solution to<br />
Maxwell’s theory.<br />
In nonlinear theories like Yang-Mills theories,<br />
dualities relate a strongly coupled regime to<br />
one at weak coupling, where standard perturbative<br />
computations may be performed.<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Research carried out in 2007<br />
Supersymmetric Gauge Theories<br />
Since consequences of supersymmetry are<br />
not observed at energy scales that are presently<br />
accessible, an important theoretical<br />
question is how supersymmetry is broken at<br />
low energy scales. Part of the research carried<br />
out has been devoted to dynamical supersymmetry<br />
breaking, i.e., supersymmetry<br />
breaking at the non-perturbative level. We<br />
have constructed supersymmetry breaking<br />
models with relevant gauge sectors and analyzed<br />
their coupling to gravity. Their embedding<br />
in full-fledged string theory realizations<br />
has also been studied.<br />
We have also continued our work on exactly<br />
solving supersymmetric quantum Yang-Mills<br />
models using string theoretic dualities.<br />
D-branes<br />
An important ingredient of string theory are<br />
D-branes. We have studied the geometry of<br />
these objects in both geometric and non-geometric<br />
string compactifications. In particular,<br />
we have developed a manifestly supersymmetric<br />
worldsheet description of certain types<br />
of D-branes. In addition, we have studied aspects<br />
of D-brane recoil.<br />
have also improved our understanding of<br />
the Taub-NUT spacetime, the gravitational<br />
analog of the magnetic monopole. We have<br />
shown how to resolve the string singularities<br />
of dyons, solutions which carry both electric<br />
and magnetic charge, and developed a<br />
framework to complete our understanding of<br />
the thermodynamics of dyonic black holes.<br />
Hidden Symmetries of Gravity<br />
Hidden symmetries are a major research<br />
theme of several members of our group. We<br />
have produced on the one hand a detailed<br />
review of this connection in the BKL limit of<br />
supergravity theories, i.e., near a spacelike<br />
singularity. On the other hand, we have used<br />
such symmetries in order to construct new solutions<br />
of 11 dimensional supergravity.<br />
Cosmology<br />
We have studied several string theory models<br />
of cosmological singularities. On the one<br />
hand, we have developed techniques to deal<br />
with Hamiltonians with isolated singularities in<br />
their time dependence, which may be useful<br />
in the study of big bang models in matrix theory.<br />
On the other hand, we have performed<br />
a detailed analysis of a big crunch/big bang<br />
model in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence.<br />
We have also started research<br />
on dark energy.<br />
Electromagnetic Duality<br />
As part of our research effort in the context<br />
of electromagnetic and gravitational dualities<br />
we have studied what happens when a<br />
monopole is absorbed by a black hole. We<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Research Interests<br />
of some Members<br />
Axel Kleinschmidt<br />
Physique Théorique et Mathématique – ULB<br />
Symmetries and String Theory<br />
Importance of Symmetries<br />
Progress in theoretical physics is intimately<br />
linked to the discovery of widely applicable<br />
principles which, rather than explaining specific<br />
phenomena, capture essential structures<br />
common to many problems from different<br />
areas in physics. Arguably many of the most<br />
powerful such principles are related to symmetries.<br />
A physical system or model is said to possess<br />
a certain symmetry if there exist superficially<br />
distinct descriptions which can be<br />
transformed into one another by a symmetry<br />
transformation. As a concrete example<br />
one may consider the classical problem of<br />
describing the force exerted on an electron<br />
by a single proton which is fixed at a given<br />
point in the laboratory. The strength of the<br />
electromagnetic Coulomb force depends<br />
only on the distance between the electron<br />
and the proton; as long as this distance is<br />
kept fixed the strength does not change when<br />
the electron is moved around (the direction<br />
does change and always points towards<br />
the proton). All points of equal distance from<br />
the proton lie on the surface of a sphere and<br />
the associated problem is said to possess<br />
spherical symmetry. If this symmetry<br />
is exploited when solving the resulting<br />
motion of the electron the equations<br />
simplify substantially. This illustrates<br />
why symmetries are so important: They<br />
typically lead to large simplifications in the<br />
equations and often are crucial for allowing<br />
a solution of these equations.<br />
String Theory and Gravity<br />
Despite the general importance of symmetries<br />
there exist many theories for which the underlying<br />
symmetries have not been fully uncovered.<br />
To this class belong string theory and<br />
the theory of general relativity. The latter is<br />
known to describe very well gravitational<br />
processes whereas the former is thought<br />
to explain the unification of gravity with the<br />
other three fundamental forces in a quantum<br />
theory — one of the outstanding challenges<br />
of modern physics. It is the general subject of<br />
my research to obtain a better understanding<br />
of the symmetry structures in these cases.<br />
At low energies, the various string theories can<br />
be replaced by effective field theories which<br />
consist of gravity coupled to very specific types<br />
of matter. It is one of the distinguishing, and most<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
puzzling, features of these theories that they exhibit<br />
hidden symmetries when subjected to the process of<br />
so-called dimensional reduction. These hidden symmetries<br />
are not apparent in the usual formulation of<br />
the theory and are, furthermore, very closely linked<br />
to the beautiful subject of exceptional semi-simple<br />
finite-dimensional Lie algebras in mathematics. The<br />
precise origin of this relation is unclear but the existence<br />
of hidden symmetries after dimensional reduction<br />
suggests that they should play a central role in<br />
the construction of string theory.<br />
Space-like Singularities and Kac–Moody<br />
Algebras<br />
One of the major deficiencies in our current understanding<br />
of gravity and string theory is the way how<br />
space-time behaves near space-like singularities<br />
such as the big bang. The conventional formalism<br />
breaks down in such a situation, thereby signalling<br />
the need for a different formulation of quantum gravity.<br />
Research carried out at the International <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
<strong>Institutes</strong> and IHES, France, has revealed that, even<br />
though the full model is not understood, the dominant<br />
part of the dynamics near a space-like singularity<br />
is concisely captured by a so-called cosmological<br />
billiard. In this picture the evolution of space-time is<br />
