Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review
Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review
Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review
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900 M. Heads<br />
Figure 14 Ceyx (ˆ Alcedo, ˆ Alcyone) azureus at its western limit:<br />
subspecies <strong>in</strong> N Moluccas, Tanimbar, Aru Is., Western Papuan Is.<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea. There are three other races <strong>in</strong> NES Australia <strong>and</strong><br />
Tasmania. C. pusillus also ranges from Solomons, Queensl<strong>and</strong> west<br />
through <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea to Halmahera <strong>and</strong> Obi (C. p. halmaherae).<br />
Figure 16 Monarcha at its north-western limit (hatched l<strong>in</strong>e).<br />
Monarcha pileatus Salvadori, with subspecies on Halmahera, Buru,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Tanimbar. M. trivirgatus (Temm<strong>in</strong>ck), also disjunct <strong>in</strong><br />
Queensl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Louisiade Is. (arrow), M. julienae (Ko®au), <strong>and</strong><br />
M. brehmii (Schlegel) (Misool, Biak I.) with af®nities to Manus <strong>and</strong><br />
Bismarck Archipelago species (arrow).<br />
Figure 15 The six species <strong>of</strong> Eos: E. histrio P.L.S.MuÈ ller (Talaud<br />
Is.), E. squamata (Boddaert): Obi (obiensis), Maju I. (atrocaerulea),<br />
N Moluccas (ric<strong>in</strong>iata), Western Papuan Is. (nom<strong>in</strong>ate). E. cyanogenia<br />
Bonaparte (Geelv<strong>in</strong>k Bay isl<strong>and</strong>s), E. reticulata (S.Muller):<br />
Tanimbar <strong>and</strong> Kai Is., E. bornea L<strong>in</strong>naeus (S Moluccas, Kai Is.),<br />
E. semilarvata Bonaparte (Seram). The related Chalcopsitta <strong>and</strong><br />
Pseudeos occur on ma<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong> <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea.<br />
Artamus leucorhynchus leucopygialis Gould) also have a NE<br />
Australia ± <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea ± Moluccas distribution more or less<br />
the same as that <strong>of</strong> Paradisaeidae.<br />
In beetles, Chrysomelidae subfamily Hisp<strong>in</strong>ae has twentyone<br />
genera <strong>in</strong> <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea, fourteen <strong>of</strong> which range west<br />
only to the Moluccas (Gressitt, 1982a). Likewise <strong>in</strong> frogs,<br />
Microhylidae subfamily Asterophry<strong>in</strong>ae is endemic to <strong>New</strong><br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea <strong>and</strong> the Moluccas (Richards et al., 2000), <strong>and</strong> the<br />
genus Nyctimestes Stejneger (Hylidae) has a range practically<br />
identical to that <strong>of</strong> the birds <strong>of</strong> <strong>paradise</strong>: <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
(most species), the Milne Bay isl<strong>and</strong>s, northern Australia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the northern Moluccas (Zweifel, 1958; Tyler, 1968).<br />
The lizard genera Eugongylus Fitz<strong>in</strong>ger <strong>and</strong> Carlia Gray also<br />
range through <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea west to the Moluccas (Greer,<br />
1974).<br />
Many characteristic plants <strong>of</strong> Australasian <strong>and</strong> Melanesian<br />
ra<strong>in</strong>forests also have a north-western limit at the<br />
Moluccas. For example, <strong>in</strong> the seed plants, Himat<strong>and</strong>raceae<br />
(compris<strong>in</strong>g Galbulimima F.M. Bail.) is <strong>in</strong> NE Australia,<br />
<strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea, <strong>and</strong> the Moluccas (Cr<strong>of</strong>t, 1978) like the<br />
Paradisaeidae. A group <strong>of</strong> four genera <strong>in</strong> Cunoniaceae:<br />
Spiraeanthemum A. Gray (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Acsmithia Hoogl<strong>and</strong>),<br />
Gillbeea F. Muell., Aistopetalum Schlechter <strong>and</strong> Brunellia<br />
Ruiz & Pav., forms a basal clade <strong>in</strong> the family, sister group<br />
to the rest, <strong>and</strong> occurs <strong>in</strong> Central America, Polynesia, NE<br />
Queensl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea <strong>and</strong> the Moluccas (Hufford &<br />
Dickison, 1992). Other plant taxa which break <strong>of</strong>f range<br />
westward at the Moluccas <strong>in</strong>clude the fern Leptopteris Presl<br />
(van Balgooy, 1966a,b), the conifers Decussocarpus de<br />
Laub. sect. Decussocarpus (de Laubenfels, 1984) <strong>and</strong> Papuacedrus<br />
Li (Li, 1953), the monocots P<strong>and</strong>anus sect.<br />
Maysops St John (Stone, 1992), Com<strong>in</strong>sia Hemsl., Helmholtzia<br />
F. Muell. (Johns & Hay, 1981), Drymophloeus Zipp.<br />
(Zona, 1999), Gulubia Becc. (Drans®eld, 1993), Glossorhyncha<br />
Ridley (Smith, 1979±1996), <strong>and</strong> Pterostylis R.Br.<br />
(de Vogel, 1975a), <strong>and</strong> the dicots Levieria Becc. (Philipson,<br />
1986), Pararistolochia Hutch. & Dalz. (re-appear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Africa) (Parsons, 1996), Rhyticaryum Becc., Polypor<strong>and</strong>ra<br />
Becc. (Sleumer, 1971), Hollrungia K. Schum. (de Wilde,<br />
1975), Hugonia sect. Dur<strong>and</strong>ea Planch. (van Balgooy,<br />
1993), Dubouzetia Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris (Coode,<br />
1987), Schle<strong>in</strong>itzia Warb. (de Vogel, 1975b; as Prosopis<br />
<strong>in</strong>sularum (Guill.) Bret.), Archidendron ser. Stipulatae<br />
(Mohl) Nielsen, A. ser. Pendulosae (Mohl) Nielsen, <strong>and</strong><br />
A. ser. Morolobiae (Kosterm.) Nielsen (Nielsen et al., 1984),<br />
Pullea Schlechter (Hoogl<strong>and</strong>, 1979; cf. Hufford & Dickison,<br />
Ó Blackwell Science Ltd 2001, Journal <strong>of</strong> Biogeography, 28, 893±925