Syrian Civil War 2011-2012 - Societa italiana di storia militare

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15 April – "Friday of Determination" On the "Friday of Determination" (Arabic: جمعة اإلصرار ), tens of thousands of people held protests in several Syrian cities, including Baniyas, Latakia, Baida, Homs, and Deir ez-Zor. [180][181] Al Jazeera reported that up to 50,000 protesters trying to enter Damascus from the Douma suburb were dispersed by security forces using tear gas, while in the Barzeh district of the capital violence erupted when dozens of armed men in plain clothes surrounded about 250 protesters rallying in front of a mosque. [182] On the other hand, thousands demonstrated in Daraa, but security forces were not visible in the city, as the authorities reportedly allowed the uprising to take place. [181] 16 April Thousands of people marched in Deraa chanting anti-regime slogans, while in the Damascus suburb of Douma, 1,500 residents staged a sit-in, demanding the release of 140 people arrested a day earlier. [183] In Majdal Shams in the Israeli-controlled area of the Golan Heights, almost 200 people demonstrated in opposition to Assad and the regime. [184][185] On the same day, Assad spoke to the People's Assembly in a televised speech, stating that he expects his government to lift the emergency law the following, and acknowledging there is a gap between citizens and the state, and that government has to "keep up with the aspirations of the people". [186] Later in the day he welcomed his new cabinet with a speech containing more specifics (full text). He spoke of the importance of reaching "a state of unity, unity between the government, state institutions and the people"; stressed the need for dialogue and consultation in multiple channels, popular support, trust and transparency; explained the interrelatedness of reform and the needs of citizens for services, security and dignity. He stated the first priorities were citizenship for Kurds, lifting the state of emergency in the coming week or at the latest the week after, regulating demonstrations without chaos and sabotage, political party law, local administration law in both structure and elections, and new and modern media law, all with public timeframes. The next topics were unemployment, the economy, rural services, attracting investment, the public and private sectors, justice, corruption, petty bribery, tax reform and reducing government waste, followed by tackling government itself with more participation, e-government, decentralization, effectiveness and efficiency, as well as closer cooperation with civil society, mass organizations and trade unions. 17 April About 300 protesters took to the streets in Suweida, but were dispersed by security forces. Reportedly, demonstrations also took place in Aleppo, Baniyas, Homs, and Hirak, mostly chanting slogans for political freedom. SANA reported seizure of a large number of weapons hidden in a lorry coming in from Iraq. [187] Security forces opened fire on a funeral procession on a highway outside the town of Talbiseh, killing three people. In Homs, clashes between protesters and security forces took place after a tribal leader died in custody. 12 protesters were killed. [188] 18 April General Tellawi's mutilated body, Homs, Syria, 18 April 2011 on YouTube Protests in Homs, Syria, 18 April 2011 on YouTube Sit-in at Liberty Square in Homs, Syria, 18 April 2011 on YouTube A high-ranked officer of the Syrian army, Brigadier General Abdo Kheder al-Tellawi, was reportedly shot dead by an armed group in Homs along with his two children and nephew. [189][190] According to the director of the National Hospital of Homs Dr. Ghassan Tannous, the bodies of the victims have been maimed and mutilated with the use of sharp tools. [191] More than 10,000 demonstrators staged an anti-government sit-in in Homs, and a massive funeral procession for six demonstrators who had been killed also took place in the city. In Baniyas, about 300 children released balloons with slogans calling on Assad to leave power. [192] Security forces shot dead at least 13 people when dispersing a protest. The Syrian Ministry of Interior announced that the latest developments in Syria such as the killing of policemen, army soldiers and civilians and terrifying people are all armed mutiny led by extremist Salafi armed groups. [193] 19 April On 19 April, the government approved a bill lifting the country's emergency laws. [194] This was the first time in 48 years that the state of emergency had been lifted. [194] A pilot of the Syrian Air Force, Col. Mohammad Abdo Khaddour, was shot dead by an armed group in front of his home in Homs. [195][196][197] Police forces use combat rounds and tear gas to disperse a sit-in, deaths are confirmed, but their