Syrian Civil War 2011-2012 - Societa italiana di storia militare

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omb attack on 6 January 2012 in the central Damascus neighbourhood of al-Midan killed 26 people, most of whom were civilians, [318] as well as for truck bombs that killed 55 people and injured 370. Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012. [319] In May 2012, Syria's U.N. envoy Bashar Ja'afari declared that dozens of foreign fighters from Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Britain, France elsewhere had been captured or killed, and urged Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey to stop "their sponsorship of the armed rebellion". [320][321] Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012. [319] In June, it was reported that hundreds of foreign fighters, many linked to al-Qaeda, had gone to Syria to fight against Assad. [322] In July, Iraq's foreign minister again warned that members of al-Qaeda in Iraq were seeking refuge in Syria and moving there to fight. [300] When asked if the United States would arm the opposition, Hillary Clinton expressed fears that such weapons could fall into the hands of al-Qaeda or Hamas. [323] A crucial line of support began in spring 2012 as Saudi Arabia and Qatar announced they would begin arming and bankrolling the opposition. [324][325][326] Paul Salem, director of the Carnegie Middle East Centre in Beirut, and Emile Hokayem of the International Institute of Strategic Studies argued such support would be unlikely to immediately make a decisive impact. [326][327] A ship carrying weapons from Libya believed destined for Syria's rebels has also been intercepted. [328] According to SNC e-mails leaked to Al Akhbar, Saudi support came with undesirable conditions attached, and played a negative, divisive role in Homs. [329] Support for the Syrian government Russia Main article: Russia's role in the Syrian civil war See also: Russian naval base in Tartus Russia has provided arms, including refurbished helicopter gunships, and diplomatic support to the Syrian government. In January 2012, Human Rights Watch criticised Russia for "repeating the mistakes of Western governments" in its "misguided" support of Assad. [330] Amnesty International, noting the Syrian government's headlong deployment of military helicopters, criticised Russia of "a wanton disregard for humanity." [331] Human Rights Watch warned Russia's state-owned arms-trading company Rosoboronexport in a letter that, under international law, "providing weapons to Syria while crimes against humanity are being committed may translate into assisting in the commission of those crimes", and called on governments and companies around the world to stop signing new contracts and consider suspending current dealings with the Russian company. [332] Not long after, however, the US bought Mi-17 helicopters from Rosoboronexport worth hundreds of millions of dollars. [333] One of Russia's interests is access to the port of Tartus, home to its only remaining military base outside the former USSR and thus a key source of its influence in the eastern Mediterranean. [334] The Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, a leading Russian think tank, played down Tartus and other allegedly important national interests, though, arguing instead that Russian support was "irrational". [335] In July 2012, however, Vyacheslav Dzirkaln, deputy director of Russia's Federal Service for Military Technical Co-operation, announced a halt to any new weapons transfers. [336] A joint group of 10 Russian warships and an equal number of escort vessels led by an anti-submarine destroyer and including landing ships with marines on board, entered the Meditarranean early this week. The task force has been deployed at the time of escalating fighting in Syria with the United States avowing to “intensify” its efforts “outside the Security Council.” The British, French and U.S. navies are planning a larger deployment of warships in Eastern Mediterranean in autumn for naval exercises. [337] Iran Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, was vocally in favor of the Syrian government. [338] The Guardian reported that the Iranian government is assisting the Syrian government with riot control equipment and intelligence monitoring techniques. [339] The Economist said that Iran had, by February 2012, sent the Syrian government $9 billion to help it withstand Western sanctions. [340] It has also shipped fuel to the country and sent two warships to a Syrian port in a display of power and support. [341] U.S. President Barack Obama and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice accused Iran of secretly aiding Assad in his efforts to quell the protests, [342] and there have been reports of Syrian protesters hearing security-force members speaking Persian. [343] The city of Zabadani is vitally important to Assad and to Iran because, at least as late as June 2011, the city served as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps's logistical hub for supplying Hezballah. [249] According to a U.N. panel