described by the motion of an imagined billiard ball<br />
on a billiard table of unusual shape. Every time the<br />
ball is reflected off a wall of this table, there is drastic<br />
change in the expansion or contraction of space.<br />
One of the surprising outcomes of this analysis was<br />
that the shape of the billiard table is related directly<br />
to the theory of hyperbolic Kac–Moody Lie algebras,<br />
a subject generalising that of the exceptional<br />
Lie algebras mentioned above. This gave further support<br />
for the importance of such symmetry structures<br />
for the understanding of gravity and string theory.<br />
The most interesting of these hyperbolic Kac–<br />
Moody algebras is denoted by E 10<br />
and is the one<br />
arising from low energy string theory. This is a very<br />
rich, infinite-dimensional structure which contains<br />
more information than only that of the shape of the<br />
billiard table. It can be shown that also the remaining<br />
structure has a very close connection to low<br />
energy string theory and also incorporates one of<br />
the most central desiderata of modern M-theory (the<br />
successor of string theory), namely the unification of<br />
different string models.<br />
E 10<br />
: A New View on Space-Time?<br />
Postulating that E 10<br />
be a fundamental symmetry of<br />
a unifying theory leads to drastic implications on<br />
the way space-time is viewed. One can replace<br />
the equations of gravity and low energy string<br />
theory by an infinite set of equations which exhibits<br />
manifest E 10<br />
symmetry and it was shown that this<br />
replacement is valid very close to the space-like<br />
singularity. The status of the validity of this replacement<br />
as one moves away from the singularity is<br />
less clear and one of the most important questions<br />
of my research. If there is an extended validity of<br />
this replacement or a smooth transition from the<br />
conventional description to the E 10<br />
description one<br />
can think of space as a de-emerging concept in<br />
the approach to the singularity. The very notions of<br />
space and direction would be replaced by more<br />
algebraic concepts derived from E 10<br />
. At the same<br />
time this might allow for an understanding of quantum<br />
gravity in such situations.<br />
On the way to realising this far-reaching proposal<br />
many points have to be investigated. They represent<br />
important consistency checks on the ideas outlined<br />
above.<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
One of the central questions is that of the nature<br />
of the singularity itself: Do singularities<br />
exist from the point of view of an E 10<br />
model?<br />
Or is there a resolution of the singularity as<br />
is often argued from string theory? By resolution<br />
one means that many of the meaningless<br />
results of conventional computations turn into<br />
meaningful quantities since the singular part<br />
of the answer disappears. From a string theory<br />
perspective such a resolution could arise<br />
from high energy modes of the string which<br />
cannot be ignored in a full model. There have<br />
been preliminary studies of the effect of such<br />
modes on the E 10<br />
picture with promising but<br />
not unambiguous results. If their effect in E 10<br />
can be made precise this will lead to predictions<br />
for string theory itself since the computations<br />
of such modes is a notoriously hard<br />
problem there.<br />
bosons and fermions but which leaves many<br />
issues unresolved. In particular, the question<br />
of local supersymmetry in this generalised<br />
E 10<br />
model requires attention; the extension to<br />
the gauged case just discussed also awaits<br />
exploration.<br />
As indicated already in the beginning, it is<br />
an outstanding open problem of theoretical<br />
physics to construct a consistent theory of<br />
quantum gravity. It is hoped that some of the<br />
proposals presented here will contribute to<br />
the construction of such a theory.<br />
Another question concerns the rigidity of the<br />
proposal: In low energy string theory there<br />
are deformations of the couplings of matter<br />
and gravity and of the symmetry structure of<br />
the model. These so-called gauged (or massive)<br />
supergravities form an integral part of<br />
the landscape of string theory models and<br />
therefore should be describable in E 10<br />
language<br />
as well. Does this require a modification<br />
of the E 10<br />
structure or are these cases<br />
already accounted for in the present proposal?<br />
If there is a modification what are the<br />
mathematical properties of the new symmetry<br />
structure?<br />
A characteristic feature of string theory and of<br />
its low energy limit is the presence of both fermionic<br />
and bosonic particles. There is a generalised<br />
E 10<br />
model which also deals with both<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Thomas Hertog<br />
Thomas Hertog is chercheur at the CNRS (Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique) affiliated<br />
with the “Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie” in Paris, and Associate Member of the<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>. His current research interests include theoretical cosmology and string theory,<br />
the foundations of quantum cosmology and gravitational physics in general.<br />
Hertog obtained his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2001. He worked for several<br />
years as a postdoctoral researcher first at the University of California (Santa Barbara) and then<br />
at CERN, before taking up a position in Paris in 2007.<br />
Introduction<br />
The Big Bang singularity is one of the most<br />
vexing and profound puzzles in modern cosmology,<br />
as many of the predictions in cosmology<br />
rest on a set of ad hoc assumptions<br />
at the beginning. In the absence of a theory<br />
that describes the conditions at the Big Bang,<br />
therefore, cosmology as a science remains<br />
fundamentally incomplete.<br />
General Relativity breaks down at the Big<br />
bang. Hence a predictive framework for cosmology<br />
must presumably be based on quantum<br />
gravity, where one expects that the classical<br />
singularity is replaced by a quantum state.<br />
A priori, it seems plausible that in quantum<br />
gravity the universe can be in a range of different<br />
quantum states. Each state would provide<br />
a different resolution of the classical singularity,<br />
in the sense that this would no longer<br />
be an obstacle to prediction in cosmology.<br />
One might then hope that future observations<br />
- particularly those of CMB anisotropies - will<br />
enable us to determine which quantum state<br />
is physically realized.<br />
During this year we have pursued two different<br />
approaches towards the formulation<br />
of a quantum state of the universe. We have<br />
also begun to study what are the generic properties<br />
of our specific universe if it is in one of<br />
these states. We now briefly describe both.<br />
Holographic Cosmology<br />
The first approach, which we have pursued in<br />
