Heft36 1 - SFB 580 - Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Heft36 1 - SFB 580 - Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Heft36 1 - SFB 580 - Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
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POLISH BUSINESS REFERENCES LITERATUR – POLITICS RELATIONS<br />
NOTES<br />
1<br />
According to the FTSE group ranking (Sept. 2008), all EU15<br />
countries were classified within the group of 25 developed market<br />
economies in the world. Apart from Poland and Hungary,<br />
all the other new member states from Central Europe that joined<br />
the EU in 2004-2007 were still labelled as emerging markets;<br />
www.ftse.com.<br />
2<br />
In his classic essay, Radaelli (2000) defines Europeanization<br />
as ‘processes of construction, diffusion and institutionalization of<br />
formal and informal rules, procedures, policy paradigms, styles,<br />
‘ways of doing things’ and shared beliefs and norms which are<br />
first defined and consolidated in the making of EU decisions<br />
and then incorporated in the logic of domestic discourse, identities,<br />
political structures and public policies’. Understood as process<br />
of adaptation, Europeanization does not lead to homogenization.<br />
As abundant literature demonstrates, due to interaction,<br />
institutional systems undergo adaptation processes according to<br />
their own specific paths (Heritier 2005, Radaelli 2000, Ladrech<br />
1994).<br />
5<br />
Corporate governance is understood here as ‘legal and economic<br />
institutions constituting a system of formal and informal rules,<br />
determining the behaviour of entrepreneurs’ (Kozarzewski,<br />
2007).<br />
6<br />
For instance, Hungary has moved up 19 positions and Romania<br />
16 positions during the same period.<br />
7<br />
The phenomenon of clientelism constitutes a continuation of the<br />
nomenclature system of state socialism in many respects. It defines<br />
the asymmetric governance system, where decisions are taken in a<br />
fully discretionary way, and personal loyalty together with commitment<br />
to exchange goods of unequal value form the backbone of<br />
the relationship. In such a system, the patron uses public resources<br />
in pursuit of private benefits, as the division between public and<br />
private is blurred ( Jarosz, 2004). As for oligarchic patterns, they<br />
are based on social networks, direct contacts with politicians and<br />
administration, abuse of personal ties and reciprocity of favours<br />
( Jasiecki 2002). The classic example is the financing of political<br />
party activities by businessmen in exchange for privileged positions<br />
in public tenders.<br />
3<br />
The scope of this article does not allow for detailed explanation<br />
of the different understanding of lobbying, in particular, in<br />
contrast to notions of interest representation, or social and civil<br />
dialogue. For instance, the understanding of who a lobbyist is<br />
under Polish law is quite different from the definition used by<br />
the European Commission. I assume that lobbying constitutes<br />
one of the forms of interest representation, next to territorial<br />
parliamentary representation and corporatist representation<br />
(Łabno 2009). For different aspects with regard to the conceptualization<br />
of lobbying phenomenon in Polish literature, see:<br />
Wołpiuk 2004, Jasiecki 2006, Wiszowaty 2006, 2008.<br />
8<br />
In these cases, the focus on building a blocking minority in the<br />
Council of the EU was not sufficient, as the main political battle<br />
took place in the European Parliament. With the expanding competences<br />
of the European Parliament (also with the intialization<br />
of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009), the Council appears to<br />
be losing its crucial bargaining position within the EU decisionmaking<br />
process. This puts the efficiency of the national route of<br />
lobbying into question even further. For details on the lobbying<br />
campaigns with regard to the above mentioned legislative acts,<br />
see: Petsch (2006), Gazeta Wyborcza (2007a, 2007b).<br />
Seite Page page 58<br />
4<br />
There are three transformation models identified, namely capitalism<br />
from below, capitalism from above and capitalism from<br />
without. The first model stipulated that a new private market<br />
sector emerged in the shadow of old socialist redistributive<br />
economy. The second one pointed to the attempts of the socialist<br />
nomenclature to transform the system, while converting<br />
themselves into the grand bourgeoisie and using<br />
the resources (political and social capital) acquired<br />
under the previous institutional setting. Finally, the<br />
third model accounts for dominant impact of foreign<br />
capital and ownership in the transformation process<br />
(King, Szelenyi in Smelser, Swedberg, 2005).