in May 2012, Iran supplied the Syrian government with arms during the previous year despite a ban on weapons exports by the Islamic Republic. Turkish authorities captured crates and a truck in February 2012, including assault rifles, machine guns, explosives, detonators, 60mm and 120mm mortar shells as well as other items on its border. It was believed these were destined for the Syrian government. The confidential report leaked just hours after an article appeared in the Washington Post revealing how Syrian opposition fighters started to receive more, and better, weapons in an effort paid for by Gulf Arab states and co-ordinated partly by the US. [4] The report investigated three large illegal shipments of Iranian weapons over the past year and stated "Iran has continued to defy the international community through illegal arms shipments. Two of these cases involved (Syria), as were the majority of cases inspected by the Panel during its previous mandate, underscoring that Syria continues to be the central party to illicit Iranian arms transfers." [344] In March 2012, anonymous U.S. intelligence officials claimed a spike in Iranian-supplied arms and other aid for the Syrian government. Iranian security officials also allegedly traveled to Damascus to help deliver this assistance. A second senior U.S. official said members of Iran's main intelligence service, the Ministry of Intelligence and Security, are assisting Syrian counterparts in charge of the crackdown. [345] More anonymous sources were cited by the UN in May 2012, as it claimed arms were moving both ways between Lebanon and Syria, and alleged weapons brought in from Lebanon were being used to arm the opposition. [346] The alleged spike in Iranian arms was likely a response to a looming influx of weapons and ammunition to the rebels from Gulf states that had been reported shortly before. [298] According to US journalist Geneive Abdo, the Iranian government provided the Syrian government with technology to monitor e-mail, cell phones and social media. Iran developed these capabilities in the wake of the 2009 protests and spent millions of dollars establishing a "cyber army" to track down dissidents online. Iran's monitoring technology is believed to be among the most sophisticated in the world, perhaps only second to China. [338] On 24 July 2012, Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corp commander Massoud Jazayeri said Iranians will not allow enemy plans to change Syria's political system to succeed. [347] China China has provided diplomatic support and possibly facilitated material support for Assad's government. This has included vetoing a UN Security Council resolution in tandem with Russia; Jerusalem Post correspondent Oren Kessler reported that Beijing's veto was enacted in the interests of preserving its ties with Russia. [348] China was named in a May 2012 Security Council report as a transit hub for illegal arms shipments from North Korea, with UN investigators investigating reports of such shipments to the Syrian government. [349] Other countries According to a top official of the Iranian revolutionary guard corps, Hezbollah operatives took part in fighting on the ground against the opposition in Damascus and in the Battle of Zabadani. [1] In February 2012, it was reported that Hugo Chavez' government in Venezuela had been shipping tens of millions of dollars of diesel to Syria, which can be used to fuel army tanks. [350] The following month, as it prepared a third shipment, Venezuela confirmed that it would continue sending diesel to the country. [351]
The Wall Street Journal obtained documents showing that a fourth big shipment of diesel was being readied in July 2012: "the deals are structured to bring other benefits, including shielding Syria's dwindling foreign-exchange reserves". The paper also noted that even "Syria's political opposition is split on the issue of cutting off all energy exports to the country. While they would like to see Mr. Assad's tanks run out of fuel, they also worry that a shortage of diesel could equally undermine the political and military opposition inside Syria." [352] A Greece-based trading company, Naftomar, is reputedly the last firm arranging deliveries of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), but, unlike the fuel sent from Venezuela and Russia, LPG is a peaceful material that plays a vital role in countries like Syria that have limited infrastructure for piping gas. International sanctions do not apply to LPG for humanitarian reasons. [353] WikiLeaks revelations beginning in July 2012 led to accusations that the subsidiary of an Italian arms company had provided communications equipment to the Syrian military in May 2011, and that, as late as February 2012, its engineers gave training on the use of the communications technology, including how it could be installed in helicopters. [354] The company said the equipment was for civilian use and said it had not sold any technology to Syria since the beginning of the uprising. [355] Syrian refugees Main article: Refugees of the Syrian civil war The refugee