A Comprehensive Comparison of Lexemes in the ... - SIL International

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10 (2) pregnant, be (early stage) V/TR Kwamera: əp̃əh məkuə Lenakel: ap̃əs mouk In the case of ‘curly, be’ in example (3) PSV *w remains in the Whitesands lexeme, but in Vaha it becomes /k w /. PSV *dr has become /r/ in Whitesands and /j/ in Vaha. (3) curly, be V/A Vaha: Whitesands: kwujinkwujin werinwerin As Table 2.1 indicates, PSV *r becomes /l/, /r/, or /y/. Therefore, the Kwamera and Lenakel lexemes for ‘grasp, feel’ in example (4) are cognates. In Lenakel, PSV *r has become /y/ and /ə/ has been dropped. (4) grasp; feel V/TR Kwamera: ərap Lenakel: yap Consonant switching is also a consideration when determining cognates. In the case of ‘float around’ in example (5), the position of /n/ relative to *s has switched in N Tanna, and PSV *s has become /h/. These two words are, therefore, treated as cognates. (5) float around V/INTR Kwamera: ənas N Tanna: əhan Likewise, in the case of ‘child’ in example (6), /n/ switches relative to *t in the case of Kwamera, and PSV *t has become /r/ in Lenakel. Therefore, these two words are also treated as cognates. (6) child N PSV *natu- 3 Kwamera: Lenakel: tɨni nɨrɨ* 2.1.1.2 Vowel correspondence Table 2.2 (next page), also based on Lynch’s study (Lynch 2001:203), shows vowel correspondence between modern Tanna languages and PSV. The table has been adapted to reflect modern representations of vowel values (especially /ɨ/) and to show the data from Vaha. Again, forms separated by 3 From Lynch (2001:304).
11 hyphens refer to word-initial, word-medial, and word-final position respectively, and parentheses indicate that the form is restricted to certain environments. Table 2.2. Vowel correspondence (after Lynch 2001:203). PSV Kwamera Lenakel N Tanna SW Tanna Vaha Whitesands *i i i i i i i *e i i, (ə) i, (ə) i, (ə) i, (ə) i, (ə) *a a, (ə), (o) a, (ə), a, (ə), a, (ə), (o) a, (ə), (o) a, (ə), (o) (o) (o) *(e) e e e e e e *ə ɨ-ɨ-a ɨ ɨ ɨ-ɨ-a ɨ-ɨ-a ɨ *o e-e-a, u, ɨ ə, u, ɨ ə, u, ɨ ə-ə-a, u, ɨ ə-ə-a, u, ɨ ə, u, ɨ *u u, (e), (i), (o) u, (o) u, (o) u, (e), (i), (o) u, (e), (i), (o) u, (o) If the lexemes for two languages are identical, or if their vowel values follow regular sound correspondences to PSV, they are considered cognates. For example, the SW Tanna and Whitesands lexemes for ‘bicker; argue’ in example (7) are considered cognates, since PSV *a is represented as either /ə/ or /o/ in modern Tanna languages. The vowel /ɨ/ is epenthetic and the final /u/ in SW Tanna is dropped, as SW Tanna drops final vowels. (7) bicker; argue V/TR SW Tanna: ətgoh Whitesands: orɨgəhu If two lexemes differ in any way not described by the above phonological shifts from PSV to modern Tannese languages, they are considered dissimilar in this study. Speakers of one language may recognize such lexemes in another language—and the lexemes may even ‘look alike’—but, for the purposes of this study, unless they meet the above phonological criteria, they are not considered cognates. 2.1.2 Non-phonological reasons for dissimilarity of cognate lexemes Based on a comparative analysis of the data collected in this study, I have noticed two non-phonological reasons why cognate lexemes may differ in form. The first reason is that a set of synonyms existed at one time in the Tanna lexicon, with some modern languages maintaining one lexeme and other modern languages adopting the synonym, and yet other languages maintaining both lexemes. The second reason is that compound words and abstract ideas are formed differently in different languages.
Page 1 and 2: DigitalResources SIL eBook 34 ® A
Page 3 and 4: SIL e-Books 34 ©2012 SIL Internati
Page 5 and 6: Section B. Lexicon Appendix A.Nearl
Page 7 and 8: Abstract Tanna Island in Vanuatu ha
Page 9 and 10: 1 Section A. Background Chapter 1.