collaboration with Ben Craps of the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
<strong>Institutes</strong> and with Neil Turok of the University<br />
of Cambridge, goes back to earlier work in<br />
collaboration with Gary Horowitz.<br />
It is based on the anti-de Sitter/conformal field<br />
theory (CFT) duality in string theory, which<br />
holographically relates quantum gravity on<br />
asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes<br />
to certain gauge theories defined on the fixed<br />
boundary spacetime. The AdS/CFT duality<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
provides, via the gauge theory description,<br />
a nonperturbative definition of string theory.<br />
This can be generalized to spacetimes that<br />
exhibit a cosmological dynamics – and hence<br />
an initial big bang singularity. With Horowitz<br />
we had shown that this generalization of the<br />
AdS/CFT duality relates the problem of understanding<br />
the dynamics near cosmological<br />
singularities, to that of understanding the dynamics<br />
of field theories with unstable scalar<br />
field potentials. Cosmological singularities on<br />
the gravity side correspond in the dual theory<br />
on the boundary to a scalar field rolling to infinity<br />
in finite time, at first sight leading to a loss<br />
of probability.<br />
This year, in collaboration with Ben and Neil,<br />
we have further developed this holographic<br />
description of the cosmology. In particular<br />
we have shown that one can generalize the<br />
method of self-adjoint extensions to define consistent<br />
unitary quantum evolution in the boundary<br />
theory. This has led to what I believe is currently<br />
one of the most promising approaches<br />
we have to study the quantum nature of cosmological<br />
singularities in string theory.<br />
Remarkably, the dual field theory evolution<br />
indicates the Big Bang need not be the beginning.<br />
Indeed, we find there exist a class<br />
of wave packets in the boundary theory for<br />
which the quantum spread of the wave function<br />
for the homogeneous mode suppresses<br />
the creation of high energy particles as the<br />
scalar field rolls down the potential, allowing<br />
the wave packet to bounce back. This leads<br />
to the prediction that on the gravity side, a<br />
quantum transition from the big crunch to a<br />
big bang is the most probable outcome of<br />
cosmological evolution, at least for this class<br />
of states.<br />
The AdS/CFT duality relates string theory inside<br />
the AdS cylinder to gauge theory on the boundary.<br />
No-Boundary Cosmology<br />
The second approach, which we have pursued<br />
in collaboration with James Hartle of<br />
the University of California and with Stephen<br />
Hawking of the University of Cambridge,<br />
goes back to earlier work of Hartle and<br />
Hawking in which they boldly put forward<br />
a concrete proposal for the quantum state<br />
of the universe. Their proposal is known as<br />
the no-boundary state, since it associates to<br />
each possible history for the universe a complex<br />
geometry without boundary that is used<br />
to calculate the relative probability of that<br />
history. Although the mathematical foundations<br />
of the no-boundary proposal are rather<br />
weak, it provides an excellent framework to<br />
illustrate and develop the predictive power<br />
- and hence the central role - of a quantum<br />
state for the universe in cosmology.<br />
During this year we have in particular been<br />
investigating how and when classical spacetime<br />
emerges from the no-boundary theory of<br />
the universe’s quantum state. The wide range<br />
of time and place on which the Einstein’s<br />
125
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
classical deterministic laws of spacetime geometry<br />
hold is without doubt a prominent<br />
observational feature of our indeterministic<br />
quantum universe. Spacetime behaves classically<br />
on familiar scales over the whole of the<br />
visible universe and from a short time after the<br />
big bang to the far future. But just as classical<br />
behavior for a particle is not implied by every<br />
state in non-relativistic quantum mechanics,<br />
classical behavior is not implied by every<br />
quantum state of the universe in a quantum<br />
theory of gravity.<br />
In collaboration with Hawking and Hartle, we<br />
have shown in a simple model that if the universe<br />
is in the no-boundary state, all histories<br />
that behave classically at late times must undergo<br />
a significant period of inflation at early<br />
times. The no-boundary wave function, therefore,<br />
is consistent and indeed to some extent<br />
explains the standard cosmological model.<br />
We have further shown how there is a significant<br />
probability that the universe `bounced’<br />
in the past at a minimum radius well below the<br />
Planck density, rather than have a classically<br />
singular beginning. Interestingly it appears<br />
that in the most probable bouncing histories<br />
in the no-boundary state the thermodynamic<br />
arrow of time points away from the bounce<br />
on either side. This is in sharp contrast with the<br />
causality of the holographic cosmologies discussed<br />
above, where the arrow of time points<br />
in the same direction everywhere.<br />
Future Prospects<br />
The study of the Big Bang is by no means a<br />
purely academic issue. Indeed, the remnants<br />
of the early quantum gravitational phase are<br />
encoded in the microwave spectrum of anisotropies;<br />
the details of these spectra depend<br />
on the quantum state, thus providing an observational<br />
discriminant between different<br />
theories. It is therefore essential to calculate<br />
the primordial spectra of fluctuations predicted<br />
by each of the quantum states above, and<br />
confront these predictions with observation.<br />
In the case of holographic cosmology, it is intriguing<br />
that the instability and approximate<br />
scale-invariance of the boundary theory<br />
automatically lead to the generation of an<br />
approximately scale-invariant spectrum of<br />
stress-energy perturbations on the boundary,<br />
whose amplitude is suppressed by the asymptotically<br />
free coupling. One key project for<br />
2008, therefore, will be to see whether these<br />
are properties of the spectra on the gravity<br />
side too.<br />
Any quantum state of the universe selects a particular<br />
ensemble of histories, each with its own probability. In<br />
the most probable histories in the quantum states we<br />
have investigated, the big bang is nothing but a transition<br />
from contraction to expansion. However, whereas<br />
in holographic cosmology the dominant cosmology<br />
has an arrow of time that always points forward, the<br />
no-boundary state predicts the thermodynamic arrow<br />
of time reverses at the big bang.<br />
126
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Oleg Evnin<br />
Theoretical Particle Physics – VUB<br />
Evolution across cosmological singularities<br />
The theory of Big Bang arose in 1920es following<br />
Edwin Hubble’s observation that distant<br />
galaxies appear to be flying away from<br />
