Full text - Faculty of Social Sciences - Université d'Ottawa
Full text - Faculty of Social Sciences - Université d'Ottawa Full text - Faculty of Social Sciences - Université d'Ottawa
86 IPC Review 3 responsibility for crime and safety. It underlines the emergence of a quite different way of looking at, and responding to the individual, community, social and economic problems which can lead to crime and victimization, and of understanding the complexities of working out that new approach. As ICPC’s (2008) International Report underlines, there is very clear progress in understanding the need for crime prevention internationally, and how it can be undertaken. Prevention is not a static concept; it is constantly evolving and it requires the continuing development of a widening range of sectors, professionals, practitioners, communities, and tools. There is some irony in the fact that Solomon suggests that part of the failure in England and Wales to tackle youth behaviours and offending is because there has been too little emphasis on addressing its underlying structural causes (until recently the major objective of the federal Canadian approach), and too much focus on reducing victimization and re-offending (closer to the current federal Canadian approach). Peter Homel makes a similar point that the National Crime Prevention Centre’s 2007 Blueprint for Effective Crime Prevention places greater stress on risk factors rather than underlying causes. While it adheres to some of the principles outlined in the 2002 UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime, not all those principles are included, nor is the emphasis in both the 1995 and 2002 UN guidelines adopted by ECOSOC, on the importance of local government, and the role of local actors, including city governments and the police, in partnership with local populations. YOUTH AND COLLECTI V E VIOLENCE References International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC). (2008). International report on crime prevention and community safety. Montreal: International Centre for the Prevention of Crime. United Nations Economic and Social Council (UN ECOSOC). (1995). Guidelines for the prevention of urban crime. Resolution 1995/9, Annex. New York: UN ECOSOC. United Nations Economic and Social Council (UN ECOSOC). (2002). Guidelines for the prevention of crime. 11 th Commission on the prevention of crime and criminal justice. Resolution 2002/13, Annex. New York: UN ECOSOC.
Volume 3: pages 89–116 March/mars 2009 www.ipc.uOttawa.ca Revue de L’ IPC R E V I E W Gang Violence Among Youth and Young Adults: (Dis)Affiliation and the Potential for Prevention Melanie Bania PhD Candidate, Department of Criminology Research Associate, Institute for the Prevention of Crime University of Ottawa Résumé Les taux de violence et les incidents liés aux gangs de jeunes ne sont pas distribués au hasard; ils sont perpétrés et vécus par un petit nombre de personnes et concentrés dans les quartiers les plus vulnérables aux difficultés économiques et à l’exclusion sociale. Cet article examine les dispositions socio-économiques actuelles et leur influence, autant sur la répartition des possibilités offertes aux adolescents et aux jeunes adultes que sur leur perception d’être dans une position d’exclusion. Ce sentiment de désaffiliation sociale motive la participation de plusieurs dans des gangs de rue. Il est proposé que la réponse à la violence liée aux gangs et à l’utilisation des armes à feu parmi les adolescents et les jeunes adultes devra aller au-delà des stratégies courantes de répression et de prévention qui mettent l’accent sur les caractéristiques des individus et des quartiers défavorisés afin de prendre une approche préventive plus « sociale ». La situation dans la ville de Toronto au cours des dernières années est utilisée pour illustrer les principaux thèmes de l’argument. Abstract Rates and incidents of gang-related youth violence are not randomly distributed; they are perpetrated and experienced by a small number of people, and concentrated in areas of our cities that are the most vulnerable to economic hardship and social exclusion. This article examines current
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86 IPC Review 3<br />
responsibility for crime and safety. It underlines the emergence <strong>of</strong> a quite<br />
different way <strong>of</strong> looking at, and responding to the individual, community,<br />
social and economic problems which can lead to crime and victimization,<br />
and <strong>of</strong> understanding the complexities <strong>of</strong> working out that new approach. As<br />
ICPC’s (2008) International Report underlines, there is very clear progress<br />
in understanding the need for crime prevention internationally, and how it<br />
can be undertaken. Prevention is not a static concept; it is constantly evolving<br />
and it requires the continuing development <strong>of</strong> a widening range <strong>of</strong> sectors,<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essionals, practitioners, communities, and tools.<br />
There is some irony in the fact that Solomon suggests that part <strong>of</strong> the failure<br />
in England and Wales to tackle youth behaviours and <strong>of</strong>fending is because<br />
there has been too little emphasis on addressing its underlying structural<br />
causes (until recently the major objective <strong>of</strong> the federal Canadian approach),<br />
and too much focus on reducing victimization and re-<strong>of</strong>fending (closer to the<br />
current federal Canadian approach). Peter Homel makes a similar point that<br />
the National Crime Prevention Centre’s 2007 Blueprint for Effective Crime<br />
Prevention places greater stress on risk factors rather than underlying causes.<br />
While it adheres to some <strong>of</strong> the principles outlined in the 2002 UN Guidelines<br />
for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Crime, not all those principles are included, nor is the<br />
emphasis in both the 1995 and 2002 UN guidelines adopted by ECOSOC, on<br />
the importance <strong>of</strong> local government, and the role <strong>of</strong> local actors, including city<br />
governments and the police, in partnership with local populations.<br />
YOUTH AND<br />
COLLECTI V E<br />
VIOLENCE<br />
References<br />
International Centre for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Crime (ICPC). (2008).<br />
International report on crime prevention and community safety.<br />
Montreal: International Centre for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Crime.<br />
United Nations Economic and <strong>Social</strong> Council (UN ECOSOC). (1995).<br />
Guidelines for the prevention <strong>of</strong> urban crime. Resolution 1995/9, Annex.<br />
New York: UN ECOSOC.<br />
United Nations Economic and <strong>Social</strong> Council (UN ECOSOC). (2002).<br />
Guidelines for the prevention <strong>of</strong> crime. 11 th Commission on the<br />
prevention <strong>of</strong> crime and criminal justice. Resolution 2002/13, Annex.<br />
New York: UN ECOSOC.
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