number is unknown. [198] Police forces caused 3 deaths after opening fire on a funeral mourning dead protesters. The lifting of the emergency laws notwithstanding, authorities vowed to "crush any new uprising". A witness reported that the gunfire lasted at least two hours. [199] 20 April Activists said that 4,000 university students protested in Daraa. [200] Around 20 students protested at the faculty of medicine of Aleppo University where they were quickly denied and absorbed by a pro-Assad rally. [200][201][202] 21 April On 21 April,President Assad signed the decrees for ending the state of emergency, abolishing the Supreme State Security Court (SSSC), and regulating the right to peaceful demonstrations. [203][204] Undeterred protesters called for Friday to be their biggest [205] ). الجمعة العظيمة (Arabic: day of outrage yet, in what they dub as "the Great Friday" 22 April – "The Great Friday" On 22 April, the country experienced its biggest and bloodiest day in the current series of uprising as tens of thousands took to the streets. [206] Protests occurred in the capital, Damascus, and in at least ten other cities in the country. [207] Hundreds of protesters in central Damascus were dispersed, but thousands congregated in towns ringing the capital. [207] According to the protesters' own reports, at least 70 people were killed nationwide when security forces opened fire on the demonstrators. [208] Immediate verification was difficult because Syria had expelled almost all members of the international media from the country, [206] although it eventually emerged that over 100 had been killed. [209][210] 23 April Throughout the country, funerals for fallen protesters occurred. Snipers reportedly fired, killing 8 people in Daraa with 5 members of the security forces among them. [211][212] 24 April A Syrian human rights organisation said that 9 civilians were killed in Jableh by security forces and pro-Assad gunmen. [213] 25 April – "Sieges of Daraa and Douma" Main article: Siege of Daraa On 25 April, the Syrian government deployed tanks to Daraa, which was an early focal point of the protests, killing at least 25 people. [214] The tanks were accompanied by soldiers— estimates varied from hundreds to 6,000—rooftop snipers, and the cutting of water, power, and phone lines. One resident in Jableh (Lattakia) said that protesters had burned an army car and taken a soldier hostage. [214] The government also closed the nearby border with Jordan. [215] At least one high-ranking Syrian military commander refused to participate in the operation against Daraa. [216] A resident of Daraa said to media reporters over the phone: "Let Obama come and take Syria. Let Israel come and take Syria. Let the Jews come. Anything is better than Bashar Assad." [217] US President Barack Obama condemned the "outrageous" use of violence, [218] and the US prepared to freeze Syrian officials' American assets. [219] EU countries, including permanent Security Council members
France and the U.K., pushed the U.N. for international sanctions, though it remained unclear whether permanent council members Russia and China would support them. [220] Syria said it was responding to an Islamist-inspired uprising. [221] 27 April The army continued its crack down into 27 April, and over the span of three days arrested over 500 people. Several dozen died from the raids. The Syrian government intensified their raids using more tanks and brigades. 2 Jordanian civilians were amongst those killed. On 27 April 233 members of the Baath party, amongst them parliament members, resigned over the violence against protesters and civilians. [222] 28 April On 28 April, Al Jazeera aired footage of what appear to be injured soldiers receiving aid from civilians in Syria, reportedly after they refused orders to shoot at protesters and were fired upon by loyalist units. The network warned it could not independently verify the authenticity of the footage but claimed that it came from a "reliable source". [223] For many, this confirmed that there are defections from within the Syrian army. [224] 29 April – "Friday of Rage" – "Solidarity With Daraa Day" Despite a harsh crackdown in Daraa, Douma, and other towns, protesters appeared undeterred on 29 April, when thousands rallied in Aleppo, Homs, Deir ez-Zor, Sheikh Meskeen, Damascus, and other areas across Syria. An anonymous person posted what appeared to be video of soldiers in Sheik Meskeen attacking and killing unarmed protesters with live ammunition. [225] Al Jazeera reported that at least 62 civilians were claimed dead as a result of the security forces' response to the protests, which started after Friday noon prayers. [226] Reuters put the death toll at 62. [227] Bashar's forces were said to have cut cut off Daraa's water supply and electricity several