Syrian Civil War 2011-2012 - Societa italiana di storia militare

More documents

Recommendations

Info

einforcement's convoys was attacked with a roadside bomb while it was on its way to the city, killing eight soldiers. [47] On 25 July, a BBC reporter inside Aleppo confirmed that parts of the city (most notably the eastern suburbs) were under Free Syrian Army control. [48] Heavy fighting raged at a police station in the city, during which three rebels were killed. The rebels managed to capture and burn the station in the end. [18][49] Meanwhile, FSA commanders called on rebels to attack the approaching Syrian Army of 2,000 soldiers. Rebels from all over Aleppo governorate were reported to be gathering ammunition and moving towards Aleppo. [49] Two alleged pro-government Shabiha militiamen, who were captured by the rebels, were executed in the Salaheddin district. [50] On 26 July, the Free Syrian Army claimed to be in control of 40–50% of Aleppo city. Government forces bombarded rebel-held districts with fighter planes, helicopters and artillery. [13][51] Two rebel fighters were killed during clashes. [52] Rebels were waiting for the military assault, most of them expecting to die in the battle. [50] Among the government troop reinforcements that were massing on the outskirts of Aleppo were also special forces units. [13] The Syrian Army had reportedly amassed 10,000 soldiers around Aleppo and its countryside. [15] On 27 July, rebels captured a military base in Aleppo's city centre [15] along with 100 soldiers and pro-government militia. [53] It was reported that 15 people were killed by helicopters and bombs in the al-Fardous district. An activist, Omar, said that "We woke up to a huge massacre this morning at 7am. Fifteen people were killed as a result of the regime forces' bombs and helicopters ... I witnessed the massacre myself and helped rescue 25 injured people. I carried bloodied body parts in my own hands. The bombing stopped at 10am." and the FSA later took control of the Sour al-Hajj roundabout in the district, capturing a five-storey building which was holding 75 detainees. [54] State TV reported that five rebel pick-up trucks mounted with machine guns ("technicals"), that were heading from the countryside towards Aleppo, were attacked and destroyed by special forces units, killing and wounding a number of rebel fighters. A rebel commander partially confirmed this by saying opposition forces had skirmished with the military in the areas surrounding the city. [8] Meanwhile, six soldiers were killed during clashes with a Kurdish rebel force, the YPG, who attacked them in retaliation after government troops attacked their convoy on the airport road the previous day, killing three and wounding 11 YPG members. [4] Syrian Army counter-offensive On the morning of 28 July, the Syrian Army started its offensive to retake rebel-held parts of Aleppo. Troops attacked the Salaheddin district, which held the largest concentration of rebels. [55] The assault commenced with an eight-hour artillery bombardment, which started at four in the morning, after which tanks and ground troops moved in. [56] An estimated 80–100 tanks were seen on the southern outskirts of the city before the attack started. [57][58] The opposition stated that 12 rebels and 10 soldiers were killed during the fighting, that dozens of soldiers were wounded, and that 8–10 tanks and armored vehicles were destroyed or damaged. They also confirmed that one of the killed rebel fighters was a battalion commander. [18][58] Meanwhile, rebels from Salaheddin attacked a police station in the city center where 50–100 government troops were holding out for the past three days, in an attempt to link up with opposition forces in the northeastern Sakhur district six kilometers away. [58][59] By the end of the day, the rebels had repelled the assault with government troops pulling back and the bombardment resuming. [60] On 29 July, a Turkish journalist reported that Syrian soldiers defected to the opposition in Aleppo with four tanks. [61] Luke Harding from the Guardian reported that a rebel commander was pessimistic about the chances of victory for the rebels. [11] In the evening, state media reported that the Salaheddin district was recaptured by the Army; however, journalists were not able to reach it and confirm the report. Opposition SOHR activists said that fighting was still ongoing in the district. [62] However, Colonel Abdel Jabbar al-Oqaidi, head of the Free Syrian Army military council of Aleppo, denied the report and insisted government troops had "not progressed one meter." "We launched a new assault from Salaheddin during the night, and we destroyed four tanks," the rebel commander told AFP by phone." Rami Abdel Rahman, the head of the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, said