Madina Rasulova Molecular Systematics of Nematodes Page 1
Madina Rasulova Molecular Systematics of Nematodes Page 1 Madina Rasulova Molecular Systematics of Nematodes Page 1
INTRODUCTION Nematodes belonging to the genus of Belonolaimus – also known as sting nematodes – are economically important ectoparasites of corn causing severe damage by trimming the lateral roots of corn seedlings even if their number is as low as 1-10 per 100 CC of soil. Belonolaimus longicaudatus has a wide host range including vegetables (e.g., beans, carrot, corn, crucifers, potato), fruits (e.g., citrus, strawberry), agronomic crops (e.g., cotton, peanut, sorghum, soybean), turfgrasses (e.g., bermudagrass, St. Augustinegrass, zoysiagrass) and forest crops (pine trees). Currently nine species of this genus (Table 1) are recognized (Fortuner and Luc, 1987). Table 1. The list of species belonging to the genus Belonolaimus. № Species of genus Belomolaimus Authors 1 Belonolaimus anama (Monteiro and Lordello, 1977) Fortuner and Luc, 1987 2 Belonolaimus euthychilus Rau, 1963 3 Belonolaimus gracilis Steiner, 1949 4 Belonolaimus jara (Monteiro and Lordello, 1977) Fortuner and Luc, 1987 5 Belonolaimus lineatus Roman, 1964 6 Belonolaimus lolii Siviour, 1978 7 Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau, 1958 8 Belonolaimus maritimus Rau, 1963 9 Belonolaimus nortoni Rau, 1963 Sting nematodes are relatively large worms (between 1.0 – 3.0 mm). B.longicaudatus (Table 2) possesses such characteristics as long, slender stylet of which cone constitutes 70-80% of the total stylet length (Fig. 1, A), oesophageal glands overlapping beginning of intestine, female tail cylindroid with a broadly rounded terminus, lateral fields (Fortuner and Luc, 1987). These worms are widely distributed in Madina Rasulova Molecular Systematics of Nematodes Page 2
very sandy soils and are active when soils become warm, while in unfavourable conditions they migrate deeper into the soil profile. Table 2. The position of B.longicaudatus according to the classification. Phylum Nematoda Potts, 1932 Class Chromadorea Inglis, 1983 Order Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933 Suborder Tylenchina Thorne, 1949 Infraorder Tylenchomorpha De Ley et Blaxter, 2002 Superfamily Tylenchoidea Orley, 1880 Family Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1959 Genus Belonolaimus Steiner, 1949 Belonolaimus species with a single lateral line occur only in the USA where they are widely spread in the Southeast and Midwest and occur sporadically in other regions. Belonolaimus species with four lateral lines are known to occur in Australia, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Brazil and are considered by some authors (Siddiqi, 2000) to constitute a separate genus, Ibipora (Monteiro and Lordello, 1977). Figure 1. A) The anterior part of B.longicaudatus. Figure 1. B) Life cycle of B.longicaudatus. Figure 1. C) Attack of roots by B.longicaudatus. Madina Rasulova Molecular Systematics of Nematodes Page 3
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- Page 5 and 6: level analyses because of appreciab
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very sandy soils and are active when soils become warm, while in unfavourable conditions they migrate<br />
deeper into the soil pr<strong>of</strong>ile.<br />
Table 2. The position <strong>of</strong> B.longicaudatus according to the classification.<br />
Phylum Nematoda Potts, 1932<br />
Class Chromadorea Inglis, 1983<br />
Order Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933<br />
Suborder Tylenchina Thorne, 1949<br />
Infraorder Tylenchomorpha De Ley et Blaxter, 2002<br />
Superfamily Tylenchoidea Orley, 1880<br />
Family Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1959<br />
Genus Belonolaimus Steiner, 1949<br />
Belonolaimus species with a single lateral line occur only in the USA where they are widely spread in<br />
the Southeast and Midwest and occur sporadically in other regions. Belonolaimus species with four lateral<br />
lines are known to occur in Australia, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Brazil and are considered by some<br />
authors (Siddiqi, 2000) to constitute a separate genus, Ibipora (Monteiro and Lordello, 1977).<br />
Figure 1. A) The anterior part <strong>of</strong><br />
B.longicaudatus.<br />
Figure 1. B) Life cycle <strong>of</strong><br />
B.longicaudatus.<br />
Figure 1. C) Attack <strong>of</strong> roots by<br />
B.longicaudatus.<br />
<strong>Madina</strong> <strong>Rasulova</strong> <strong>Molecular</strong> <strong>Systematics</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Nematodes</strong> <strong>Page</strong> 3
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