days before the protests, as well as other cities in Syria. They have confiscated flour and food as well, in an effort to starve the people of Daraa. [228] 30 April The military increased their presence with more tanks and military helicopters. Snipers were positioned on buildings. Tanks began firing indiscriminately on houses, and also destroyed the local mosque. Snipers and military vehicles were also placed in other cities in the country such as Homs. Activists had called for the this week, starting this Sunday, to be the "week of breaking the siege of Daraa" with the aim of stopping the siege on Daraa. [229] A video taken allegedly shows the dead bodies of protesters from Daraa wrapped in burial cloth and gathered and stored in a refrigerated room, as the people of Daraa are unable to burial them due to the military and sniper presence. [230] References 1. ^ Christine Oliver (26 October 2010). "Corruption index 2010: the most corrupt countries in the world – Global development". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/interactive/2010/oct/26/corruptionindex-2010-countries-world. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 2. ^ "Syrian protestors want a regime change". ABC. 25 March 2011. http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2011/s3174120.htm. Retrieved 25 March 2011. 3. ^ "Information on the death of a young man who burned himself in Al Hasakah". free-syria.com. http://www.freesyria.com/loadarticle.php?articleid=37797. Retrieved 30 January 2011. 4. ^ "Syrian suicider is "Hasan Ali Akleh". Damascus has banned a demonstration in support of Egypt". metransparent.com. http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=12661&lang=ar. Retrieved 30 January 2011. a b 5. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h36T5QlbV8w. Retrieved 19 July 2011. 6. ^ "Demonstration in Ar-Raqqa, Syria". free-syria.com. http://free-syria.com/loadarticle.php?articleid=37803. Retrieved 30 January 2011. 7. ^ a b c Williams, Lauren (24 February 2011). "Syria clamps down on dissent with beatings and arrests". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/24/syria-crackdown-protest-arrests-beatings. Retrieved 24 February 2011. 8. ^ "'Day of rage' protest urged in Syria". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41400687/ns/world_newsmideastn_africa/. Retrieved 3 February 2011. 9. ^ ""Day of Rage" planned for Syria; protests scheduled for Feb 4–5". aysor.am. http://www.aysor.am/en/news/2011/02/03/syrian-facebook-twitter/. Retrieved 3 February 2011. 10. ^ William R Collier jr (30 January 2011). "Syrian Anger Day Planned Feb 5, 2011". The Freedomist. http://freedomist.com/2011/01/30/syran-anger-day-planned-feb-5-2011/. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 11. ^ "Syrian Anger Day Planned Feb 5, 2011". TOPSY. http://topsy.com/freedomist.com/2011/01/30/syran-anger-dayplanned-feb-5-2011/. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 12. ^ "Calls for weekend protests in Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 February 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201122171649677912.html. Retrieved 13 July 2011. 13. ^ "Syria: 'A kingdom of silence'". Al Jazeera. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/02/201129103121562395.html. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 14. ^ "Demonstration on the day of anger in Hasaka and Syrian authorities arrested dozens". free-syria.com. http://freesyria.com/loadarticle.php?articleid=37849. Retrieved 15 February 2011. 15. ^ "Q&A: Syrian activist Suhair Atassi". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201129135657367367.html. Retrieved 13 February 2011. 16. ^ "Syria quiet on day of rage". UPI. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2011/02/04/Syria-quiet-on-day-ofrage/UPI-58781296853501/. Retrieved 8 February 2011. 17. ^ Starr, Stephen (5 February 2011). "Call for Syrian 'day of rage' as planned protests fail to ignite". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0205/1224289070429.html. Retrieved 8 February 2011. 18. ^ Karam, Zeina. "Syria escapes 'Day of Rage' protests". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/05/2052033/syria-escapes-day-of-rage-protests.html. Retrieved 8 February 2011. 19. ^ "Syria: 'A kingdom of silence'". Al Jazeera. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/02/201129103121562395.html. Retrieved 12 February 2011. 20. ^ Mackey, Robert (17 February 2011). "17 Feb. Updates on Middle East Protest". The New York Times. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/latest-updates-on-middle-east-protests-4/. Jazeera. Al ‏."أبرز محطات الثورة السورية خالل األيام الماضية"‏
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June 2012 The first weekend of June
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