us with a speed roughly proportional to how<br />
far away they are. This would suggest that the<br />
Universe is expanding uniformly. Extrapolated<br />
back in time according to the known laws<br />
of gravity, this expansion would imply that,<br />
some 10-20 billion years ago, the Universe<br />
started out from a «single point». Of course,<br />
such naive extrapolation will have to break<br />
down, but the general expectation that, in the<br />
past, there was a period of extremely «small»,<br />
dense and hot Universe has become known<br />
as the theory of the Big Bang.<br />
The notion of Big Bang has been given further<br />
credibility in 1960es with the discovery of the<br />
Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.<br />
This electromagnetic radiation distributed<br />
over the sky with a nearly perfect uniformity<br />
can be elegantly explained as a relic survivor<br />
of the epoch when the Universe was a thousand<br />
times smaller than it is now. Should this<br />
explanation be taken seriously, it would imply<br />
that the reverse extrapolation of the galactic<br />
expansion works at least until the time when<br />
the Universe was 1/1000 of its present size.<br />
One kind of cosmological scenarios which<br />
has received a large amount of attention<br />
from cosmologists is the so-called inflationary<br />
universe. In its latest version, this approach<br />
assumes that the Universe has existed forever,<br />
and, occasionally, a part of it would undergo<br />
ultra-rapid expansion, followed by «re-heating»,<br />
which would create a hot dense region<br />
of the Universe associated with the Big Bang.<br />
This region would further expand and gradually<br />
transform into the visible Universe as we<br />
know it.<br />
Some problems with the inflationary models<br />
have been pointed out by cosmologists, but,<br />
even from a purely theoretical perspective, it<br />
would be interesting to consider a different<br />
class of scenarios, whereby the Universe actually<br />
does shrink infinitely (as we look further<br />
and further in its past), and there is a «beginning»<br />
of or, at least, a special point in time.<br />
The reason for venturing into this territory is<br />
that it confronts us sharply with fundamental<br />
questions on the nature of space-time. It has<br />
been an unresolved high-profile problem in<br />
theoretical physics for decades to construct<br />
the so-called «quantum theory of gravity»<br />
which would tell us what happens to the fabric<br />
of space-time at tiny distances (which are<br />
roughly as small compared to the atomic nucleus<br />
as the atomic nucleus is small compared<br />
to us) or at extreme conditions (such as the<br />
127
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
tiny near-Big Bang Universe). Thus the questions<br />
of quantum gravity come to the center<br />
of investigations, once we turn to cosmological<br />
scenarios featuring an infinite contraction<br />
of the Universe in the past, and, furthermore,<br />
such cosmological scenarios can be used as<br />
a touchstone for our notions of the structure of<br />
space time.<br />
A few different approaches to quantum gravity<br />
have been formulated over the last few<br />
decades: none fully satisfactory, and some<br />
more promising than the others. The objective<br />
of our research at VUB and the <strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
has been to examine the possibilities<br />
for treatment of a certain class of space-time<br />
singularities (similar, though not exactly identical<br />
to those relevant for cosmology) within<br />
a few different approaches to quantum gravity.<br />
It has been an important realization that<br />
a certain mathematical structure («quantum<br />
Hamiltonians with a singular time dependence»)<br />
makes an appearance in a number<br />
of different contexts when the problem of dynamical<br />
evolution in the singular space-time<br />
region is considered. Our recent efforts have<br />
concentrated on exploring this mathematical<br />
structure and examining the range of opportunities<br />
it presents for treating the problem<br />
of cosmological singularities. Of particular<br />
interest is the question of whether the history<br />
of a universe can be extended beyond the<br />
point of infinite compression - hence, «evolution<br />
across singularities.»<br />
We intend to pursue this direction of research<br />
further trying to work out the qualitative consequences<br />
of such singularity transitions within<br />
the framework of the existing/conjectured<br />
theories of quantum gravity. At this point, it<br />
would probably be too bold to expect fullfledged<br />
cosmological scenarios coming out<br />
of these activities, given the theoretical uncertainties.<br />
However, and perhaps more advantageously,<br />
one can turn the issue around and<br />
try to resolve some of the theoretical uncertainties<br />
by considering different putative cosmological<br />
scenarios.<br />
128
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Invited Talks at Conferences,<br />
Seminars and Schools<br />
1. January 11, 2007: Ben Craps, “Recoil of<br />
low-dimensional D-branes” - Imperial College<br />
London, UK.<br />
9. March 6, 2007: Glenn Barnich,<br />
“Symmetries in Gauge Theories: Central<br />
extensions in flat spacetimes-Thermodynamics<br />
of black holes dyons” - Scuola Normale<br />
Superiore, Theoretical Physics Group, Pisa,<br />
Italy.<br />
2. January 11, 2007: Marc Henneaux, “Symmetries<br />
and Fundamental Forces” - Universidad<br />
Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.<br />
3. January 18, 2007: Thomas Hertog, “To<br />
Bounce or not to Bounce” - Workshop on the<br />
“Quantum Nature of Spacelike Singularities”<br />
- KITP, Santa Barbara, USA.<br />
4. February 5, 2007: Ben Craps, “Recoil of<br />
low-dimensional D-branes” - Max-Planck-Institut,<br />
Munich, Germany.<br />
5. February 15, 2007: Marc Henneaux,<br />
“Symétries et forces fondamentales“ - Seminar<br />
“filière physique polytechnique“ - ULB,<br />
Brussels, Belgium.<br />
6. February 15, 2007: Thomas Hertog, “Holographic<br />
Cosmology: A New Paradigm?”<br />
- DAMTP, University of Cambridge, UK.<br />
7. February 15-17, 2007: Riccardo Argurio,<br />
“Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking” - 21st<br />
Nordic Network Meeting on “Strings, Fields<br />
and Branes” - Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden.<br />
8. February 21, 2007: Riccardo Argurio,<br />
“Metastable Supersymmetry Breaking and<br />
Gauge/Gravity Duality” - Chalmers University<br />
of Technology, Sweden.<br />
10. March 9, 2007: Riccardo Argurio,<br />
“Metastable Supersymmetry Breaking and<br />
Gauge/Gravity Duality” - Utrecht University,<br />
the Netherlands.<br />
11. March 15, 2007: Laurent Houart, “On<br />
infinite Kac-Moody Symmetries in (super)<br />
gravity” - Pontificia Universidad Catolica de<br />
Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.<br />
12. March 20, 2007: Laurent Houart,<br />
“On infinite Kac-Moody Symmetries in (super)<br />
gravity” - CECS, Valdivia, Chile.<br />
13. April 14-18, 2007: Marc Henneaux,<br />
