Syrian Civil War 2011-2012 - Societa italiana di storia militare

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47. ^ "Violations Documenting Center" (in Arabic). Violations Documenting Center. 14 July 2012. http://www.vdcsy.org/. Retrieved 14 July 2012. 48. ^ Tremseh killings targeted rebels – UN monitors, RT, 2012-07-15 49. ^ "Syria denies UN claims it used heavy arms in Tremseh". BBC News Middle East. 15 July 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18846958. Retrieved 15 July 2012. 50. ^ "Syria in civil war, Red Cross says". BBC News Middle East. 15 July 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldmiddle-east-18849362. Retrieved 15 July 2012. 51. ^ "Ban and UN-Arab League envoy condemn latest attacks on Syrian civilians". Global Security. 13 July 2012. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/syria/2012/syria-120713- unnews02.htm?_m=3n%2e002a%2e555%2eau0ao03epe%2ei35. Retrieved 14 July 2012. 52. ^ "UN blames Syrian massacre on regime forces - World - CBC News". CBC News. 13 July 2012. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/07/13/syria-shelling-tremseh.html. Retrieved 14 July 2012. 53. ^ Constantine, Zoi (14 July 2012). "Syrian regime condemned for Tremseh massacre". The National. http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/syrian-regime-condemned-for-tremseh-massacre#page2. Retrieved 14 July 2012. 54. ^ Maliki’s Syria stance slammed 55. ^ "Malta condemns Tremseh massacre". Times of Malta. 17 July 2012. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120717/local/malta-condemns-tremseh-massacre.428959. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 56. ^ "China strongly condemns Syria massacre". CNTV. 14 July 2012. http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20120714/103355.shtml. Retrieved 14 July 2012. 57. ^ "Turkey condemns massacre in Syria's Hama". Anadolu Agency. 14 July 2012. http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/64636--turkey-condemns-massacre-in-syria-s-hama. Retrieved 14 July 2012. 58. ^ "Syria crisis: Tremseh 'massacre' - Friday 13 July 2012". The Guardian. 13 July 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/13/syria-hama-massacre-live. Retrieved 15 July 2012. 59. ^ "Assad Regime Massacre in Traymseh" (Press release). US Departent of State. 13 July 2012. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2012/07/195003.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2012. External links • Timeline: Syria's massacres as provided by BBC News, 13 July 2012 2. Battle of Damascus (15-29 July 2012) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Date 15 – 29 July 2012 Location Damascus, Syria Syrian Army victory Result • Syrian army repels rebel attack and forces the rebels out of some Damascus neighbouhoods • Four senior government officials killed in a bombing attack Belligerents Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army Commanders and leaders Qasem Sadedine Units involved Elements from Idlib, Raqqa, Hama and Homs groups [2] Strength 2,500 [3] -5,000 [4] fighters • 1,500 Idlib fighters [5] Unknown Casualties and losses 176 killed 15 wounded 145 captured [6][7][8][9][10][11] 14 vehicles destroyed [12] (government claim) 84 civilians killed** [21] *Figures updated to July 19. **Figures updated to July 21. Syrian government Syrian Army Shabiha Bashar Al-Assad Dawoud Rajiha † [1] Assef Shawkat † Fahd Jassem al-Freij Maher al-Assad Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar (WIA) Hasan Turkmani † Hisham Ikhtiyar † 3rd Armoured Division 4th Armoured Division Republican Guard Elements of other divisions 92-97 killed* [13] 130 wounded, [14][15] 3 tanks [16] and 1 AV [17] destroyed 1 AV captured [18] 3 helicopters shot down [19][20] (opposition claim)
The Battle of Damascus, also known as Operation Damascus Volcano, started on 15 July 2012 during the Syrian civil war. It is unclear who started the battle. Thousands of rebels infiltrated the capital from the surrounding countryside. Following this, according to some reports, the opposition forces launched an operation to capture the capital, while according to other reports, the military learned of the large-scale rebel operation beforehand and made a preemptive strike. Some reports even suggested the rebels launched the operation prematurely due to their plans being discovered by the security forces. After the rebels initially captured half a dozen districts and killed four high-ranking government ministers in a bombing, opposition forces were forced to retreat following a military counter-attack, leaving the army in control of the capital after two weeks of fighting. It was the first time tanks and helicopters had been deployed in central Damascus and left parts of the city as a warzone. Operation Damascus Volcano On 15 July, fierce fighting was reported in some quarters of central Damascus as the army moved in to dislodge rebels. The rebels fighting were the ones who were routed from Douma and other suburbs and fled to Damascus itself. Fighting also closed the road leading from central Damascus to airport. [22] The rebels were also on the offensive, attacking the Hajar al-Aswad district. [23] On 16 July, for a second day, heavy clashes in the southern Midan and Tadhamon districts of Damascus raged [24] with the military managing to surround the rebel forces in the area and sending tanks and other armored vehicles into the neighborhoods. The FSA had reportedly taken control of the two districts earlier and the military was making attempts to overrun it. [25] The rebels called the clashes a raid by them against the capital, [26] while the government called it a 48-hour military operation to clear the area of any opposition forces. There were also indications that the government knew about the planned rebel raid and acted on the information. According to state TV, the military killed over 80 rebel fighters during the fighting. [6] On 17 July, shooting was reported in one of the main central streets and machine-gun fire was reported in nearby Sabaa Bahrat Square, site of the Central Bank of Syria, which was the scene of several major pro-government demonstrations. [27] A brief firefight also erupted near the Syrian parliament building. [28] Fighting was ongoing in the southern Midan and Kfar Sousa districts and the northern Barzeh and Qabun districts. Artillery shelling