Defects in inorganic photorefractive materials and their investigations
Defects in inorganic photorefractive materials and their investigations
Defects in inorganic photorefractive materials and their investigations
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14 B. Briat et al.<br />
<strong>in</strong>terchanges of Li <strong>and</strong> Nb, Nb Li +Li Nb . By prob<strong>in</strong>g the crystallographic order<br />
of stoichiometric specimens by EPR <strong>and</strong> ENDOR, us<strong>in</strong>g a low concentration<br />
of Cr 3+ ions as paramagnetic probes, it was demonstrated [12, 48] that such<br />
crystals are really ’regularly’ ordered.<br />
Extr<strong>in</strong>sic defects <strong>in</strong> congruent LN:<br />
defect references<br />
defect references<br />
Ti 3+<br />
Li<br />
[16, 49, 50]<br />
Cr 3+<br />
Li<br />
[51, 52, 53, 54] 2Cr 3+<br />
Li<br />
[55]<br />
Mn 2+<br />
Li<br />
[56, 57, 58, 59, 60]<br />
Fe 3+ Li<br />
[57, 61, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65] Fe 2+ Li<br />
[66]<br />
Co 2+<br />
Li<br />
[67, 68, 69]<br />
Ni + Li<br />
[70, 71] Ni 2+<br />
Li<br />
[72]<br />
Cu 2+<br />
Li<br />
[71] Nd 3+<br />
Li<br />
[73, 52]<br />
Gd 3+<br />
?<br />
[74, 75] Tb 4+<br />
?<br />
[76]<br />
Dy 3+<br />
?<br />
[52] Er 3+<br />
?<br />
[77, 52, 78]<br />
Yb 3+<br />
?<br />
[73, 79]<br />
⋆ For Mößbauer studies of Fe see Chapter 5 of this volume<br />
⋆⋆ <strong>in</strong>vestigated by thermally detected EPR<br />
Extr<strong>in</strong>sic defects <strong>in</strong> congruent LN, co-doped with Mg or Zn:<br />
defect references<br />
Ti 3+<br />
Nb<br />
[80]<br />
[81, 82, 83]<br />
Cr 3+<br />
Nb<br />
Fe 3+<br />
?<br />
[41, 84, 28]<br />
Extr<strong>in</strong>sic defects <strong>in</strong> stoichiometric LN:<br />
defect references<br />
Cr 3+<br />
Nb [85]<br />
Fe 3+<br />
?<br />
[64]<br />
Mn 2+<br />
Li<br />
[86]<br />
Tb 3+<br />
?<br />
[76]<br />
Nd 3+<br />
?<br />
[12]<br />
Yb 3+<br />
?<br />
[12, 87]<br />
Table 1. Extr<strong>in</strong>sic defects <strong>in</strong> LiNbO 3