“Algèbres de Kac-Moody Hyperboliques et<br />
Applications à la Gravitation: une Introduction”<br />
- School on “Noncommutative Geometry,<br />
Field Theories and Quantum Gravity”<br />
- Université d’Oran, Algeria.<br />
14. April 16, 2007: Carlo Maccaferri, “Introduction<br />
to Open String Field Theory”<br />
- School on “Noncommutative Geometry,<br />
Field Theories and Quantum Gravity” - Université<br />
d’Oran, Algeria.<br />
15. May 3, 2007: Alexander Sevrin, “Wandering<br />
in Superspace” - YITP@40 - CNYITP<br />
Stony Brook, New York, USA.<br />
129
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
16. May 12-15, 2007: Marc Henneaux,<br />
“Spacelike Singularities and Infinite-Dimensional<br />
Algebras in Gravitation Theory” -<br />
“Black Holes VI” - White Point, Nova Scotia,<br />
Canada.<br />
17. June 7, 2007: Thomas Hertog, “From Big<br />
Crunch to Big Bang with AdS/CFT” - Department<br />
of Physics, Imperial College, UK.<br />
18. June 12, 2007: Riccardo Argurio,<br />
“Metastable Supersymmetry Breaking and<br />
Gauge/Gravity Duality” - Swansea University,<br />
UK.<br />
19. June 15, 2007: Thomas Hertog, “A Holographic<br />
Big Bang” - Department of Physics,<br />
Nottingham University, UK.<br />
20. June 18-22, 2007: Laurent Houart, “An<br />
E9 multiplet of BPS States” - Conference “Prestring<br />
2007” - Universidad de Granada,<br />
Spain.<br />
21. July 9, 2007: Ben Craps, “A cosmological<br />
singularity in AdS/CFT” - Workshop on<br />
“Cosmology and Strings” - ICTP Trieste, Italy.<br />
22. August 1-10, 2007: Glenn Barnich, “BV<br />
cohomology, duality and thermodynamics<br />
of black holes dyons” - Programme “Poisson<br />
Sigma Models, Lie Algebroids, Deformations<br />
and Higher Analogues” - ESI Institute,<br />
Vienna, Austria.<br />
23. August 6 -10, 2007: Marc Henneaux,<br />
“Selected applications on the antifield-BRST<br />
(BV) formalism” - Course at ESI Institute,<br />
Vienna, Austria.<br />
24. August 26-31, 2007: Laurent Houart,<br />
“An E9 in E11 multiplet of BPS states” -<br />
Conference “International Conference on<br />
Symmetries of String Theory” - Centro Stefano<br />
Franscini, Ascona, Italy.<br />
25. August 27, 2007: Marc Henneaux,<br />
“Hidden Symmetries in Gravity” - CECS,<br />
Valdivia, Chile.<br />
26. September 17-22, 2007: Glenn Barnich,<br />
“Dyons with Potentials: Duality and Black<br />
Hole Thermodynamics” - Fourth Aegean Summer<br />
School, Mytilene, Greece.<br />
27. October 1, 2007: Carlo Maccaferri,<br />
“Presentation of the Brussels Theoretical<br />
Physics Group” - 3rd RTN Workshop<br />
“Constituents, Fundamental Forces and Symmetries<br />
of the Universe” – Valencia, Spain.<br />
28. October 2, 2007: Carlo Maccaferri,<br />
“New Vortices in Noncommutative Gauge<br />
Theories” - 3rd RTN Workshop “Constituents,<br />
Fundamental Forces and Symmetries of the<br />
Universe” - Valencia, Spain.<br />
29. October 2, 2007: Oleg Evnin, “Quantum<br />
evolution across singularities” - 3rd RTN<br />
Workshop - Valencia, Spain.<br />
30. October 17-23, 2007: Glenn Barnich,<br />
“Algebraic structure of gauge systems: theory<br />
and applications” - ESF Conference “Algebraic<br />
aspects in Geometry” - Mathematical<br />
Research and Conference Center, Bedlewo,<br />
Poland.<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
31. October 22, 2007: Carlo Maccaferri,<br />
“Introduction to the Bosonic String” - Doctoral<br />
school Amsterdam-Brussels-Paris, Brussels,<br />
Belgium.<br />
32. October 23-31, 2007: Ben Craps,<br />
“D-branes” - Amsterdam-Brussels-Paris Doctoral<br />
school on theoretical physics, Brussels,<br />
Belgium.<br />
33. October 25, 2007: Marc Henneaux,<br />
“De l’utilité de la connaissance ‘inutile’ “<br />
– Maison de la Laïcité Condorcet - Belgium.<br />
34. October 29-30, 2007: Carlo Maccaferri,<br />
“Basics of Open String Field Theory”<br />
- Amsterdam-Brussels-Paris Doctoral school<br />
on theoretical physics, Brussels, Belgium.<br />
36. November 26, 2007: Mohab Abou<br />
Zeid, “Physics at the LHC and beyond” - UAE-<br />
CERN Workshop - Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.<br />
37. December 11, 2007: Francesco Bigazzi,<br />
“Five Dimensional String Theory and QCD”<br />
- University of Wales, Swansea, UK.<br />
38. December 19, 2007: Thomas Hertog,<br />
“AdS/CFT Dual Description of Cosmological<br />
Singularities” - Conference “The Very Early<br />
Universe, 25 years on” - Centre for Theoretical<br />
Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge,<br />
UK.<br />
35. November 8, 2007: Riccardo Argurio,<br />
“Metastable Supersymmetry Breaking and<br />
Gauge/Gravity Duality” - Niels Bohr Institutet,<br />
Copenhagen, Denmark.<br />
131
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
Publications 2007<br />
1. M. Abou Zeid - Twistor Strings and Supergravity<br />
- in the proceedings of the Cairo<br />
International Conference on High Energy<br />
Physics II, German University in Cairo, Egypt,<br />
American Institute of Physics Press, Conference<br />
Proceedings 881 48-57 (2007).<br />
2. M. Abou Zeid - Twistor Strings and<br />
Supergravity - Fortsch. Phys.55 621-626<br />
(2007).<br />
3. A. Amsel, T. Hertog, S. Hollands, D. Marolf<br />
- A Tale of Two Superpotentials: Stability<br />
and Instability in Designer Gravity - Phys.<br />
Rev. D75 (2007) 084008.<br />
4. R. Argurio, M. Bertolini, S. Franco,<br />
S. Kachru - Gauge/Gravity Duality and<br />
Meta-stable Dynamical Supersymmetry<br />
Breaking - JHEP 0701:083, 2007 - [e-Print<br />
Archive: hep-th/0610212].<br />
5. R. Argurio, M. Bertolini, S. Franco,<br />
S. Kachru - Metastable Vacua and D-branes<br />
at the Conifold - JHEP 0706:017, 2007 - [e-<br />
Print Archive: hep-th/0703236].<br />
6. R. Argurio, M. Bertolini, G. Ferretti,<br />
A. Lerda, C. Petersson - Stringy Instantons<br />
at Orbifold Singularities - JHEP 0706:067,<br />
2007 - [e-Print Archive: 0704.0262].<br />
7. R. Argurio, C. Closset - A Quiver of Many<br />
Runaways - JHEP 0709:080, 2007 - [e-Print<br />
Archive: 0706.3991].<br />
8. R. Argurio, C. Closset, M. Bertolini, S. Cremonesi<br />
- Stable non-Supersymmetric Vacua<br />
at the Bottom of Cascading Gauge Theories<br />
- Fortsch. Phys. 55:555-560, 2007.<br />
9. R. Argurio, M. Bertolini, S. Franco,<br />
S. Kachru - Metastable Supersymmetry<br />
Breaking and Gauge/Gravity Duality -<br />
Fortsch. Phys. 55:644-648, 2007.<br />
10. G. Barnich, G. Compère - Classical Central<br />
Extension for Asymptotic Symmetries<br />
at Null Infinity in Three Spacetime Dimensions<br />
- Class. Quant. Grav.24:F15, 2007,<br />
Erratum-ibid. 24:3139, 2007 - [e-Print Archive:<br />
gr-qc/0610130].<br />
11. G. Bertoldi, F. Bigazzi, A.L. Cotrone,<br />
J. Edelstein - Holography and unquenched<br />
quark-gluon plasmas - Phys. Rev.<br />
D76:065007, 2007 - [e-Print Archive: hepth/0702225].<br />
12. F. Bigazzi, A.L. Cotrone, L. Martucci,<br />
W. Troost - Splitting of macroscopic fundamental<br />
strings in flat space and holographic<br />
hadron decays - Mod. Phys. Lett.<br />
A22: 1057-1074, 2007 - [e-Print Achive:<br />
hep-th/0703284].<br />
13. L. Bonora, C. Maccaferri, R.J. Scherer Santos,<br />
D.D. Tolla - Ghost story. I. Wedge states in<br />
the oscillator formalism - JHEP 0709:061,<br />
