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78 IPC Review 3 Blueprint for Effective Crime Prevention in Canada 79 have identified such programs through meta-analyses of evaluation studies of their effectiveness. For example, for children below the age of 12, Stop Now and Plan (SNAP) or the Boys and Girls Clubs’ mentoring programs have been recognized as model programs. For adolescents, Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Fast Track are examples of promising interventions. And for young adults, Quantum Opportunities is an example of a promising intervention. On the basis of an analysis of the existing scientific literature, and considering the Canadian context, the NCPC has decided to give priority to funding twelve model or promising programs that target these groups and address known risk factors associated with crime and offending. This said, very few of these interventions have been rigorously tested in Canada, so their impacts are not well known. Furthermore, evaluation studies have not always identified the key elements of the processes that make these programs work. For example, more needs to be learned about the specific characteristics of successful interventions (context, duration, intensity) or the type of professionals or organizations required to deliver them and, in particular, what and when to adapt them to best respond to the needs and priorities of local communities. Having adopted a strong focus on demonstrable results, and being very conscious of the need to build longer-term sustainability for the most effective programs, the NCPC has built an internal evaluation capacity to oversee multi-site evaluation studies of the priority model and promising projects. These evaluation studies, using the most rigorous available designs (whenever possible a quasi-experimental design with comparable control group and longitudinal follow-up of the clients) will aim to measure the effectiveness (impacts) and cost-effectiveness (in selected cases) of these interventions. Once effectiveness has been well established and more is known about “the how”, the NCPC will work with its partners to identify appropriate ways to ensure that these interventions are sustained. A good policy translates into concrete and effective action, so bridging the “implementation gap” is possibly the most challenging task in crime prevention. Adopting an evidence-based strategy presents many challenges for communities and practitioners: the knowledge base may not be accessible to them and they may not have the tools or experience to implement model and promising programs; they must also overcome the traditional resistance to adopting models that do not have local roots. As such, active knowledge transfer and dissemination of practical knowledge on effective crime prevention practices are fundamental elements of the NCPC’s focus and activities. More specifically, the NCPC conducts a series of activities designed to promote, disseminate and foster the successful use of the knowledge base of effective practices. The NCPC will continue to build its knowledge base, from research reports reviewing the knowledge in a given domain, to fact sheets on evaluated programs designed to inspire practice. But publications, whether physical or electronic, can only go so far in helping to build the capacity of practitioners and communities. In response, the NCPC also organizes a series of interactive knowledge transfer and dissemination activities aimed at its own program managers (who work directly with communities), its provincial and territorial partners, and community-based organizations. The implementation of the NCPS rests in particular on funding purposefully selected promising and model programs in multiple sites, and the NCPC is keenly aware that practitioners require information and support. So the NCPC: makes available detailed information to funding recipients on these promising and model programs (implementation fact sheets); organizes very focused training sessions steered by a duo composed of a developer and a deliverer of a given promising or model program; ensures that the funding agreement includes a provision for in-depth training and continuous followup of the service providers; orchestrates communities of practice both for program managers within the Centre, and for recipient organizations in order to ensure that practitioners in various parts of the country benefit from the experience of others; and schedules yearly knowledge to practice seminars on specific issues such as youth gangs, evaluation in Aboriginal communities, and youth at-risk. In conclusion, the NCPC remains committed to continuing to play an active and collaborative role in the development and implementation of a national crime prevention strategy for Canada, and to continuing to work in partnership with the Provinces and Territories, municipal orders of government, and with communities and organizations interested in contributing to the goal of a safer and more secure Canada. The National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) is attempting to address the challenges and difficulties described by Homel and Solomon in a number of ways including the development of effective crime prevention policies, a commitment to evidence-based practices, selective interventions, a focus on evaluation, and by achieving strategic partnerships and local collaboration to deliver good and sustainable crime prevention.
Volume 3: pages 81–86 March/mars 2009 www.ipc.uOttawa.ca Revue de L’ IPC R E V I E W Lessons for Canadian Crime Prevention: Cultural Shifts and Local Flexibilities Margaret Shaw International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) This volume of the IPC Review contains two very significant articles, written from the privileged position of hindsight by two very skilled observers. Peter Homel’s Lessons for Canadian crime prevention from recent international experience and Enver Solomon’s New Labour and crime prevention in England and Wales: What worked? offer a wealth of experience and advice based primarily on the recent history of criminal justice and prevention initiatives in Australia and England and Wales. In 2008, ICPC published its first International Report on Crime Prevention & Community Safety 1 , providing an opportunity to assess the evolution, maturation and growth of crime prevention internationally. These articles offer some valuable detail and commentary on some of the international trends identified in that report. Enver Solomon is a political scientist whose analysis draws on his recent “independent audits” of ten years of criminal justice and youth justice reforms in England and Wales, under Tony Blair’s Labour government. Peter Homel has the dual distinction of having undertaken a major evaluation of the Crime Reduction Programme in England and Wales, which formed a crucial part of Tony Blair’s crime strategy, and of evaluating and observing many of Australia’s recent crime prevention initiatives, as well as some of those in New Zealand and the US. This enables him to reflect on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of central government intervention in crime and its prevention. In the late 1990’s England and Wales was seen as a poster child for crime prevention in place of “endless law enforcement”. The enactment of mandatory Local Crime Reduction Partnerships and Youth Offending Teams provided as 1 Visit http://www.crime-prevention-intl.org.
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