A Comprehensive Comparison of Lexemes in the ... - SIL International

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Acknowledgments Dozens of people helped with the data and analysis of this lexicon and with the preparation of the manuscript. Specifically, Ruben Aiyoh, Pastor Joshua Jimmy Ioanavir, Eliud Kapan and his wife Miriam, Tom Napikou, Jymi Nokout and his wife Anita, Pastor Peter Rei, Jacob Willie, Daniel Yahi, and Kilion Yo assisted as informants. In addition, Greg and Beth Ann Carlson, Erik and Michele Stapleton, and Tim Zylstra provided their dictionaries, expertise, and opinions on the lexical entries and analysis of North Tanna, Kwamera, and Lenakel respectively, while John Lynch provided guidance on Proto South Vanuatu. My wife Mendy helped me tremendously with the compilation of the SW Tanna dictionary. Chuck Grimes, David Healey, and Ross and Lyndal Webb gave valuable feedback on the analysis section of the lexicon. Finally, Dirk Kievit spent countless hours editing the manuscript. I take full responsibility for any errors remaining. v
Abstract Tanna Island in Vanuatu has five major languages and perhaps as many as two dozen dialects. However, only a few grammar sketches and dictionaries have been published on the languages of Tanna. In this document, more than 1,700 of the commonly used lexemes in all of the five major languages as well as a dialect spoken on Tanna are presented in one volume. Rather than eliciting the data from wordlists based on the lingua franca, the lexemes have been gleaned from fulllength dictionaries compiled by three linguists who have worked for a combined experience of 34 years on Tanna Island. A comparative analysis based on this lexical data has made it possible to determine degrees of similarity between all of the island’s languages. The dissimilarity in lexemes across languages has also been revealing, as it has shown idiosyncrasies of each of the languages. The comparative analysis at times has helped determine whether a particular lexeme is polysemous (i.e., having a range of related meanings) or whether the different meanings are homophones (i.e., different lexemes that are identical in form). It has also helped in establishing patterns of phonological changes and intra-island migration paths. Finally, while the languages of Tanna vary slightly in terms of their phonologies, this study has established a phonemic, island-wide orthography based on the lexical data. vi
Page 1 and 2: DigitalResources SIL eBook 34 ® A
Page 3 and 4: SIL e-Books 34 ©2012 SIL Internati
Page 5: Section B. Lexicon Appendix A.Nearl
Page 9 and 10: 1 Section A. Background Chapter 1.
Page 11 and 12: 3 Map 1. Map of Tanna: Language are
Page 13 and 14: 5 Compiling comprehensive dictionar
Page 15 and 16: 7 Table 1.4. Potential errors when
Page 17 and 18: 9 Table 2.1. Consonant corresponden
Page 19 and 20: 11 hyphens refer to word-initial, w
Page 21 and 22: 13 (10) show-off N Kwamera: yemamso
Page 23 and 24: 15 (15) shelter N Kwamera: Lenakel:
Page 25 and 26: 17 Table 2.4. (Nearly) identical ka
Page 27 and 28: 19 necessary. Dictionaries in N Tan
Page 29 and 30: 21 (23) take feces out of intestine
Page 31 and 32: 23 (27) Kwamera hymn with English t
Page 33 and 34: 25 There are also variations in how
Page 35 and 36: 27 Section B. Lexicon. Notes: 1) Ph
Page 37 and 38: 29 Lenakel: N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha
Page 39 and 40: 31 Whitesands: mɨne anger N kros K
Page 41 and 42: 33 hips; (5) support oneself with o
Page 43 and 44: 35 Lenakel: nəuəlɨ* N Tanna: noa
Page 45 and 46: 37 barren, be V/A no save bonem pik
Page 47 and 48: 39 be bad tasting V/A See bland, be
Page 49 and 50: 41 be dried up V/A See dried up, be
Page 51 and 52: 43 belch; bleat V /INTR sakem win K
Page 53 and 54: 45 be proud V/A See proud, be be si
Page 55 and 56: 47 bicker; argue (1) V/TR agu Kwame
Page 57 and 58:
49 bleed; menstruate V/INTR blad i
Page 59 and 60:
51 book N See pattern bore a hole V
Page 61 and 62:
53 branches for birds to nest in N
Page 63 and 64:
55 Lenakel: əmtətiapɨn N Tanna:
Page 65 and 66:
57 calm, be (1) V/A See peaceful Va
Page 67 and 68:
59 carver; hypocrite giaman Kwamera
Page 69 and 70:
61 Kwamera: əm̃ ai Lenakel: əm̃
Page 71 and 72:
63 circumcision; penis wrapper; bra
Page 73 and 74:
65 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: coar
Page 75 and 76:
67 coconut leaf torch N See torch m
Page 77 and 78:
69 SW Tanna: okrig Vaha: oklig† W
Page 79 and 80:
71 cousin N See cross-cousin; paral
Page 81 and 82:
73 crash; bash V i kilim Kwamera: L
Page 83 and 84:
75 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: crum
Page 85 and 86:
77 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesa
Page 87 and 88:
79 Kwamera: eivini Lenakel: eanean
Page 89 and 90:
81 dew; condensation wota blong nae
Page 91 and 92:
83 disobey V brekem toktok Kwamera:
Page 93 and 94:
85 Vaha: mak Whitesands: mak See al
Page 95 and 96:
87 Lenakel: mərh N Tanna: mətu SW
Page 97 and 98:
89 easy; slow; gentle; easily; slow
Page 99 and 100:
91 ramaklah N Tanna: nɨki* tatəkl
Page 101 and 102:
93 karemaot long graon Kwamera: Len
Page 103 and 104:
95 Vaha: Whitesands: faint V ae i b
Page 105 and 106:
97 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: See
Page 107 and 108:
99 fire faea Whitesands: apə See a
Page 109 and 110:
