Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review
Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review
Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review
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908 M. Heads<br />
Figure 30 The distribution <strong>of</strong> Paradisaea rudolphi <strong>in</strong> central<br />
PNG (there are additional records <strong>of</strong> P. r. rudolphi further SE).<br />
Figure 32 Orchidaceae. Corybas royenii Kores (triangles), Dendrobium<br />
kerewense van Royen (stars), D. guttatum J.J. Smith (squares),<br />
D. semeion van Royen (squares) (the af®nities <strong>of</strong> this species with<br />
West Irian species are <strong>in</strong>dicated by arrow), D. chamaephytum<br />
Schlechter (cont<strong>in</strong>uous l<strong>in</strong>e), D. euryanthemum Schlechter (cont<strong>in</strong>uous<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e), D. kerigomnense van Royen (at K ˆ Mount Kerigomna),<br />
D. auranti¯avum van Royen (dots connected by dotted<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e), D. alp<strong>in</strong>um van Royen (hatched l<strong>in</strong>e) <strong>and</strong> D. teligerum van<br />
Royen (broken l<strong>in</strong>e).<br />
Figure 31 The distribution <strong>of</strong> Loboparadisaea <strong>in</strong> the PNG Highl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
(L. s. sericea extends further west).<br />
other species have races on the outly<strong>in</strong>g Schrader Range,<br />
north <strong>of</strong> the craton marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> between the Jimi <strong>and</strong> Ramu<br />
Rivers, that are dist<strong>in</strong>ct from birds <strong>in</strong> the rema<strong>in</strong>der <strong>of</strong> the<br />
highl<strong>and</strong>s: Melidectes rufocrissalis Reichenow, M. belfordi<br />
De Vis, <strong>and</strong> Astrapia stephaniae.<br />
It is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g that parts <strong>of</strong> the Schrader terrane strongly<br />
resemble the northern part <strong>of</strong> the Owen Stanley terrane<br />
geologically (Pigram & Davies, 1987). If the Schrader<br />
terrane should prove to be a dismembered portion <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Owen Stanley terrane it would imply a left-lateral <strong>of</strong>fset <strong>of</strong> c.<br />
300 km along the Ramu-Markham <strong>and</strong> Bundi Fault Zones.<br />
Similar biogeographical breaks at the craton marg<strong>in</strong> occur<br />
<strong>in</strong> other plant <strong>and</strong> animal taxa. The shrub Drimys piperita<br />
entity `reducta' (Diels) V<strong>in</strong>k: Wissel Lakes, Mount Wilhelm<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
Mount Giluwe <strong>and</strong> the Kubor Mounta<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> entity<br />
`subalp<strong>in</strong>a' V<strong>in</strong>k: Mount Wilhelm, act as a pair <strong>of</strong> `replac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
taxa' (V<strong>in</strong>k, 1970). V<strong>in</strong>k reported the `unexpla<strong>in</strong>ed circumstance'<br />
that the form <strong>of</strong> reducta most dist<strong>in</strong>ct from subalp<strong>in</strong>a<br />
is found at the Kubor Mounta<strong>in</strong>s ± the locality closest to<br />
Mount Wilhelm, while the form which connects the two<br />
morphologically, entity `subpittosporoides' V<strong>in</strong>k, is restricted<br />
to Mount Wilhelm<strong>in</strong>a. Aga<strong>in</strong>, this arrangement could be<br />
expla<strong>in</strong>ed by (right) lateral movement <strong>of</strong> terranes.<br />
Other examples <strong>of</strong> plant differentiation around the craton<br />
boundary <strong>in</strong>clude species <strong>of</strong> orchids (Corybas Salisb.,<br />
Dendrobium Sw., Fig. 32; Glossorhyncha Ridl., Fig. 33),<br />
Rhododendron L. (Fig. 34), Compositae (Tetramolopium<br />
Nees, Fig. 35; Olearia Moench, Fig. 36) <strong>and</strong> Rubiaceae<br />
(Amaracarpus Blume, Fig. 37) (distributions from van Royen,<br />
1979±1983). Sometimes these angiosperms are assumed to<br />
be recent groups, but recent molecular work has found that<br />
Orchidaceae, for example, may have evolved `much earlier<br />
than is traditionally believed' (Cameron, 2000).<br />
Vertebrates other than birds also show the biogeographical<br />
break at the craton marg<strong>in</strong> clearly. The lizard Emoia p. purari<br />
Brown ranges <strong>in</strong> PNG east to Karimui, while the second<br />
member <strong>of</strong> the species, Emoia p. physicae (DumeÂril &<br />
Bibron), replaces it from Wau eastwards (Brown, 1991).<br />
Colubrid snakes (Fig. 38) show a similar distributional break.<br />
In mammals, similar distributions are shown <strong>in</strong> marsupial<br />
genera (Fig. 39) (Flannery, 1995) <strong>and</strong> bat species (Figs 40 &<br />
41) (Bonaccorso, 1998).<br />
Flannery (1995) observed that SE <strong>New</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea (south <strong>of</strong> a<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e: Kerema ± Gara<strong>in</strong>a) is biogeographically dist<strong>in</strong>ct from<br />
the central PNG highl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> has a `particularly high<br />
Ó Blackwell Science Ltd 2001, Journal <strong>of</strong> Biogeography, 28, 893±925