problem began unfolding across Syrian borders on April 2011, intensifying with the siege of Talkalakh and the unrest in the Syrian province of Idlib. As a result, thousands of Syrian citizens fled across the border to Lebanon and Syria by summer 2011. In early 2012, the numbers of Syrian refugees swelled to some 20,000 registered by UN in Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan. Syrian Kurds constitute most of the thousands who have sought shelter in northern Iraq. [263] Following the increased fighting in Homs and the escalating assault of Syrian troops on towns and villages near Lebanese border, a large-scale refugee influx into Lebanon was reported on 4 March 2012. The exact number of moving Syrian refegees was not clear, but was described around 2,000. [356] The numbers of Syrian refugees were estimated at 130,000 in early March 2012. On 10 April, it was reported that the number of Syrian refugees in four neighboring countries jumped by 40% within several weeks and stands at about 55,000 registered, almost half of whom are under 18 years old, according to U.N. figures. [357] There were also estimated to be at least 20,000 refugees who have not yet registered, as well as 200,000 or more Syrians who were displaced within their own country. [357] By June, the number of Syrian refugees reached 180,000 throughout the Middle East, with the major concentration of 120,000 in Jordan. UN sources said that about 34,000 refugees have arrived in Lebanon. [358] Deaths Main article: Casualties of the Syrian civil war Estimates of deaths in the conflict vary with figures from 19,865 to 26,860. The particular problem has been to ascertain the number of armed combatants who have died due to opposition policy of counting rebel fighters who were not defectors as civilians. [36][359][360] Although, at least half of those killed have been estimated to be combatants from both sides, including over 5,000 government soldiers. [30] In addition, UNICEF reported that over 500 children have been killed. [361][362] Another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons. [363][364] Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners have died under torture. [365] International reaction Main article: International reactions to the Syrian civil war The Arab League, [366] European Union, [367] Secretary-General of the United Nations, [368] and many Western governments condemned the violence and the Syrian government's response to the protests, and many expressed support for the protesters' right to exercise free speech. [369][370] China and Russia supported the government against international sanctions. [371][dead link] Russia, whose Mediterranean fleet's primary naval base is in Syria, denounced the use of violence by the opposition and the presence of "terrorists" within its ranks. [372] See also Syria portal Social movements portal 2010s portal • Politics of Syria • Cities and towns during the Syrian uprising • List of freedom indices References 1. ^ a b "Syrian regime 'importing snipers' for protests". The Australian. 17 February 2012. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/syrian-regime-importing-snipers-for-protests/story-e6frg6so-1226254330519. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 2. ^ a b c Kelley, Michael (8 March 2012). "Iranian Fighters Are Killing Syrian Troops Who Refuse to Fire On Protesters". Articles.businessinsider.com. http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-08/news/31135034_1_syrian-syrianpresident-syrian-soldiers. Retrieved 8 July 2012. 3. ^ a b c "Over 120 Hezbollah, Basij fighers killed in Syria, report". LB: Yalibnan.com. 9 December 2011. http://www.yalibnan.com/2011/12/09/over-120-hezbollah-basij-fighers-killed-in-syria-report/. Retrieved 8 July 2012. 4. ^ a b "Iran 'sending arms to Syria despite ban' ". Al Jazeera English. 17 May 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/05/20125175553158930.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 5. ^ Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces 6. ^ Iranian Guards, Mahdi Army troops enter Syria’s Druze Mountain 7. ^ a b "Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces". The World Tribune. http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria0973_08_03.asp. Retrieved 13 November 2011. 8. ^ "Syrian Rebels Plot Their Next Moves: A TIME Exclusive". TIME. 11 February 2012. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2106648,00.html/. 9. ^ a b c Schmitt, Eric (21 June 2012). "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/world/middleeast/cia-said-to-aid-in-steering-arms-to-syrianrebels.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 10. ^ a b Justin Vela (13 June 2012). "Exclusive: Arab states arm rebels as UN talks of Syrian civil war". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/exclusive-arab-states-arm-rebels-as-un-talks-of-syriancivil-war-7845026.html. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
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UNGA Resolution A/RES/66/253 green
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