Sustainable Road Transport - SFFE

Sustainable Road Transport
Ann Mari Svensson
SINTEF Materials and Chemistry
Lunch meeting, 27.02.2008,
The Centre for Renewable Energy
”Renewable energy for improved
environment and creation of values”
www.sffe.no

Emissions from transportation
The transportation sector
contributes by 37 %
to the domestic
emission of GHGs
Aviation Railw ay
8 % 0 %
Ships
28 %
Personal
(car+bus)
46 %
Sources: Facts 2007, SSB
Trucks
18 %

Increase in road transportation (source: SSB)
~1.5%
~3.2 %
Estimated increase 1 :
Private vehicles: 0.7% (-> 2012) 0.8% (2012-2020)
Heavy vehicles: 1.7% (-> 2012) 0.9% (2012-2020)
1
St. meld. No 24, Nasjonal Transportplan 2006-2015

The transportation sector
Emissions from Transportation down by 78 %,
14,4 million tons CO 2 equ. within 2050
Low emission path:
50-80 % reduction by 2050,
Stabilize CO 2
at around 450 ppmv
(ca 550 ppmv CO 2
equiv.),
Temp increase ~3-4 o C
Source: Commission of Low Emissions, 2006

Options for reduction of GHG emissions
• More environmentally friendly fuels and energy
carriers, like
– electricity, biofuels and hydrogen
• More efficient vehicles
– Power trains with improved fuel/energy utilization
(including also hybrid vehicles and all-electric cars)
– Reduced weight of vehicles
• Reduction of the transportation
– Reduction of transportation work in terms of person km,
and ton km of transported goods
– Increased number of passengers per vehicle, public
transport, car-pooling etc.

Alternative technologies and fuels for emission
reduction
• Improved efficiency
(Existing and new technology)
– Combustion Hybrid
– Batteries drive
– Fuel cells
• Hybrid vehicles
– ~ 40% improvement of fuel econonomy,
city driving
- US: 1% market share 2005
– Toyota 61%, Honda 30%, Ford 5%, GM 4%
– Benefits, California (Air Resource Board):
• Federal Tax Deduction (US$ 2000)
• ”Clean Air Vehicle Stickers”
> 45 miles/gallon (CNG, H 2 og el-biler)
• Alternative fuels
– Ethanol
– Biodiesel
– Hydrogen
– NG/LNG
– LPG
– DME
Hytan
Hytan-fyllestasjon
fyllestasjon, Malmø

Transportation
Efficiency, „tank-to-wheel“, EDC
90 %
80 %
Elektrisk motor
70 %
1liter petrol=100%
Effektivitet
Private
car Driving
1997
(CCFA)
91% Idling
9%
Total amount of
Mechanical
energy to heat
energy
72%
19%
Kinetic
energy
Friction
16%
Heat loss
1%
cooling system
Loss,
auxiliarie
47% Heat loss,
2%
exhaust
Loss,
25%
Resistance
breakin
11%
5%
60 %
50 %
40 %
30 %
20 %
10 %
0 %
Hybrid
Bensinmotor
Turtall
Brenselcelle
Dieselmotor

Plug-in hybrids
Toyota plug-in hybrid,
Available 2010,
7 mile battery range
Source: Electric power research institute, 2006

Plug-in hybrids, typical fuel consumption: 40% of
conventional vehicles
Source: Electric power research institute, 2003

Hydrogen in the transportation sector: Vehicles
• Conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs)
– Otto engines (e.g., BMW, Ford)
– Wankel engine (Mazda)
• Hybrid vehicles (with ICEs converted to hydrogen)
– Hybridization with ICE as only power source (e.g., Toyota Prius)
– Plug-in hybrids (prototypes coming, e.g., Toyota, GM)
• Fuel cell vehicles
– Range extenders (e.g., Th!nk Hydrogen)
For lease: 20 000
NOK/month!!
HYNOR
– Weak or no hybridisation (e.g., Opel Zafira HydroGen 3)
– Strong hybrids (e.g., Toyota FCV and Honda FCX)
Toyota Prius Hydrogen Mazda RX8 BMW 7-series

Hydrogen supply and storage
• Renewable: Water electrolysis (commercially available, Norsk
Hydro++) alkaline electrolyzers, PEM electrolyzers
• Onboard storage, compressed hydrogen, 350 – 700 bar
• Challenges:
– Vehicles, infrastructure, costs, ”hen and egg”