2007 - [e-Print Archive: 0706.1025].<br />
14. N. Bouatta, J. Evslin, C. Maccaferri -<br />
Puffed Noncommutative Nonabelian<br />
Vortices - JHEP 0704:037, 2007 - [e-Print<br />
Archive : hep-th/0702042].<br />
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Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
15. C. Bunster, M. Henneaux - A Monopole<br />
Near a Black Hole - PNAS (USA) 104:<br />
12243-12249, 2007 - [e-Print Archive: hepth/0703155].<br />
16. A. Collunici, J. Evslin - Twisted Homology<br />
- JHEP 0703:058, 2007 - [e-Print Archive:<br />
hep-th/0611218].<br />
17. G. Compère - A note on the first law<br />
with p-form potentials - Phys. Rev.<br />
D75: 124020, 2007 - [e-Print Archive:<br />
hep-th/0703004].<br />
18. G. Compère, S. Detournay - Centrally<br />
extended symmetry algebra of asymptotically<br />
Goedel spacetimes - JHEP 03:098,<br />
2007 - [e-Print Archive: hep-th/0701039].<br />
19. B. Craps, O. Evnin, S. Nakamura<br />
- Local recoil of extended solitons: A<br />
String theory example - Published in JHEP<br />
0701:050,2007.<br />
20. S. Deser, M. Henneaux - A Note on<br />
Spin Two Fields in Curved Backgrounds -<br />
Class. Quant. Grav. 24: 1683-1686, 2007 -<br />
[e-Print Archive: gr-qc/0611157].<br />
21. F. Englert, L. Houart, A. Kleinschmidt, H.<br />
Nicolai, N. Tabti - An E(9) multiplet of BPS<br />
states - JHEP 0705:065, 2007 - [e-Print<br />
Archive: hep-th/0703285].<br />
22. M. Eto, J. Evslin, K. Konishi, G. Marmorini,<br />
M. Nitta, K. Ohashi, W. Vinci, N. Yokoi - On<br />
the Moduli Space of Semilocal Strings<br />
and Lumps - Phys. Rev. D76: 105002, 2007<br />
- [e-Print Archive: 0704.2218].<br />
23. J. Evslin, S. Kuperstein - Trivializing and<br />
Orbifolding the Conifold’s Base - JHEP<br />
0704:001, 2007 - [e-Print Archive: hepth/0702041].<br />
24. J. Evslin, L. Martucci - D-Brane Networks<br />
in Flux Vacua, Generalized Cycle and<br />
Calibrations - JHEP 0707:040, 2007 - [e-<br />
Print Archive: hep-th/0703129].<br />
25. J. Evlin, C Krishnan, S. Kuperstein - Cascading<br />
Quivers from Decaying D-Branes<br />
- JHEP 0708:020, 2007 - [e-Print Archive:<br />
0704.3484].<br />
26. F. Ferrari - The Chiral ring and the periods<br />
of the resolvent - Nucl. Phys. B770:<br />
371-383, 2007 - [e-Print Archive: hepth/0701220].<br />
27. F. Ferrari - Microscopic quantum superpotential<br />
in N=1 gauge theories<br />
- JHEP 0710:065, 2007 - [e-Print Archive:<br />
0707.3885].<br />
28. F. Ferrari - Extended N=1 Super Yang-<br />
Mills Theory - JHEP 0711:001, 2007 -<br />
[e-Print Archive: 0709.0472].<br />
29. F. Ferrari, S. Kuperstein, V. Wens - Glueball<br />
operators and the microscopic approach<br />
to N=1 gauge theories - JHEP 0710:101,<br />
2007 - [e-Print Archive: 0708.1410].<br />
30. W. Fischler, V. Kaplunovsky, C. Krishnan,<br />
L. Mannelli, M. Torres - Meta-Stable Supersymmetry<br />
Breaking in a Cooling Universe<br />
- JHEP 0703:107, 2007- [e-Print Archive:<br />
hep-th/0611018].<br />
133
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
31. M. Henneaux, M. Leston, D. Persson,<br />
P. Spindel - A Special Class of Rank<br />
10 and 11 Coxeter Groups - J. Math.<br />
Phys. 48:053512, 2007 - [e-Print Archive:<br />
hep-th/0610278].<br />
32. M. Henneaux, C. Martinez, R. Troncoso,<br />
J. Zanelli - Asymptotic Behavior and Hamiltonian<br />
Analysis of Anti-de Sitter Gravity<br />
coupled to Scalar Fields - Annals Phys.<br />
322: 824-848, 2007 - [e-Print Archive: hepth/0603185].<br />
33. T. Hertog - Holographic Cosmology -<br />
in “Particle Physics and Cosmology: the<br />
Fabric of Spacetime” - Eds F. Bernardeau,<br />
C. Grojean, J. Dalibard, Elsevier (2007).<br />
34. T. Hertog - Violation of Energy Bounds<br />
in Designer Gravity - Class. Quant. Grav. 24<br />
(2007).<br />
35. C. Krishnan, E. Di Napoli - Can Quantum<br />
de Sitter Space Have Finite Entropy?<br />
- Class. Quant. Grav. 24: 3457-3463, 2007<br />
- [e-Print Archive: hep-th/0602002].<br />
36. A. Sevrin, W. Staessens, A. Wijns - The<br />
World-sheet description of A and B<br />
branes revisited - Published in JHEP 0711<br />
(2007) 061.<br />
37. N. Tabti - Gravitational theories coupled<br />
to matter as invariant theories under<br />
Kac-Moody algebras - Fortsch. Phys.55:<br />
821-826, 2007 - [e-Print Archive: hepth/0701165].<br />
38. C. Troessaert - Fractions continues et<br />
actions des groupes de congruence sur<br />
la droite réelle - Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. Simon<br />
Stevin 14, 4, 669-680, 2007.<br />
39. A. Wijns - D-brane effective action and<br />
boundary superspace - Nucl. Phys. Proc.<br />
Suppl. 171:334-336 (2007).<br />
Preprints<br />
40. M. Abou Zeid - Twistor Strings, Gauge<br />
Theory and Gravity - to appear in the proceedings<br />
of the UAE-CERN Workshop Physics<br />
at LHC and Beyond - Al Ain, United Arab<br />
Emirates, American Institute of Physics Press,<br />
Conference Proceedings (2008).<br />
41. M.Abou Zeid - Symmetries, Conservation<br />
Laws and Gauge Invariant Operators<br />
in Noncommutative Field Theory -<br />
to appear in the proceedings of the 21st<br />
Nishionomiya-Yukawa Memorial Symposium<br />
Noncommutative geometry and quantum<br />
spacetime in physics - Progress of Theoretical<br />
Physics Supplement (2007).<br />
42. M. Abou Zeid, C.M. Hull and L.J. Mason<br />
- Einstein Supergravity and New Twistor<br />
String Theories - [arXiv: hep-th/0606272],<br />
accepted for publication in Communications<br />
in Mathematical Physics (2008).<br />
43. L. Bao, J. Bielecki, M. Cederwall, B. Nilsson,<br />
D. Persson - U-Duality and the Compactified<br />
Gauss-Bonnet Term - e-Print Archive:<br />
0710.4907.<br />
134
Research on Gravitation, Strings & Cosmology<br />
44. G. Barnich, A. Gomberoff - Dyons with<br />
Potentials: Duality and Black Hole Thermodynamics<br />
- e-Print Archive: 0705.0632.<br />
45. G. Barnich, G. Compère - Surface<br />
Charge Algebras in Gauge Theories and<br />
Thermodynamic Integrability - e-Print Archive:<br />
0708.2378.<br />
46. B. Craps, O. Evnin - Quantum evolution<br />
across singularities - e-Print: arXiv:<br />
0706.0824[hep-th].<br />
47. B. Craps, T. Hertog, N. Turok - Quantum<br />
Resolution of Cosmological Singularities<br />
using AdS/CFT - e-Print: arXiv: 0712.4180<br />
[hep-th].<br />
48. G. Compère - Symmetries and conservation<br />
laws in Lagrangian gauge theories<br />
with applications to the mechanics of<br />
black holes and to gravity in three dimensions<br />
- e-Print Archive: 0708.3153.<br />
49. J. Evslin, C. Krishnan - The Black Di-ring:<br />
An Inverse Scattering Construction - e-Print<br />
Archive: arXiv:0706.1231.<br />
50. F. Ferrari, V. Wens - Consistency conditions<br />
in the chiral ring of super Yang-Mills<br />
theories - e-Print Archive: 0710.2978.<br />
51. W. Fischler, C. Krishnan, S. Paban, M.<br />
Zanic - Vacuum Bubble in an Inhomogeneous<br />
Cosmology: a Toy Model - e-Print<br />
Archive: arXiv: 0711.3417.<br />
52. J.B. Hartle, S.W. Hawking, T. Hertog - The<br />
No-Boundary Measure of the Universe -<br />
[arXiv: 0711.4630[hep-th]].<br />
53. M. Henneaux, D. Persson, P. Spindel<br />
- Spacelike Singularities and Hidden<br />
Symmetries of Gravity - e-Print Archive:<br />
arXiv:0710.1818.<br />
