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20 means ‘dig’ and kɨt means ‘lead.’ These are two separate entries, confirming that there is no semantic connection; they are simply homonyms in SW Tanna. 10 (21) dig V/TR lead V/TR Kwamera: eri Kwamera: iri Lenakel: ilh Lenakel: ir N Tanna: el, il N Tanna: it SW Tanna: kɨr SW Tanna: kɨr Vaha: kɨl Vaha: kɨt Whitesands: il Whitesands: it The SW Tanna name for Aniwa Island, situated off the east coast of Tanna, is imɨr, which seems to be derived from i (from ikɨn ‘place’) + mɨrh ‘sun,’ i.e., ‘place where the sun rises.’ However, when the lexeme is compared to Whitesands, it becomes apparent that it is a coincidence that SW Tanna’s name for Aniwa could mean ‘place of the sun.’ In Whitesands, the name for Aniwa is imɨt, but the word for sun is mɨtɨgar. As shown in example (22), the word for ‘festival of exchanging food with cousins’ and ‘casuarina’ (a kind of tree) are both nier in SW Tanna, while in Lenakel, N Tanna, and Vaha they are both niel. Do we have here a case of two homonyms or of multiple senses of one lexeme? In Whitesands, ‘casuarina’ is niel, but ’festival of exchanging food with cousins’ is nieli, and in Kwamera the contrast is between nier and nieri. As shown further in example (22), the word for ‘crosscousin’ patterns like ‘festival of exchanging food with cousins.’ Since there is no obvious semantic correlation between ‘casuarina’ and ‘cross-cousin’ or ‘festival of exchanging food with cousins,’ and taking into account the phonological differences between the lexemes in Whitesands and Kwamera, we may conclude that they are just homonyms in Lenakel, N Tanna, SW Tanna, and Vaha. (22) festival of exchanging food with cousins N casuarina N cross-cousin N Kwamera: nieri Kwamera: nier Kwamera: *ieri Lenakel: niel Lenakel: niel Lenakel: ta* iel N Tanna: niel N Tanna: niel N Tanna: rəh* iel SW Tanna: nier SW Tanna: nier SW Tanna: kapa* ier Vaha: niel Vaha: niel Vaha: kapa* iel Whitesands: nieli Whitesands: niel Whitesands: rəh *ieli In Kwamera, ‘take feces out of intestines from an animal’ and ‘dip’ are both eitesi, as shown in example (23). Based just on this data, it seems possible that there is a semantic connection between the two. However, comparison with the lexemes in the other languages of Tanna indicates that the two are not semantically related. They are just homonyms in Kwamera. 10 There is the possibility that kit and kil were originally one lexeme with multiple senses but the two senses then took on idiosyncratic phonological changes to distinguish between them. However, this seems less likely given the fact that the senses are quite distinct to begin with.
21 (23) take feces out of intestines from an animal V dip V/TR Kwamera: eitesi Kwamera: eitesi Lenakel: ətkerɨn Lenakel: el N Tanna: əgəlɨn N Tanna: er SW Tanna: əhi SW Tanna: eires Vaha: əhi Vaha: eiel Whitesands: eiəh Whitesands: el In SW Tanna and Vaha, the lexeme for ‘whip a person or animal’ seems to be a reduplication of the lexeme for ‘carry someone on a stretcher; fasten something.’ This gives the impression that these two glosses are multiple senses of a single lexeme. There is little doubt that ‘whip a person or animal’ and ‘fasten something’ are semantically related, as both verbs involve working with ropes. However, because they are phonologically contrastive in Lenakel, N Tanna, and Whitesands (/a/ and /ə/ being contrastive in Tanna languages), these two verbs cannot be treated as multiple senses of the same lexeme. (Note also that Kwamera’s lexemes for these two verbs differ significantly.) 11 (24) carry s.o. on a stretcher; fasten s.th. V/TR PSV *avis 12 whip a person or animal V/TR Kwamera: ərihi Kwamera: ətəkwus Lenakel: əlis Lenakel: alis-alis N Tanna: əlis N Tanna: alis-alis SW Tanna: arkɨs SW Tanna: arkɨs-arkɨs Vaha: alkɨs Vaha: alkɨs-alkɨs Whitesands: əlis Whitesands: alis-alis As shown in example (25), in SW Tanna the lexemes for ‘throw something elongated, such as a spear,’ ‘clap; slap,’ and ‘set something upright’ are identical: ərɨp. This might suggest they are semantically related. But the diverse lexemes in the other languages of Tanna indicate they are probably just homonyms in SW Tanna. (Note that Vaha and Whitesands also have homonyms for ‘clap; slap’ and ‘set something upright.’) (25) throw s.th. elongated, set s.th. upright such as a spear V/TR clap; slap V/TR V/TR Kwamera: erɨp Kwamera: ep̃i Kwamera: ərpi Lenakel: eipatkin Lenakel: apatkin Lenakel: eipatkin N Tanna: argin N Tanna: əf N Tanna: em SW Tanna: ərɨp SW Tanna: ərɨp SW Tanna: ərɨp Vaha: alɨp Vaha: əlɨp Vaha: əlɨp Whitesands: arəg lan Whitesands: emh Whitesands: emh 11 It should be noted that there are numerous examples in Tanna languages where /ə/ is contrastive with /a/. 12 From Lynch (2001:306).