that regime forces were on Monday "just reaching the outskirts of the [Salaheddin] neighborhood." [63] On 30 July, SOHR said that clashes erupted early morning near the Air Force intelligence headquarters in Aleppo's Zahraa district. [64] Meanwhile, a general in the FSA said that they had seized a strategic checkpoint 5 km from Aleppo after 10 hours of fighting. This meant that the FSA controlled a direct route between the Turkish border and the city of Aleppo. During the battle it was reported that four or five rebels and six soldiers were killed, with an additional 25 soldiers taken prisoner. An AFP journalist on the ground said that the rebels captured seven tanks and armoured vehicles, and destroyed an eighth vehicle. [65][18] According to another rebel claim, four tanks were captured and two destroyed in the attack on the checkpoint. [66][67] The BBC reported that thre rebels commander were killed in Aleppo the same day, when one unit was pinned down by loyalist gunfire. FSA reinforcements manage to breakthrough and relieve their besieged comrades and pull back to safety. [68] On 31 July, Syrian state media reported that nine rebel technicals were destroyed in the Aleppo countryside and 23 rebels were killed in Aleppo city. Three other rebels were arrested when the army captured a truck loaded with explosive devices. [69] One day earlier, four other rebel technicals had been destroyed. [70] British Foreign Office minister Alistair Burt said that there was evidence government forces had recaptured some territory in the city, but the opposition forces were still strong. [71] Meanwhile, the rebels were still on the offensive when they launched an assault before dawn on a major Air Force Intelligence Unit in Aleppo's Zahraa district. Rebels armed with rocket propelled grenades attacked Aleppo's main military court as well as a police station and a branch of the ruling Baath Party in the city's southern Salhin district. Fighting continued in the Sallahaddin district. The opposition group, Syrian Observatory, reported that 40 policemen had been killed when rebels overran two police stations [20] in fighting that also killed eight rebel fighters. [72] A local Aleppo tribe, al Berri,carried out an assault on a rebel held road, killing 16 rebels. It was reported that they executed people with their hands behind their backs near the airport. [73] The rebels also summarily executed members of al-Berri tribe. [74] Later during the day, the Free Syrian Army continued operating in the Salaheddine district, which the government admitted it did no longer fully control. "The regime has tried for three days to regain Saleheddine, but its attempts have failed and it has suffered heavy losses in human life, weapons and tanks, and it has been forced to withdraw," said Colonel Abdel-Jabbar al-Oqaidi, head of the Joint Military Council, one of several rebel groups in Aleppo. He announced the the FSA's primary objective was to secure the city centre "within days" by advancing district by district towards it, clearing out government forces. He confirmed that opposition troops controlled the southern and eastern parts of the city or, as he described it, as some 35%-40% of the city. [2][12] State media later claimed that a rebel leader Ahmad Haj Qasem bin Abdul-Rahman was killed in Aleppo. It was also claimed that the Syrian Army ambushed a group of 400-500 rebels with 30 technicals in the town of Handarat, north of Aleppo, inflicting "heavy losses" on them and "destroying their cars". [69] International media has however reported that the Syrian offensive has "stalled", [75] amid Free Syrian Army gains in surrounding areas such as the capture of the city of Al Bab. [76] Reuters reported that neither the governement or the rebels were in full control of salaheddin, despite their claims. [77] Foreign reactions
• France - The French foreign ministry said that "With the build-up of heavy weapons around Aleppo, Assad is preparing to carry out a fresh slaughter of his own people", while Italy and the UN peacekeeping chief also accused the government of preparing to massacre civilians. [78] • Russia - The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, stated "Our Western partners ... together with some of Syria's neighbours are essentially encouraging, supporting and directing an armed struggle against the regime". He also added that it would be unrealistic to expect Syrian forces not to fight when armed fighters were occupying Aleppo. "How can you hope that in such a situation, the government will simply reconcile itself and say 'All right, I was wrong. Come on and topple me, change the regime'?" [79] • Turkey - Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan urged international action, saying it was not possible "to remain a spectator" to