Russian Nuclear Weapons: Past, Present, and Future

5. Andrei A. Gromyko, “To Be Remembered,” Vol. II, Moscow,
Russia: Politizdat, 1990, p. 221.
6. The Russians pride themselves on being the first in the
world to test a prototype ballistic missile interceptor on March
4, 1961, at the Sary-Shagan testing ground near Lake Balkhash.
(See “The Birth of System ‘A’,” Voenno-Promyshlennyi Kurier, Vol.
33, No. 149, August 5, 2006, in Russian, available from www.vpknews.ru/article.asp?pr_sign=archive.2006.149.articles.army_03).
The
warhead used was a conventional one and intercepted a ballistic
missile of the R-12 type that was moving at the speed of 3 km per
second. See Stanislav Menshikov, “Missile Defense: A Russian
Perspective,” ECAAR-Russia Paper, July 21, 2002, available from
www.fastcenter.ru/ecaar/UNdraft.PDF).
7. See Anatolii Dobrynin, Highly Confidential. Ambassador in
Washington under Six U.S. Presidents, 1962-1986, Moscow, Russia:
Avtor Publishers, 1997, in Russian, p. 133.
8. Ibid., pp. 150-152.
9. Menshikov.
10. See “Missile Defense and the ABM Treaty, A Status Report,”
Fact Sheet, Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute, June 2001, available from editors.sipri.se/
pubs/Factsheet/Missile_defence.pdf.
11. Pavel Podvig, ed., Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces, (With
contributions from Oleg Bukharin, Timur Kadyshev, Eugene Miasnikov,
Pavel Podvig, Igor Sutyagin, Maxim Tarasenko, and Boris
Zhelezov), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 620-622.
12. See R. M. Dyachkov, “The History of the Conclusion of the
Treaty on Limiting Antiballistic Missile Defense of 1972,” IX International
Conference “Lomonosov-2002,” available from www.hist.
msu.ru/Science/LMNS2002/23.htm.
13. See A. A. Gromyko, A. A. Bessmertnykh, P. Zhilin, G.
M. Kornienko, and V.F. Petrovskii, eds., The Struggle of the USSR
against Nuclear Danger, Arms Race and for Disarmament. Documents
and Materials, Moscow, Russia: Politizdat, 1987, in Russian.
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