Page 1 and 2: DigitalResources SIL eBook 34 ® A
Page 3 and 4: SIL e-Books 34 ©2012 SIL Internati
Page 5 and 6: Section B. Lexicon Appendix A.Nearl
Page 7 and 8: Abstract Tanna Island in Vanuatu ha
Page 9 and 10: 1 Section A. Background Chapter 1.
Page 11 and 12: 3 Map 1. Map of Tanna: Language are
Page 13 and 14: 5 Compiling comprehensive dictionar
Page 15 and 16: 7 Table 1.4. Potential errors when
Page 17 and 18: 9 Table 2.1. Consonant corresponden
Page 19 and 20: 11 hyphens refer to word-initial, w
Page 21 and 22: 13 (10) show-off N Kwamera: yemamso
Page 23 and 24: 15 (15) shelter N Kwamera: Lenakel:
Page 25 and 26: 17 Table 2.4. (Nearly) identical ka
Page 27: 19 necessary. Dictionaries in N Tan
Page 31 and 32: 23 (27) Kwamera hymn with English t
Page 33 and 34: 25 There are also variations in how
Page 35 and 36: 27 Section B. Lexicon. Notes: 1) Ph
Page 37 and 38: 29 Lenakel: N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha
Page 39 and 40: 31 Whitesands: mɨne anger N kros K
Page 41 and 42: 33 hips; (5) support oneself with o
Page 43 and 44: 35 Lenakel: nəuəlɨ* N Tanna: noa
Page 45 and 46: 37 barren, be V/A no save bonem pik
Page 47 and 48: 39 be bad tasting V/A See bland, be
Page 49 and 50: 41 be dried up V/A See dried up, be
Page 51 and 52: 43 belch; bleat V /INTR sakem win K
Page 53 and 54: 45 be proud V/A See proud, be be si
Page 55 and 56: 47 bicker; argue (1) V/TR agu Kwame
Page 57 and 58: 49 bleed; menstruate V/INTR blad i
Page 59 and 60: 51 book N See pattern bore a hole V
Page 61 and 62: 53 branches for birds to nest in N
Page 63 and 64: 55 Lenakel: əmtətiapɨn N Tanna:
Page 65 and 66: 57 calm, be (1) V/A See peaceful Va
Page 67 and 68: 59 carver; hypocrite giaman Kwamera
Page 69 and 70: 61 Kwamera: əm̃ ai Lenakel: əm̃
Page 71 and 72: 63 circumcision; penis wrapper; bra
Page 73 and 74: 65 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: coar
Page 75 and 76: 67 coconut leaf torch N See torch m
Page 77 and 78: 69 SW Tanna: okrig Vaha: oklig† W
Page 79 and 80:
71 cousin N See cross-cousin; paral
Page 81 and 82:
73 crash; bash V i kilim Kwamera: L
Page 83 and 84:
75 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: crum
Page 85 and 86:
77 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesa
Page 87 and 88:
79 Kwamera: eivini Lenakel: eanean
Page 89 and 90:
81 dew; condensation wota blong nae
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83 disobey V brekem toktok Kwamera:
Page 93 and 94:
85 Vaha: mak Whitesands: mak See al
Page 95 and 96:
87 Lenakel: mərh N Tanna: mətu SW
Page 97 and 98:
89 easy; slow; gentle; easily; slow
Page 99 and 100:
91 ramaklah N Tanna: nɨki* tatəkl
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93 karemaot long graon Kwamera: Len
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95 Vaha: Whitesands: faint V ae i b
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97 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: See
Page 107 and 108:
99 fire faea Whitesands: apə See a
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101 Whitesands: noanao †fr. Bis.