Fuel cell activities, NTNU and SINTEF
Activities:
• Performance characterisation and evaluation
• Assessment of membrane/electrode degradation
• Effect of fuel impurities (CO, Cl 2 )
• Modelling (electrodes, single cells)
• Thermal effects
• Alternative fuels (reformed hydrogen,
methanol)

Hydrogen production, activities at NTNU
• PEM-water electrolysis
– From catalyst development to product
1997
2001
H 2 -production rate
Nm 3 H 2 /hour per m 2 electrode area
Cell voltage /Volt
0 5 10 15
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
PEM electrolyser
1.2
Alkaline electrolyser
1.0
0 10 20 30 40
4.4
3.9
3.4
2.9
2.4
Specific energy consumption
kWh/Nm 3 H2
2006
Current density / kA/m 2

Biofuels
• Could potentially contribute to significant GHG emission reductions
• 1st generation: bioethanol, biodiesel – from plants
• 2nd generation: bioethanol, biodiesel, flexible raw material,
incl. wood/waste wood/waste -> Norway
• Challenges: Competition with other applications
Domestic utilization of biomass:
• Domestic biomass resources: ca 14 TWh/year used for buildings/industry
(annual growth ~30 TWh/year)
• Ambitions for increased utilization:
Source: Tijmensen et al,
– 14 TWh/year (Klimameldingen)
– 20 TWh/year (NVE)
8 TWh/year
– 25 TWh/year (optimists)
• Challenges: Not yet commercial
Large scale production (2nd gen)

2nd generation biodiesel
• Synthetic biodiesel: ca 40% conversion efficiency from wood
Source: Concawe

Bioethanol
Conversion efficiency from wood ~ 30 – 35 %

Bio-alcohol Production from
Ligno-cellulosic Biomass
Lignocellulosic
biomass
Pre-treatment Hydrolysis Fermentation
Distillation or
separation
Wood, grain straw,
bagasse
Whole process
analysis
Physical separation of
the lignocellulosic fibers
Enzymatic or chemical
hydrolysis of cellulose
and hemicellulose to
release C6 and C5
mono-sugars
Fermentation of C6
and C5 mono-sugars
to alcohols by
microorganisms
Separation and
concentration of
alcohol
Nordic collaboration project
Internal SINTEF project
Evaluation of the
biorefinery
concept

Summary, alternative fuels and technology
Biofuel, Hybrid, All-electric, Hydrogen
Biofuel, Hybrid

Emissions from road transport
Propulsion
technology
Vehicle
Average age of
private cars (2006):
19.7 years
Distribution [%]
Ca 52% of person km on short trips (< 20 km)
25 %
20 %
15 %
10 %
5 %
0 %
< 1 km 1-1.9
km
Source: TØI
Fuel
2-2.9
km
3-4.9
km
5-9.9
km
Travel distance [km]
Drive pattern
10-
19.9
km
> 20
km
Average number of persons in car
Average number of persons per car
decreases over time
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0-2 km 2-5 km 5-10 km 10-20
km
20-50
km
Length of trip [km]
50-100
km
> 100
km

Scenarios for emission reduction
Scenario A: ”conventional” technologies
• Large scale, domestic production of biofuel, 20 TWh biomass,
reserved for heavy duty vehicles:
– 2012: FT plant, synthetic diesel, 8TWh biomass
– 2016: Small scale ethanol production, 4 TWh biomass
– 2022: FT plant for synthetic diesel, 8TWh
• Growth in transport demand is assumed according to public forecasts.
• Maximum number of electric vehicles:
31 % of the car park, corresponding to 1 car for every household with
2 or more cars.

