Total marine fisheries extractions by country in the Baltic Sea

30.06.2014 Views
12 Total marine fisheries extractions by country in the Baltic Sea: 1950-present, Rossing, Booth and Zeller Unreported % = unallocated catches /(total cod landings – Sweden‘s cod landings) In order to account for historical and political differences, the former eastern bloc countries (East Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and the Russian Federation) were treated separately from western countries. The western countries, which already had market economies in 1950, were assumed to have unreported landings throughout the time period considered here. As there were no reports documenting unreported landings prior to 1993, we used an assumption-based approach to derive an anchor point for 1980 and 1950. For 1950, it was conservatively assumed that unreported landings were 5% of the reported landings, while for 1980, unreported landings were assumed to have been half the 1993 estimated rate (Table 2). For the former eastern bloc countries, with state controlled economies in the early years, it was assumed that there was no incentive to not report all landings because prices for different species were similar enough to discourage mis-reporting (R. Oeberst, pers. comm., Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut). Thus, unreported landings by eastern countries were conservatively set to zero from 1950 to 1990, and then linearly interpolated to 1993, the first year when estimates of unreported catches were available (Table 2). Atlantic salmon: Unreported landings of salmon are not presented in the ICES stock assessment results database; however, some information on unreported landings of salmon were available from ICES working group reports (ICES, 2008b). The working group reports Baltic-wide estimates of the mode, minimum and maximum of unreported landings for all Baltic countries combined from 1981- 2007. Countries whose reported landings data included recreational catches (Denmark, Finland, and Sweden; see Table 2.1.2 in ICES, 2008b) had anchor points derived in a slightly different manner than countries that did not report recreational catches. Table 2. Default anchor points (%) used for estimating unreported landings of eastern cod stocks in the Baltic Sea based on ICES (2007, Table 2.3.1). Dashes (-) indicate years of linear interpolation between anchor points. Eastern cod Year Western countries Eastern countries 1950 5.0 a 0.0 b 1951-1979 - 0.0 b 1980 31.1 c 0.0 b 1981-1990 - 0.0 b 1991-1992 - - 1993 62.2 62.2 1994 103.0 103.0 1995 30.0 30.0 1996 10.0 10.0 1997-1999 - - 2000 46.0 46.0 2001 47.6 47.6 2002 46.6 46.6 2003 61.5 61.5 2004 52.9 52.9 2005 46.4 46.4 2006 47.9 47.9 2007 43.2 43.2 a assumption of 5% of reported landings; b assumption of zero unreported catches; c assumption of ½ the estimated rate for 1993. Thus, we used two separate assumption-based approaches to estimate salmon IUU catches: a) for Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, whose reported landings in Table 2.1.2 in ICES (2008b) included estimates of recreational catches, we utilized both the mode and the minimum value of unreported landings from the ICES salmon working group report (Table 2.1.2 in ICES, 2008b) to estimate country specific unreported salmon catches. The mode was used prior to countries reporting recreational catches, and after countries started to report recreational catches the minimum was used; and b) for all other countries, whose reported landings data in Table 2.1.2 in ICES (2008b) did not include recreational catches, we used the mode value of unreported landings from Table 2.1.2 in ICES (2008b) to estimate country specific unreported catches. In keeping with the assumption-based approach, the former eastern bloc countries were assumed to report all landings, and thus, were conservatively assumed to have no unreported landings from 1950-1990 (Table 3). To account for the shift to market economies and the associated underreporting incentives, linear interpolations were made between 1990 and the first anchor point in 1993 based on the above described method for estimating unreported landings. Prior to applying this method to the western countries, a correction was applied to reported landings, as it was assumed that the eastern bloc countries reported all landings of salmon prior to 1990. For the earlier time periods, assumption-based approaches were used, but when unreported landings were first documented in ICES working group data, the estimates of unreported landings between 1950 and 1990 for western countries in each year were calculated as, Unreported landings % = mode of unreported catches/[total reported landings – eastern bloc landings]