101 Whitesands: noanao †fr. Bis.
Page 111 and 112:
103 flood N bigfala wota Kwamera: L
Page 113 and 114:
105 fork in the road N rod i seraot
Page 115 and 116:
107 Vaha: Whitesands: təm rɨm Vah
Page 117 and 118:
109 N Tanna: koko SW Tanna: koko Va
Page 119 and 120:
111 go around (1) V/INTR See happen
Page 121 and 122:
113 Lenakel: rɨp* N Tanna: tɨp̃
Page 123 and 124:
115 Kwamera: əjai Lenakel: əjai N
Page 125 and 126:
117 Lenakel: nɨpkəlu* N Tanna:
Page 127 and 128:
119 have diarrhea (2) See run V hav
Page 129 and 130:
121 Kwamera: kum̃ er, kurpəs Lena
Page 131 and 132:
123 hillside N saed blong wan hil K
Page 133 and 134:
125 Hong Kong taro (Xanthosoma sagi
Page 135 and 136:
127 N Tanna: osiəhau atɨp SW Tann
Page 137 and 138:
129 Kwamera: uvnihi, əghan Lenakel
Page 139 and 140:
131 interpret (1) V eksplenem Kwame
Page 141 and 142:
133 Kwamera: Lenakel: N Tanna: SW T
Page 143 and 144:
135 lastborn N lasbon Kwamera: kwə
Page 145 and 146:
137 Whitesands: nelk* See also (1)
Page 147 and 148:
139 Linckia laevigata N See blue st
Page 149 and 150:
141 look like s.o. or s.th. V/TR Se
Page 151 and 152:
143 make s.th. level V See spread o
Page 153 and 154:
145 Lenakel: əwai-əwai N Tanna: a
Page 155 and 156:
147 midget; mythical dwarf N sotfal
Page 157 and 158:
149 morning star N moning sta Kwame
Page 159 and 160:
151 murmur V/INTR See hum muscle al
Page 161 and 162:
153 need V See love V nettles N See
Page 163 and 164:
155 nundei, sidaon long ples we san
Page 165 and 166:
157 Kwamera: narɨs Lenakel: noanea
Page 167 and 168:
159 orgasm, have an V See have sexu
Page 169 and 170:
161 Kwamera: təpag* Lenakel: təpa
Page 171 and 172:
163 Vaha: Whitesands: †See scoope
Page 173 and 174:
165 Lenakel: N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vah
Page 175 and 176:
167 Vaha: Whitesands: hu arfwəi pl
Page 177 and 178:
169 pour liquid out of s.th. V/TR k
Page 179 and 180:
171 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whites
Page 181 and 182:
173 Kwamera: Lenakel: N Tanna: SW T
Page 183 and 184:
175 quiet, be V/INTR See stop cryin
Page 185 and 186:
177 Vaha: Whitesands: ətəuatəu
Page 187 and 188:
179 reveal V talemaot bakgraon Kwam
Page 189 and 190:
181 roll up s.th. (1), such as a ma
Page 191 and 192:
183 Whitesands: See also chief yerm
Page 193 and 194:
185 Vaha: Whitesands: kɨsətu əht
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
189 Kwamera: əvriwe Lenakel: əvra
Page 199 and 200:
191 sharpen s.th. V/TR See cut s.th
Page 201 and 202:
193 See also (1) hit the bull’s e
Page 203 and 204:
195 N Tanna: əni SW Tanna: əni Va
Page 205 and 206:
197 slave (1) N slef Kwamera: yo tu
Page 207 and 208:
199 Whitesands: təkaku See also ka
Page 209 and 210:
201 Lenakel: aunɨpɨn N Tanna: emk
Page 211 and 212:
203 spill out of the mouth, not all
Page 213 and 214:
205 spread out s.th.; make s.th. le
Page 215 and 216:
207 Whitesands: məhau See also (1)
Page 217 and 218:
209 N Tanna: nəvitok SW Tanna: nə
Page 219 and 220:
211 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whites
Page 221 and 222:
213 Kwamera: meri Lenakel: mɨt N T
Page 223 and 224:
215 N Tanna: nəu SW Tanna: nɨkwə
Page 225 and 226:
217 TB N See hunger (3) teeth, gnas
Page 227 and 228:
219 Vaha: kap̃əliu Whitesands: r
Page 229 and 230:
221 third person dual object pronou
Page 231 and 232:
223 throw s.th. by flicking of the
Page 233 and 234:
225 tomorrow ADV tumora Kwamera: r
Page 235 and 236:
227 Vaha: Whitesands: †See lead t
Page 237 and 238:
229 N Tanna: noekoeko SW Tanna: nar
Page 239 and 240:
231 two NUM tufala Kwamera: kəru L
Page 241 and 242:
233 SW Tanna: ətawə Vaha: asə Wh
Page 243 and 244:
235 volition (2) N See inside of s.
Page 245 and 246:
237 wart N strongskin Kwamera: Lena
Page 247 and 248:
239 SW Tanna: əvəvhao Vaha: əvə
Page 249 and 250:
241 which REL See that; which while
Page 251 and 252:
243 Kwamera: nətaan Lenakel: — N
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
247 wounded, be (2) i soa Kwamera:
Page 257 and 258:
249 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: you
Page 259 and 260:
251 Appendix A.Nearly identical lex
Page 261 and 262:
253 Appendix B. Birds of Vanuatu in
Page 263 and 264:
255 Abbreviations The table below l
Page 265 and 266:
257 Lynch, John, and Terry Crowley.
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