54. E. Jamsin - A Note on conserved charges<br />
of asymptotically flat and anti-de Sitter<br />
spaces in arbitrary dimensions - e-Print<br />
Archive: 0705.0484.<br />
55. N. Turok, B. Craps, T. Hertog - From big<br />
crunch to big bang with AdS/CFT - e-Print:<br />
arXiv: 0711.1824 [hep-th].<br />
Edition<br />
Proceedings Henri Poincaré - P. Gaspard, M.<br />
Henneaux, F. Lambert eds, Proceedings of<br />
the <strong>Solvay</strong> Workshops and Symposia (n° 2)<br />
(199 pages).<br />
The Quantum Structure of Space and Time - D.<br />
Gross, M. Henneaux, A. Sevrin eds, Proceedings<br />
of the 23rd <strong>Solvay</strong> Conference on Physics<br />
- World Scientific Publishing Co (2007).<br />
135
136
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
RESEARCH CARRIED OUT<br />
IN THE GROUP OF THE<br />
DEPUTY DIRECTOR<br />
137
Research carried out in<br />
Members<br />
Permanent Members<br />
Franklin Lambert (VUB)<br />
Micheline Musette (VUB)<br />
Postdoctoral Members<br />
Thomas Durt (FWO, VUB)<br />
Ignace Loris (FWO VUB, Francqui ULB)<br />
Zsislaw Suchanecki (Université du Luxembourg)<br />
Caroline Verhoeven (FWO VUB)<br />
Alexandre Volkov (<strong>Solvay</strong> <strong>Institutes</strong>, VUB)<br />
Ralph Willox (University of Tokyo)<br />
Doctoral Members<br />
Fred Vanden Berghe (VUB)<br />
138
the Group of the Deputy Director<br />
Research Summary<br />
Nonlinear dynamics, solitons and<br />
integrability<br />
The group has a long standing research activity<br />
on nonlinear wave equations, and more<br />
specifically on integrable or nearly integrable<br />
ones. Integrable or solvable models are<br />
usually not suited to represent a physical situation<br />
in full detail. Yet, they constitute the<br />
mathematical core and starting point from<br />
which realistic models can be approximated.<br />
Nonlinear integrable systems are also found<br />
to show up in the context of many important<br />
and different problems. Their study, in both<br />
the classical and the quantum domain, has<br />
therefore become a corner stone of modern<br />
mathematical physics.<br />
Our research, which was carried out in 2007<br />
on this matter, and the results that have been<br />
obtained can be summarized as follows:<br />
° Extension of a previously developed algorithmic<br />
method for the systematic construction<br />
of members of infinite integrable families (hierarchies)<br />
of classical soliton equations. This<br />
procedure now leads to a natural gradation<br />
of the Hirota equations of a given weight that<br />
make up the bilinear KP and modified KP hierarchies.<br />
The work was done in collaboration<br />
with R. Willox of the University of Tokyo.<br />
° Completion of “The Painlevé handbook”,<br />
by R. Conte and M. Musette. The purpose of<br />
this book is to present a comprehensive introduction<br />
to nonperturbative methods – in particular<br />
the algorithm, called the Painlevé test<br />
– allowing one to build explicit solutions to<br />
nonlinear differential or difference equations.<br />
This book is a final and lasting result of a long<br />
and successful collaboration with CE Saclay<br />
(Service de Physique de l’état condensé,<br />
CNRS URA 2464).<br />
° Continuation of our investigation of possible<br />
soliton instabilities in 2+1 dimensional<br />
integrable models, that may lead to complex<br />
interaction patterns, described by s.c. “spiderweb”<br />
solutions. We examined the behaviour<br />
of dromion solutions in the KP context, and<br />
showed that the localized character of such<br />
solutions can survive under particular resonance<br />
conditions.<br />
° Completion of the proof of Zamolodchikov’s<br />
periodicity conjecture for Y-systems<br />
in the milestone particular case A-A. Y-systems,<br />
also known as thermodynamical Bethe<br />
ansätz equations, are pivotal in the theory of<br />
quantum integrable systems. The beauty of<br />
the matter is that these equations, on the one<br />
hand, describe a quantum statistical model<br />
and, on the other hand, can be interpreted<br />
as a classical lattice model, which happens<br />
to be the ubiquitous Hirota or lattice KP equation.<br />
Our study of Y-systems took place in the<br />
framework of a collaboration with L. Faddeev<br />
of St Petersburg’s Steklov Institute and R. Kashaev<br />
of the University of Geneva.<br />
Nonlinear equations<br />
and inverse linear problems<br />
Inverse scattering problems became popular<br />
in soliton theory as a result of the discovery of<br />
139
Research carried out in<br />
a possibility of solving initial value problems<br />
for integrable NLPDE’s by means of the inverse<br />
scattering method. Inverse problems<br />
are also known to be ill-posed. A new direction<br />
in the group’s research originated in a<br />
collaboration with I. Daubechies of Princeton<br />
University and C. De Mol of ULB on the application<br />
of sparse techniques for the solution<br />
of ill-posed inverse linear problems. We studied<br />
the effectiveness of sparsity promoting<br />
penalties for regularizing ill-posed problems<br />
for which we know the solution is sparse in<br />
a certain basis. However, sparsity-promoting<br />
penalties make the equations we want to solve<br />
nonlinear. We therefore need to develop<br />
fast reconstruction algorithms that can solve<br />
the nonlinear equations. We started to work<br />
in this direction, and have already tested the<br />
basic principles of sparse reconstruction on<br />
models in seismic tomography.<br />
Fundamental aspects of quantum<br />
and quantum information theory<br />
We investigated the properties of kaons<br />
(oscillations and CP violation) with the help<br />
of the Friedrichs model. This approach provided<br />
new insight in the phenomenology of<br />
kaonic particles and in fundamental aspects<br />
of quantum theory (formalism of the time superoperator<br />
of Prigogine and co-workers).<br />
We examined in detail the role of decoherence<br />
and entanglement during the decay of<br />
kaons, by reformulating the Friedrichs model<br />
in the framework of tensorially factorizable<br />
Hilbert spaces. Plans for a collaboration on<br />
this subject with T. Izumi of the KEK Center in<br />
Japan, were made during a visit of T. Durt at<br />
Tsukuba. This collaboration should focus on<br />
EPR-type flavour entanglement in semileptonic<br />
B° decay.<br />
140
1. January 11 - February 10, 2007: Ralph<br />
Willox, invited lecturer at the Laboratoire<br />
IMNC, Universités de Paris XII and Paris XI,<br />
France.<br />
2. March, 2007: Thomas Durt, invited<br />
seminar “Applications of the generalized<br />
Pauli group in Quantum Information” - KEK,<br />
Japanese Center for High Energy Physics,<br />
Tsukuba, Japan.<br />
3. May 2007: Thomas Durt, contributing<br />
seminar “Quantum Information, a Survey”<br />
- Annual meeting of the Belgian Physical<br />
Society, UIA, Antwerp, Belgium.<br />
the Group of the Deputy Director<br />
Invited Talks at Conferences,<br />
Seminars and Schools<br />
4. July 2007: Ralph Willox, contributing<br />
paper “Local Darboux transformations and<br />
geometric crystals” - ISLAND 3 Conference<br />