the government offensive on Aleppo. [80] Reuters reported that Turkey had set up a base with allies Saudi Arabia and Qatar for the purpose of directing military and communications aid to the Free Syrian Army from the city of Adana. Reuters also quoted a Doha-based source which stated that Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia were providing weapons and training to the rebel fighters. [81] • United Kingdom - William Hague, the British Foreign Minister, also said that "the world must speak out to avert a massacre in Aleppo". [82] • United States - The United States said it feared a new massacre in Aleppo by the government: "This is the concern: that we will see a massacre in Aleppo and that's what the regime appears to be lining up for." [83] References 1. ^ Paul Schemm (28 July 2012). "Syrian rebels survive regime onslaught in Aleppo". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Syrian-rebels-survive-regime-onslaught-in-Aleppo-3742658.php. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 2. ^ a b "Syrian forces intensify air assault on Aleppo". Al Jazeera. 31 July 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012731267977893.html. Retrieved 31 July 2012. 3. ^ Erika Solomon (30 July 2012). "Amid the ruins in Aleppo, Syrian rebels say victory is near". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/30/us-syria-crisis-mood-idUSBRE86T0EC20120730. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 4. ^ a b "Kurdish forces kill six Syrian soldiers in Aleppo". Kurdistan News Agency. 27 July 2012. http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/3/318894/. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 5. ^ Haroon Siddique and Brian Whitaker (31 July 2012). "Syria: Aleppo fighting goes on". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/31/syria-aleppo-fighting-goes-on-live. Retrieved 31 July 2012. 6. ^ "Syrian forces 'step up attacks on Aleppo'". The Australian. Australian Associated Press. 29 July 2012. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/syria-army-launches-aleppo-assault/story-fn3dxix6-1226437689559. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 7. ^ "The Battle for Aleppo: rebels, regime, refugees inside Syria". Alaska Dispatch. 28 July 2012. http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/battle-aleppo-rebels-regime-refugees-inside-syria. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 8. ^ a b "Clock ticks for 'mother of all battles' in Aleppo". CNN. 28 July 2012. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/27/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=hp_t1. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 9. ^ Paul Schemm and Ben Hubbard (22 July 2012). "Syria says will use chemical weapons if attacked". The Miami Herald. Associated Press. http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/07/22/2906815/syrian-rebels-say-fight-for-aleppo.html. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 10. ^ Clarissa Ward (26 July 2012). "Syria rebel leader says his men are ready to take on Assad's forces in fight for Aleppo". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57481075/syria-rebel-leader-says-his-men-are-ready-totake-on-assads-forces-in-fight-for-aleppo/. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 11. ^ a b c d e "Syria: Battle for Aleppo - live updates". The Guardian. 29 July 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/29/syria-bashar-al-assad. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 12. ^ a b Syrian army pounds Aleppo, rebels claim successes 13. ^ a b c Luke Harding and Ian Black (26 July 2012). "Syrian forces gather for Aleppo assault". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/26/syrian-forces-gather-aleppo-assault. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 14. ^ "Syrian army starts "purging" Aleppo from "Jihadists", minister pledges to eradicate terrorism". Asian News International. newstrackindia.com. 29 July 2012. http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/07/29/220-Syrian-armystarts-purging-Aleppo-from-Jihadists-minister-pledges-to-eradicate-terrorism.html. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 15. ^ a b c "Syria crisis: US fears Aleppo 'massacre'". The Guardian. 27 July 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2012/jul/27/syria-us-fears-aleppo-massacre-live#block-17#block-31. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 16. ^ 6 killed (20 July),[1] 2 killed (21 July),[2] 16 killed (23 July),[3][4] 2 killed (24 July),[5] 3 killed (25 July),[6] 6 killed (26 July),[7] 12 killed (28 July),[8] 11 killed (29 July),[9] 5 killed (30 July),[10] 29 killed (31 July),[11][12][13] total of 100 reported killed 17. ^ 10 killed (23 July),[14] 8 killed (25 July),[15] 6 killed (27 July),[16] 10 killed (28 July),[17] 6 killed (30 July),[18] 40 killed (31 July),[19] total of 80 reported killed 18. ^ a b c d "Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/syriaohr. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 19. 2012. (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 July ‏"نحو 200 سوريا سقطوا يوم الخميس " ^ http://www.syriahr.com/27-7%20-2012-syrian%20observatory.htm. Retrieved 29 July 2012. 20. ^ a b "Syria: rebels launch new offensive in battle for Aleppo". The Telegraph. Agence France-Presse and Bloomberg. 31 July 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9440280/Syria-rebels-launch-newoffensive-in-battle-for-Aleppo.html. Retrieved 31 July 2012. 21. ^ "'Mother of all' catchphrase, from Saddam Hussein to the bailout, is invoked again in Syria". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 28 July 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/mother-of-all-catchphrase-from-saddamhussein-to-the-bailout-is-invoked-again-in-syria/2012/07/28/gJQAQ4SgGX_story.html. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Page 1 and 2:
Syrian Civil War Сирийские
Page 3 and 4:
green Cities controlled by pro-Assa
Page 5 and 6:
Wikipedia Articles on Syrian Civil
Page 7 and 8:
1. Syrian Civil War Date Location R
Page 9 and 10:
• 5 Deaths • 6 International re
Page 11 and 12:
On 15 February, Syrian state televi
Page 13 and 14:
damaged their respective Syrian emb
Page 15 and 16:
Atma. [271] However, head of Kurdis
Page 17 and 18:
The Wall Street Journal obtained do
Page 19 and 20:
46. ^ "'Defected Syria security age
Page 21 and 22:
110. ^ Williams, Lauren (24 Februar
Page 23 and 24:
169. ^ "European powers step up pre
Page 25 and 26:
228. ^ "Syria blast: Security chief
Page 27 and 28:
291. ^ Byman, Daniel (20 March 2012
Page 29 and 30:
349. ^ Charbonneau, Louis; Nichols,
Page 31 and 32:
Opposition demonstration in one of
Page 33 and 34:
13 March On 13 March, Kamal Hussein
Page 35 and 36:
1 April - "Friday of Martyrs" After
Page 37 and 38:
France and the U.K., pushed the U.N
Page 39 and 40:
.52 ^ ‏."االف السوريي
Page 41 and 42:
a b c 111. ^ "25 March 2011 Syrian
Page 43 and 44:
172. ^ "DayPress news: Pressure mou
Page 45 and 46:
• The Syrian Revolution 2011 اا
Page 47 and 48:
alone by security forces. United St
Page 49 and 50:
For the first time the unrest sprea
Page 51 and 52:
The opposition Local Co-ordination
Page 53 and 54:
dozen Syrians to flee into northern
Page 55 and 56:
56. ^ "Syria Uses Heavy Machine Gun
Page 57 and 58:
119. ^ "'Half a million' protest on
Page 59 and 60:
183. ^ "Syrian army 'enters western
Page 61 and 62:
September 2011 1 September The atto
Page 63 and 64:
least 100 children. [43] Speaking s
Page 65 and 66:
18 October The LCC said 25 doctors
Page 67 and 68:
several areas of the country, accor
Page 69 and 70:
18 December Armed clashes erupted i
Page 71 and 72:
8. ^ "At Least 13 Killed at Syria P
Page 73 and 74:
68. ^ "Syrian troops fire on protes
Page 75 and 76:
127. ^ "Arab League rejects Syrian
Page 77 and 78:
186. ^ "Arab monitors head to Syria
Page 79 and 80:
Hamad continued that he has seen pr
Page 81 and 82:
17 January According to the LCC, at
Page 83 and 84:
head of the United Nations, called
Page 85 and 86:
UNGA Resolution A/RES/66/253 green
Page 87 and 88: eporters that the regime was detain
Page 89 and 90: leaked by a defector from this cove
Page 91 and 92: 44. ^ "Clashes kill 11 Syrian soldi
Page 93 and 94: 103. ^ Fishel, Justin (20 January 2
Page 95 and 96: 163. ^ "Syria denies massacre of 20
Page 97 and 98: 227. ^ "Fri, 17 Feb 2012, 18:34". A
Page 99 and 100: 289. ^ "Assad meets Annan on Syrian
Page 101 and 102: 350. ^ "Syria Now 8-4-2012 | Local
Page 103 and 104: at least 14 people by mid day when
Page 105 and 106: June 2012 The first weekend of June
Page 107 and 108: ebels were killed including a defec
Page 109 and 110: Homs. 28 rebels were slain; 5 defec
Page 111 and 112: a b 9. ^ "Syria: 15 troops killed i
Page 113 and 114: 70. ^ "Largest protest in Aleppo si
Page 115 and 116: 135. ^ Friday came to an end with t
Page 117 and 118: 214. ^ ELIZABETH A. KENNEDY, Associ
Page 119 and 120: 280. ^ a b [21]. 17 July 2012. Syri
Page 121 and 122: 360. ^ http://www.lccsyria.org/9623
Page 123 and 124: The Syrian government denied respon
Page 125 and 126: 16. ^ Carey, Glen (14 July 2012). "
Page 127 and 128: The Battle of Damascus, also known
Page 129 and 130: sixteen in the district. Thompson c
Page 131 and 132: 3. Damascus bombing 18 July 2012 Fr
Page 133 and 134: 19. ^ "Damascus bomber was bodyguar
Page 135 and 136: Towns under Kurdish control As of 2
Page 137: Free Syrian Army Units [4] Commande
Page 141 and 142: a b 49. ^ "Syrian rebels, regime fo
show all

Syrian Civil War 2011-2012 - Societa italiana di storia militare

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?