Total marine fisheries extractions by country in the Baltic Sea: 1950-present, Rossing, Booth and Zeller 13 In 1950, West Germany‘s unreported landings of salmon were assumed to be 5% of reported landings and linear interpolations were used to the first anchor point in 1981 (Table 4). After 1981, West Germany‘s unreported landings were based on the mode. Finland has reported its recreational catches since 1953, and in order to estimate unreported landings of salmon, we set the 1950 rate to 5% of ICES reported landings and linearly interpolated to the mode estimate in 1981, but used the minimum value from 1981- 2007. Sweden and Denmark started to report recreational catches in 1988 and 1998, respectively, and thus were treated differently than Germany and Finland. In these cases, it was also assumed that the 1950 unreported rate was 5%, and linear interpolations were carried out to the first unreported landings rate using the adjusted unreported landings percentage for each year i.e., Unreported landings % = min of unreported catches /[total reported landings– eastern bloc landings] Table 3. Default anchor points (%) used for estimating unreported landings of Atlantic salmon in the Baltic Sea for the former eastern bloc countries based on Table 2.1.2 in ICES (2008b). Dashes (-) indicate years of linear interpolation between anchor points. Year Rate (%) Year Rate (%) 1950-1990 0.0 a 2000 19.9 1991-1992 - 2001 20.4 1993 19.4 2002 20.5 1994 18.7 2003 20.1 1995 19.5 2004 20.6 1996 20.4 2005 20.7 1997 20.8 2006 22.2 1998 20.1 2007 21.4 1999 20.4 a assumption of zero unreported catches. For Finland, Sweden and Denmark, the minimum estimate was used for the year that recreational catches (1981, 1988 and 1998, respectively) were included in the reports to ICES. Thus, for Finland, the 1950 estimate of unreported catches was 5% in 1950 and this rate was linearly interpolated to the mode-based rate for 1981. However, since Finland started to report its recreational catches in 1981, the estimate of unreported landings for the 1981-2007 time period were based on the minimum rate-based estimate of unreported catches (Table 4). Table 4. Default anchor points (%) used for estimating unreported landings of Atlantic salmon in the Baltic Sea for western countries reporting recreational catches (Finland, Sweden and Denmark), and for Germany based on Table 2.1.2 in ICES (2008b). Dashes (-) indicate years of linear interpolation between anchor points. Year Finland Sweden Denmark Germany Year Finland Sweden Denmark Germany 1950 5.0 a 5.0 a 5.0 a 5.0 a 1993 6.0 b 5.9 b 19.4 c 19.4 c 1951-1979 - - - - 1994 6.0 b 5.9 b 18.7 c 18.7 c 1980 19.9 b 19.9 c 19.9 c 19.9 c 1995 6.0 b 6.2 b 19.5 c 19.5 c 1981 6.0 b 20.4 c 20.4 c 20.4 c 1996 6.0 b 6.4 b 20.4 c 20.4 c 1982 6.0 b 20.7 c 20.7 c 20.7 c 1997 6.0 b 6.5 b 20.8 c 20.8 c 1983 7.0 b 22.6 c 22.6 c 22.6 c 1998 6.7 b 6.7 b 6.7 b 20.1 c 1984 6.0 b 20.7 c 20.7 c 20.7 c 1999 6.6 b 6.6 b 6.6 b 20.4 c 1985 6.0 b 19.7 c 19.7 c 19.7 c 2000 6.8 b 6.8 b 6.8 b 19.9 c 1986 7.0 b 22.0 c 22.0 c 22.0 c 2001 6.6 b 6.6 b 6.6 b 20.4 c 1987 6.0 b 21.4 c 21.4 c 21.4 c 2002 6.5 b 6.5 b 6.5 b 20.5 c 1988 7.0 b 7.1 b 22.2 c 22.2 c 2003 6.7 b 6.7 b 6.7 b 20.1 c 1989 7.0 b 7.1 b 22.6 c 22.6 c 2004 6.0 b 6.0 b 6.0 b 20.6 c 1990 7.0 b 7.2 b 24.4 c 24.4 c 2005 6.2 b 6.2 b 6.2 b 20.7 c 1991 6.0 b 5.8 b 19.5 c 19.5 c 2006 6.0 b 6.0 b 6.0 b 22.2 c 1992 6.0 b 5.6 b 20.1 c 20.1 c 2007 6.5 b 6.5 b 6.5 b 21.4 c a assumption of 5% of reported landings; b based on minimum value; c based on mode value. Other taxa: Baltic-wide, unreported landings were reported separately for salmon and the eastern and western cod stocks, but no other information regarding Baltic-wide unreported landings was found. Thus, to estimate unreported catches for all remaining species listed in the ICES reported landings statistics, (n = 151), an assumption-based approach was used based on the estimates of unreported landings of cod and salmon. The anchor points for all other species were based on the 1993, 1994, 2004 and 2005 cod and salmon anchor points, which were years when data on unreported landings existed for salmon and the two stocks of cod, simultaneously. The rates for unreported landings both calculated as illustrated above for these two species were averaged and then halved, and these modified rates were used as anchor points for the other species (Table 5). Thus, it was assumed that the other species had unreported landings rates that were half the average rate of underreporting of cod and salmon. Linear interpolations were made between the 1994 and 2004 anchor points, and the 2005 anchor point was carried forward in time. Going back in time to 1950, the eastern and western countries were treated differently. For western countries, the 1950 rate was set to 5 %, and for 1980 the anchor point was set to one-half of the 1993 anchor point, and linear

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