was reported in all of them and specifically in Midan it was reported to be "hysterical", according to activists. At the same time, in Barzeh and Qabun, helicopter rocket strikes were reported. [27] Later, helicopter strikes were reportedly hitting all four neighborhoods. [29] The state-run news agency reported that rebel forces had retreated from the Nahr Aisha district to Midan, where fighting was continuing. [30] Army reinforcements were sent from the Golan Heights to help defend the capital. [31] This was confirmed by Israeli army intelligence. "The Syrian military is acting very brutally, which shows the regime is desperate. Its control of Damascus is getting weaker," Major General Aviv Kochavi told a parliamentary committee in Israel. [27] The rebels claimed to have killed 70 soldiers and pro-government militiamen in the previous two days of clashes, [14] while the government reported 14 rebel vehicles were destroyed [12] and an army officer stated that they killed 33 rebels, wounded 15 and captured 145 in the day's fighting in the Qaboun area, where the majority of opposition forces were reportedly. [7] An activist, Shakeeb al-Jabri, claimed that more than 200 soldiers had been killed or wounded in total. A deputy police chief, Brigadier General Issa Duba, was said to have died from wounds sustained during the clashes, according to a pro-Assad website. [15] The FSA stated they destroyed one armored vehicle and captured another and that, among the members of the Syrian military who were killed, were several rooftop snipers. [17][18] The opposition also claimed to have shot down an army helicopter in the Qaboun district. [19][27] There were contradictions among the rebels themselves on the nature of the conflict. One FSA commander declared that the Battle for liberation of Damascus had begun, [32] with another dubbing it Operation Damascus Volcano. [27] But Tarek, the rebel spokesman in Damascus, stated the clashes were still only skirmishes. He also said the FSA didn't start the battle, which would be in line with earlier reports that the military made a preemptive strike on the opposition forces, after learning of their plan for the attack on the capital. [33] Government Information Minister Omran Zoabi stated that the military confronted rebel forces who infiltrated the city, surrounded them and forced many to retreat, while the rest were still being dealt with. [19] RT reporter Maria Finoshina stated that fighting was nowhere near the level she experienced during the government assault on the suburb of Douma the previous week. She said that except for continuing occasional gunfire and military patrols “it doesn't seem like final or decisive battle for the capital". [34] Several videos of the fighting in the capital emerged during the day. [35][36] Damascus bombing Main article: 2012 Damascus bombing On 18 July, Syrian state TV reported that a suicide attack that targeted National Security headquarters in Damascus killed Syrian defense minister General Daoud Rajha during a meeting of ministers and a number of heads of (security) agencies. Many other VIPs were wounded and killed in the attack as well. [1] Also killed were Assef Shawkat, Bashar al-Assad's brother-in-law and deputy defense minister, [37] the assistant to the vice president general Hassan Turkomani [38][39] and Hafez Makhlouf, head of investigations at the Syrian Intelligence Agency. [40] The country's intelligence chief Hisham Bekhityar was seriously wounded. [41] There were conflicting reports on the fate of the Interior minister Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar with initial accounts stating that he had also been killed, but later state TV reported that he survived although wounded. [42] Additional reports stated that he was in stable condition. [43] The bomber was reportedly a bodyguard of one of the meeting attendant. [44] The opposition meanwhile claimed that the cause of the explosion was not a suicide bomber, but that a rebel insider planted bombs inside of the building and detonated it remotely from a distant location. [45] Also, during the night, residents reported that an army barracks near Qasr Asha'b (Palace of the People), about a hundred meters from the presidential palace itself, came under heavy fire with residents posting video showing a fire, but no explosions were heard. [1] Earlier in the day, SANA stated that government troops were pushing into the Midan district. At the same time, SOHR relayed that the Barzeh and Qaboun districts were under helicopter attack. [46] Fighting was also reported in the Kfar Souseh and Nahr Aisha districts. [47] After the bombing, the Free Syrian Army claimed that army troops had withdrew from the Midan district. However, less than an hour later, state TV was claimed to be broadcasting live footage of clashes in the neighborhood. According to Al-Jazeera, the military shelled the district. Early in the evening, opposition activists reported that Midan was raided by the military. The FSA meanwhile moved its troops to the al-Sabina area. [48] Residents in the Barzeh district, where rebels were holding out earlier, reported that only government troops were to be found in the neighborhood's streets. [49] Opposition activists claimed that Syrian army commander Mohammad al-Bardan defected to the rebel side along with his soldiers [48] and Al Arabiya reported that soldiers from 3rd Armored Division were withdrawing from several Damascus districts and leaving their tanks behind following the bombing. [50] However, this was not independently confirmed or relayed by other news media. Reuters reported that the Syrian Army escalated its response to the bombing by firing on suburbs from artillery batteries located on a mountain overlooking Damascus. [51] Al Jazeera meanwhile reported that FSA was able to shot down two helicopters that have been shelling Tadamon and Al-Hajjar al-Aswad districts. As before, this report could not be independently verified due to restrictions placed on the journalists. [48] A monitoring group, SOHR, reported that 60 soldiers had been killed on the third and fourth day of fighting. [52] The security forces gave resident 48 hours to flee the fighting area. One military source told that
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Syrian Civil War Сирийские
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