Page 11 and 12: 3 Map 1. Map of Tanna: Language are
Page 13 and 14: 5 Compiling comprehensive dictionar
Page 15 and 16: 7 Table 1.4. Potential errors when
Page 17: 9 Table 2.1. Consonant corresponden
Page 21 and 22: 13 (10) show-off N Kwamera: yemamso
Page 23 and 24: 15 (15) shelter N Kwamera: Lenakel:
Page 25 and 26: 17 Table 2.4. (Nearly) identical ka
Page 27 and 28: 19 necessary. Dictionaries in N Tan
Page 29 and 30: 21 (23) take feces out of intestine
Page 31 and 32: 23 (27) Kwamera hymn with English t
Page 33 and 34: 25 There are also variations in how
Page 35 and 36: 27 Section B. Lexicon. Notes: 1) Ph
Page 37 and 38: 29 Lenakel: N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha
Page 39 and 40: 31 Whitesands: mɨne anger N kros K
Page 41 and 42: 33 hips; (5) support oneself with o
Page 43 and 44: 35 Lenakel: nəuəlɨ* N Tanna: noa
Page 45 and 46: 37 barren, be V/A no save bonem pik
Page 47 and 48: 39 be bad tasting V/A See bland, be
Page 49 and 50: 41 be dried up V/A See dried up, be
Page 51 and 52: 43 belch; bleat V /INTR sakem win K
Page 53 and 54: 45 be proud V/A See proud, be be si
Page 55 and 56: 47 bicker; argue (1) V/TR agu Kwame
Page 57 and 58: 49 bleed; menstruate V/INTR blad i
Page 59 and 60: 51 book N See pattern bore a hole V
Page 61 and 62: 53 branches for birds to nest in N
Page 63 and 64: 55 Lenakel: əmtətiapɨn N Tanna:
Page 65 and 66: 57 calm, be (1) V/A See peaceful Va
Page 67 and 68: 59 carver; hypocrite giaman Kwamera
Page 69 and 70:
61 Kwamera: əm̃ ai Lenakel: əm̃
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63 circumcision; penis wrapper; bra
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65 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: coar
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67 coconut leaf torch N See torch m
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69 SW Tanna: okrig Vaha: oklig† W
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71 cousin N See cross-cousin; paral
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73 crash; bash V i kilim Kwamera: L
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75 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: crum
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77 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesa
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79 Kwamera: eivini Lenakel: eanean
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81 dew; condensation wota blong nae
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83 disobey V brekem toktok Kwamera:
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85 Vaha: mak Whitesands: mak See al
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87 Lenakel: mərh N Tanna: mətu SW
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89 easy; slow; gentle; easily; slow
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91 ramaklah N Tanna: nɨki* tatəkl
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93 karemaot long graon Kwamera: Len
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95 Vaha: Whitesands: faint V ae i b
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97 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: See
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99 fire faea Whitesands: apə See a
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101 Whitesands: noanao †fr. Bis.
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103 flood N bigfala wota Kwamera: L
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105 fork in the road N rod i seraot
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107 Vaha: Whitesands: təm rɨm Vah
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109 N Tanna: koko SW Tanna: koko Va
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111 go around (1) V/INTR See happen
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113 Lenakel: rɨp* N Tanna: tɨp̃
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115 Kwamera: əjai Lenakel: əjai N
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117 Lenakel: nɨpkəlu* N Tanna:
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119 have diarrhea (2) See run V hav
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121 Kwamera: kum̃ er, kurpəs Lena
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123 hillside N saed blong wan hil K
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125 Hong Kong taro (Xanthosoma sagi
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127 N Tanna: osiəhau atɨp SW Tann
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129 Kwamera: uvnihi, əghan Lenakel
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131 interpret (1) V eksplenem Kwame
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133 Kwamera: Lenakel: N Tanna: SW T
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135 lastborn N lasbon Kwamera: kwə
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137 Whitesands: nelk* See also (1)
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139 Linckia laevigata N See blue st
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141 look like s.o. or s.th. V/TR Se
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143 make s.th. level V See spread o
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145 Lenakel: əwai-əwai N Tanna: a
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147 midget; mythical dwarf N sotfal
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149 morning star N moning sta Kwame
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151 murmur V/INTR See hum muscle al
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153 need V See love V nettles N See
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155 nundei, sidaon long ples we san
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157 Kwamera: narɨs Lenakel: noanea
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159 orgasm, have an V See have sexu
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161 Kwamera: təpag* Lenakel: təpa
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163 Vaha: Whitesands: †See scoope
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165 Lenakel: N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vah
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167 Vaha: Whitesands: hu arfwəi pl
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169 pour liquid out of s.th. V/TR k
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171 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whites
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173 Kwamera: Lenakel: N Tanna: SW T
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175 quiet, be V/INTR See stop cryin
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177 Vaha: Whitesands: ətəuatəu
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179 reveal V talemaot bakgraon Kwam
Page 189 and 190:
181 roll up s.th. (1), such as a ma
Page 191 and 192:
183 Whitesands: See also chief yerm
Page 193 and 194:
185 Vaha: Whitesands: kɨsətu əht
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Page 197 and 198:
189 Kwamera: əvriwe Lenakel: əvra
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191 sharpen s.th. V/TR See cut s.th
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193 See also (1) hit the bull’s e
Page 203 and 204:
195 N Tanna: əni SW Tanna: əni Va
Page 205 and 206:
197 slave (1) N slef Kwamera: yo tu
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199 Whitesands: təkaku See also ka
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201 Lenakel: aunɨpɨn N Tanna: emk
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203 spill out of the mouth, not all
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205 spread out s.th.; make s.th. le
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207 Whitesands: məhau See also (1)
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209 N Tanna: nəvitok SW Tanna: nə
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211 N Tanna: SW Tanna: Vaha: Whites
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213 Kwamera: meri Lenakel: mɨt N T
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215 N Tanna: nəu SW Tanna: nɨkwə
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217 TB N See hunger (3) teeth, gnas
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219 Vaha: kap̃əliu Whitesands: r
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221 third person dual object pronou
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223 throw s.th. by flicking of the
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225 tomorrow ADV tumora Kwamera: r
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227 Vaha: Whitesands: †See lead t
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229 N Tanna: noekoeko SW Tanna: nar
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231 two NUM tufala Kwamera: kəru L
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233 SW Tanna: ətawə Vaha: asə Wh
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235 volition (2) N See inside of s.
Page 245 and 246:
237 wart N strongskin Kwamera: Lena
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239 SW Tanna: əvəvhao Vaha: əvə
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241 which REL See that; which while
Page 251 and 252:
243 Kwamera: nətaan Lenakel: — N
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
247 wounded, be (2) i soa Kwamera:
Page 257 and 258:
249 SW Tanna: Vaha: Whitesands: you
Page 259 and 260:
251 Appendix A.Nearly identical lex
Page 261 and 262:
253 Appendix B. Birds of Vanuatu in
Page 263 and 264:
255 Abbreviations The table below l
Page 265 and 266:
257 Lynch, John, and Terry Crowley.
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