Scenario A
Commission of Low Emissions
- is it at all possible?
Share of new cars
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Electric cars
Hybrid cars
Conv. cars
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year

Scenario A
Commission of Low Emissions
- is it at all possible?
100 %
Car pool
80 %
60 %
40 %
Electric cars
Hybrid vehicles
(fossil)
Conv. cars
20 %
0 %
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year

Scenario A
14
Commission of Low Emissions
- is it at all possible?
Mt CO2 equiv pa
12
10
8
6
4
Reference path
Bio+hybrid+electric
Low emission path
Bio + Plug-in
hybrid
2
0
2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
2040 2050 2060

Summary, results (scenario A)
• 62 % coverage of fuel for heavy duty vehicles from domestic biofuel
(20 TWh)
• Corresponding emission reduction (biofuel) is 2.2 Mton CO 2 equiv per
year
• 20 TWh biomass for residential heating
⇒ replace 15 TWh of electricity,
⇒ reduction of 12 Mton CO 2 equiv per year, electric vehicles
(Scandinavia)
• Electric vehicles (31% of all cars), 24 % of the total vehicle km
travelled, consumption of 2.2 TWh, emission reduction amounts to
2.2 Mton CO 2 equiv per year.

Scenario B: Extensive introduction of hydrogen
• In addition to the assumptions introduced for Scenario A,
the following is assumed:
– Extensive introduction of hydrogen vehicles from 2020.
In 2030-2035, all new cars purchased will be either
hydrogen vehicles, or electric vehicles.
=> Zero emission road transportation in 2050.

Scenario B
Commission of Low Emissions
- is it at all possible?
Share of new cars
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Hydrogen cars
Electric cars
Hybrid cars
Conventional cars
0.2
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year

Scenario B
100 %
Commission of Low Emissions
- is it at all possible?
Car pool
80 %
60 %
40 %
Hydrogen
Electric
Hybrid
Conventional
20 %
0 %
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Year

Commission of Low Emissions
- is it at all possible?
Scenario B
14
12
Mt CO2 equiv pa
10
8
6
4
2
Reference path
Bio+hybrid+el+H2 (ely)
Bio+hybrid+el+H2(NG,CCS)
Low emission path
”Other mobile sources”
Lack of biofuel for heavy vehicles
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year

Further implications, Scenario B
• Introduction of hydrogen
⇒ reduction of 4.5-5 Mton CO 2 equiv
• Power for hydrogen to FC vehicles (2050)
⇒ 12 TWh annually.
• NG to hydrogen (incl. CCS) for H2 ICE hybrid vehicles (2050)
⇒17 TWh NG (LHV).
• By gasification of 20 TWh biomass to hydrogen
⇒ reduction of 6.2 Mton CO 2 equiv per year in FC car
⇒ 3.8 Mton CO 2 equiv per year in a ICE H2 hybrid vehicle

Konklusjon
‣Stor utfordring å erstatte fossile
drivstoff – ressurser må utnyttes
optimalt!
‣Reduksjon av utslipp fra veitrafikk er
mulig, men tar lang tid.
Begynn nå!

SFFE
Contact Information
Director Johan Hustad, NTNU
E-mail: johan.e.hustad@ntnu.no
Co-ordinator Åse Lekang Sørensen
E-mail: ase.lekang.sorensen@ntnu.no
www.sffe.no

Teknologistatus
Brenselcellebiler (status 2007)
Specifications
Number of passengers 4
Motor
Max.
Output
Max.
Torque
Type
95kW (129PS, 127 horsepower)
256N•m (26.1kg•m, 188.8 lb-ft.)
AC synchronous motor (Honda mfg.)
• Honda Toyota
– Imponerende ytelse (se tabell t.h.)
– Rekkevidde 570 km!
• Effektivitet på 60%!
• Kostnad ikke oppgitt
Fuel cell
stack
Fuel
Type
Output
Type
Storage
Tank
Capacity
Dimensions (L×W×H)
Max. Speed
Energy Storage
Vehicle Range*
PEFC
(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,
Honda Mfg.)
100kW
Compressed hydrogen
High-pressure hydrogen tank (350atm
171 liters
4,760 × 1,865 × 1,445mm
(187.4 × 73.4 × 56.9 inches)
160km/h (100 mph)
Lithium Ion Battery
570km (354 miles)
* When driven in LA4 mode (Honda calculations)

Alternative fuels in transportation
100 %
90 %
80 %
Share of fuel
70 %
60 %
50 %
40 %
30 %
20 %
10 %
0 %
All no.2 cars (urban)
Primarily for trucks(ships)
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2055
2060
2065
Gasoline
Diesel
Hydrogen (Fuel Cells)
Hydrogen (ICE)
Electrical vehicles
Bio fuels
2070
2075
2080
2085
2090
2095
2100
2105