Report - School of Physics

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The working group membership was established by the chair and co-chair: the report is not a result of consultation with the community as a whole. The experts contributed considerable information for the report, but the conclusions and recommendations are the responsibility of the members. Chair: Michael Perryman ESA Co-Chair: Olivier Hainaut ESO Members: Dainis Dravins Lund Alain Léger IAS Andreas Quirrenbach Leiden Heike Rauer DLR ECF support: Florian Kerber ESO–ECF Bob Fosbury ESA–ECF Experts: François Bouchy OHP Marseilles COROT Fabio Favata ESA Eddington Malcolm Fridlund ESA Darwin Roberto Gilmozzi ESO OWL Anne-Marie Lagrange LAOG Grenoble Planet Finder Tsevi Mazeh Tel Aviv Transits Daniel Rouan Obs de Paris-Meudon Genie Stephane Udry Genève Radial velocity Joachim Wambsganss Heidelberg Microlensing Catherine Cesarsky (ESO) Álvaro Giménez Cañete (ESA) March 2005 iii
Contents 1 Survey of the Field 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 The Search for Earth-Mass Planets and Habitability . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Present Limits: Ground and Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 The Period 2005–2015 9 2.1 Ground Observations: 2005–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.1 Radial Velocity Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.2 Transit Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.1.3 Reflected Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1.4 Microlensing Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1.5 Astrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.1.6 Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.1.7 Other Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 Space Observations: 2005–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.1 Space Transit Measurements: COROT, Kepler and Eddington 28 2.2.2 Space Astrometry Missions: Gaia and SIM . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2.3 Space-Based Microlensing: MPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.4 Other Space Missions: JWST, Spitzer, SOFIA . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Summary of Prospects 2005–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3 The Period 2015–2025 40 3.1 Ground Observations: 2015–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.1.1 OWL/ELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.1.2 Observations at an Antarctic Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2 Space Observations: 2015–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2.1 Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 iv
Page 2 and 3: Report by the ESA-ESO Working Group
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Page 13 and 14: Figure 2: Detection domains for met
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Page 17 and 18: Table 1: A summary of completed, op
Page 19 and 20: chemical composition of the primord
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Page 23 and 24: it passes behind the star. They arg
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Page 35 and 36: 2.2 Space Observations: 2005-2015 I
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3.2 Space Observations: 2015-2025 T
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Table 8: Detection capabilities: Ea
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3.2.3 Terrestrial Planet Finder (TP
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∼ 5 × 10 5 m, or 1.5 × 10 −4
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of Earth-like planets in general, a
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4 The Role of ESO and ESA Facilitie
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Figure 7: Links between detection m
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4.2.3 Summary of Follow-Up Faciliti
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4.4 Astrophysical Characterisation
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Without any further mission dedicat
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and their suitability for supportin
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overlap of public and research inte
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2.4. Evaluate observation time for
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A Space Precursors: Interferometers
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B Beyond 2025: Life Finder and Plan
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C ESO 1997 Working Group on Extra-S
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Table 10: ESO Working Group 1997: R
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Charbonneau, D., Brown, T. M., Noye
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Pedretti, E., Labeyrie, A., Arnold,
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