on Algebraic Aspects of Integrable systems,<br />
Islay, Scotland, UK.<br />
5. December 2007: Thomas Durt, participation<br />
to the IEEE/LEOS Symposium Benelux<br />
Chapter. Poster on “Symmetric Informationally<br />
Complete POVM tomography: theory<br />
and applications”, Belgium.<br />
6. December 2007: Thomas Durt, invited<br />
seminar “Are biophotons quantum coherent<br />
quantum systems?” - International Institute of<br />
Biophysics, Neuss, Germany.<br />
141
Research carried out in<br />
Publications 2007<br />
1. M. Courbage, T. Durt and S.M. Saberi Fathi<br />
- Two level Friedrichs model and kaonic<br />
phenomenology - Phys. Lett. A 362 (2007),<br />
100-104.<br />
2. M. Courbage, T. Durt and S.M. Saberi<br />
Fathi - Quantum mechanical decay laws<br />
in the neutral kaons - J. Phys. A 40 (2007),<br />
2773-2785.<br />
3. T. Durt - Symmetric Informationally Complete<br />
POVM tomography: theory and applications<br />
- 2007 IEEE/LEOS Symposium<br />
Benelux Chapter Proceedings, 215-219.<br />
4.. T. Durt - Quantum Information, a Survey<br />
- Physicalia Mag. 29, 4 (2007), 145-160.<br />
5. B. Grammaticos, A. Ramani, V. Papageorgiu,<br />
J. Satsuma and R. Willox - Constructing<br />
lump-like solutions of the Hirota-Miwa<br />
equation - J. Phys. A 40 (2007), 12619-<br />
12627.<br />
6. C. King, F. Melakessou, V. Sorger and<br />
Z. Suchanecki - Route diversity: future of<br />
transmission protocols - Proceedings of the<br />
IV th Int. Conference BROADNETS, Raleigh,<br />
North Carolina (2007).<br />
7. F. Lambert, J. Springael, S. Colin and R.<br />
Willox - An elementary approach to hierarchies<br />
of soliton equations - J. Phys. Soc.<br />
Japan, vol 76, 5 (2007), 54005-54015.<br />
8. I. Loris, G. Nolet, I. Daubechies and F.A.<br />
Dalhen - Tomographic inversion using l1<br />
norm regularization of wavelet coefficients<br />
- Geophysical Journ. Int. 170 (2007),<br />
359-370.<br />
9. F. Melakessou, V. Sorger and Z. Suchanecki<br />
- On the road towards the comprehension<br />
of the internet traffic behaviour - Simulation<br />
series, vol 39, 2 (2007), 193-202.<br />
10. A. Volkov - On the periodicity conjecture<br />
for Y-systems - Comm. Math. Phys. 276<br />
(2007), 509-517.<br />
11. R. Willox, A. Ramani, J. Satsuma and B.<br />
Grammaticos - From limit cycles to periodic<br />
orbits through ultradiscretization - Physica<br />
A, 385 (2007), 473-486.<br />
12. R. Willox, F. Lambert and J. Springael<br />
- From canonical binilear forms to bi-Hamiltonian<br />
structures - (in Japanese) Proceedings<br />
of the RIAM Symposium 18 ME- S 5,<br />
Research Inst. in Appl. Mech., University of<br />
Kyushu (2007), art. 8.<br />
142
the Group of the Deputy Director<br />
Preprints<br />
13. J. Corbett and T. Durt - Quantum<br />
mechanics interpreted in quantum real<br />
numbers - to appear in Studies in History<br />
and Philosophy of Modern Physics.<br />
Edition<br />
R. Conte and M. Musette<br />
The Painlevé handbook - Monograph,<br />
Springer (2008)<br />
14. M. Courbage, T. Durt and S.M. Saberi<br />
Fathi - Quantum Hamiltonian Dynamics of<br />
kaons phenomenology - Special issue of<br />
Communications in Nonlinear Science and<br />
Numerical Simulation (in press).<br />
15. I. Daubechies, M. Formasier and I. Loris<br />
- Accelerated projected gradient method<br />
for linear inverse problems with sparsity<br />
constraints - to appear in J. Fourier Anal. and<br />
Appl.<br />
16. T. Durt, C. Kurtsiefer, A. Lamas-Linares<br />
and A. Ling - Wigner tomography of two<br />
qubit states and quantum cryptography -<br />
to appear in Phys. Rev. A.<br />
17. T. Durt, D. Kaslikowski and L.C. Kwek -<br />
Generalized flying qudit scheme in arbitrary<br />
dimensions - to appear in Phys. Rev. A.<br />
18. A.N.W. Hone, V. Novikov and C. Verhoeven<br />
- An extended Hénon-Heiles system<br />
- to appear in Phys. Lett. A.<br />
19. F. Lambert and J. Springael - Soliton<br />
equations and simple combinatories - to<br />
appear in Acta Appl. Math.<br />
143
144
Sponsored by the <strong>Institutes</strong><br />
Appendix: Outreach<br />
Newspapers & Radio Interviews<br />
and Edition<br />
145
Radio Interviews and Edition<br />
Radio Interview<br />
Alexandre Sevrin<br />
May 21, 2007<br />
Radio 1 VRT: “de Wandelgangen” at the occasion of the <strong>Solvay</strong><br />
Public Event with Stephen Hawking and Harold Kroto<br />
Edition<br />
Symposium Henri Poincaré<br />
Proceedings<br />
P. Gaspard, M. Henneaux, F. Lambert eds<br />
<strong>Solvay</strong> Workshops and Symposia - Volume 2<br />
(199 pages)<br />
146
Newspapers<br />
Newspapers<br />
January 2007 – Brussels Expo News, Programme 2007, Belgium<br />
March 27, 2007 – Metro (p.5), Belgium<br />
March 30, 2007 – De Standaard (p. L5), Belgium<br />
March 30, 2007 – Le Soir (p.17), Belgium<br />
April 3, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p.17), Belgium<br />
April 4, 2007 – La Libre en ligne, Belgium<br />
May 4, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (Lire VI), Belgium<br />
May 18, 2007 – Le Vif/l’Express (p.39), Belgium<br />
May 18, 2007 – Het Nieuwsblad on line, Belgium<br />
May 18, 2007 – De Standaard on line, Belgium<br />
May 19-20, 2007 – Le Soir (p.17), Belgium<br />
May 19-20, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p.41), Belgium<br />
May 21, 2007 – Le Soir, Belgium<br />
October 23, 2007 – Le Soir, Belgium<br />
November 2007 – WB Magazine N° 9/2007 (p.20), Belgium<br />
November 27, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p.28-29), Belgium<br />
December 26, 2007 – El Pais (p.39), Spain<br />
January 2008 – La Recherche (p. 12), France<br />
January 3, 2008 – Knack (p.48), Belgium<br />
147
Newspapers<br />
January 2007 – Brussels Expo News, Programme 2007, Belgium<br />
148
Newspapers<br />
March 27, 2007 – Metro (p.5), Belgium<br />
149
Newspapers<br />
March 30, 2007 – De Standaard (p. L5), Belgium<br />
150
Newspapers<br />
March 30, 2007 – Le Soir (p.17), Belgium<br />
151
Newspapers<br />
April 3, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p.17), Belgium<br />
April 4, 2007 – La Libre en ligne, Belgium<br />
152
Newspapers<br />
May 4, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (Lire VI), Belgium<br />
153
Newspapers<br />
May 18, 2007 – Le Vif/l’Express (p.39), Belgium<br />
154
Newspapers<br />
155
Newspapers<br />
May 18, 2007 – Het Nieuwsblad on line, Belgium<br />
May 18, 2007 – De Standaard on line, Belgium<br />
156
Newspapers<br />
May 19-20, 2007 – Le Soir (p.17), Belgium<br />
157
May 19-20, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p.41), Belgium<br />
Newspapers
Newspapers
Newspapers<br />
May 21, 2007 – Le Soir, Belgium<br />
October 23, 2007 – Le Soir, Belgium<br />
160
Newspapers<br />
November 2007 – WB Magazine N° 9/2007 (p.20), Belgium<br />
161
November 27, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p 28-29), Belgium<br />
Newspapers<br />
November 27, 2007 – La Libre Belgique (p.28), Belgium<br />
162
Newspapers<br />
163
Newspapers<br />
December 26, 2007 – El Pais (p.39), Spain<br />
164
Newspapers<br />
January 2008 – La Recherche (p. 12), France<br />
165
Newspapers<br />
January 3, 2008 – Knack (p.48), Belgium 166
Newspapers<br />
167
Newspapers<br />
January 3, 2008 – Knack (p.48), Belgium 168