Page 111 and 112:
103 flood N bigfala wota Kwamera: L
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105 fork in the road N rod i seraot
Page 115 and 116:
107 Vaha: Whitesands: təm rɨm Vah
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109 N Tanna: koko SW Tanna: koko Va
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111 go around (1) V/INTR See happen
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113 Lenakel: rɨp* N Tanna: tɨp̃
Page 123 and 124:
115 Kwamera: əjai Lenakel: əjai N
Page 125 and 126:
117 Lenakel: nɨpkəlu* N Tanna:
Page 127 and 128:
119 have diarrhea (2) See run V hav
Page 129 and 130:
121 Kwamera: kum̃ er, kurpəs Lena
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123 hillside N saed blong wan hil K
Page 133 and 134:
125 Hong Kong taro (Xanthosoma sagi
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127 N Tanna: osiəhau atɨp SW Tann
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129 Kwamera: uvnihi, əghan Lenakel
Page 139 and 140:
131 interpret (1) V eksplenem Kwame
Page 141 and 142:
133 Kwamera: Lenakel: N Tanna: SW T
Page 143 and 144:
135 lastborn N lasbon Kwamera: kwə
Page 145 and 146:
137 Whitesands: nelk* See also (1)
Page 147 and 148:
139 Linckia laevigata N See blue st
Page 149 and 150:
141 look like s.o. or s.th. V/TR Se
Page 151 and 152:
143 make s.th. level V See spread o
Page 153 and 154:
145 Lenakel: əwai-əwai N Tanna: a
Page 155 and 156:
147 midget; mythical dwarf N sotfal
Page 157 and 158:
149 morning star N moning sta Kwame
Page 159 and 160:
151 murmur V/INTR See hum muscle al
Page 161 and 162:
153 need V See love V nettles N See
Page 163 and 164:
155 nundei, sidaon long ples we san
Page 165 and 166:
157 Kwamera: narɨs Lenakel: noanea
Page 167 and 168:
159 orgasm, have an V See have sexu
Page 169 and 170:
161 Kwamera: təpag* Lenakel: təpa
Page 171 and 172:
163 Vaha: Whitesands: †See scoope
Page 173 and 174:
165 Lenakel: N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vah
Page 175 and 176:
167 Vaha: Whitesands: hu arfwəi pl
Page 177 and 178:
169 pour liquid out of s.th. V/TR k
Page 179 and 180:
171 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whites
Page 181 and 182:
173 Kwamera: Lenakel: N Tanna: SW T
Page 183 and 184:
175 quiet, be V/INTR See stop cryin
Page 185 and 186:
177 Vaha: Whitesands: ətəuatəu
Page 187 and 188:
179 reveal V talemaot bakgraon Kwam
Page 189 and 190:
181 roll up s.th. (1), such as a ma
Page 191 and 192:
183 Whitesands: See also chief yerm
Page 193 and 194:
185 Vaha: Whitesands: kɨsətu əht
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
189 Kwamera: əvriwe Lenakel: əvra
Page 199 and 200:
191 sharpen s.th. V/TR See cut s.th
Page 201 and 202:
193 See also (1) hit the bull’s e
Page 203 and 204:
195 N Tanna: əni SW Tanna: əni Va
Page 205 and 206:
197 slave (1) N slef Kwamera: yo tu
Page 207 and 208:
199 Whitesands: təkaku See also ka
Page 209 and 210:
201 Lenakel: aunɨpɨn N Tanna: emk
Page 211 and 212:
203 spill out of the mouth, not all
Page 213 and 214:
205 spread out s.th.; make s.th. le
Page 215 and 216:
207 Whitesands: məhau See also (1)
Page 217 and 218:
209 N Tanna: nəvitok SW Tanna: nə
Page 219 and 220:
211 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whites
Page 221 and 222:
213 Kwamera: meri Lenakel: mɨt N T
Page 223 and 224:
215 N Tanna: nəu SW Tanna: nɨkwə
Page 225 and 226:
217 TB N See hunger (3) teeth, gnas
Page 227 and 228:
219 Vaha: kap̃əliu Whitesands: r
Page 229 and 230:
221 third person dual object pronou
Page 231 and 232:
223 throw s.th. by flicking of the
Page 233 and 234:
225 tomorrow ADV tumora Kwamera: r
Page 235 and 236:
227 Vaha: Whitesands: †See lead t
Page 237 and 238:
229 N Tanna: noekoeko SW Tanna: nar
Page 239 and 240:
231 two NUM tufala Kwamera: kəru L
Page 241 and 242:
233 SW Tanna: ətawə Vaha: asə Wh
Page 243 and 244:
235 volition (2) N See inside of s.
Page 245 and 246:
237 wart N strongskin Kwamera: Lena
Page 247 and 248:
239 SW Tanna: əvəvhao Vaha: əvə
Page 249 and 250:
241 which REL See that; which while
Page 251 and 252:
243 Kwamera: nətaan Lenakel: — N
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
247 wounded, be (2) i soa Kwamera:
Page 257 and 258:
249 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: you
Page 259 and 260:
251 Appendix A.Nearly identical lex
Page 261 and 262:
253 Appendix B. Birds of Vanuatu in
Page 263 and 264:
255 Abbreviations The table below l
Page 265 and 266:
257 Lynch, John, and Terry Crowley.
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