CIVITAS Guide for the Urban Transport Professional - Rupprecht ...

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2.1 hEALTh The concentration of urban traffic pollution differs widely between different spots in the city, time of the day and year, as indicated in the following table. 8 Code City O 3 NO 2 CO SO 2 PM 10 PM 2,5 C 6 H 6 1 hour average 1 hour average running 8 hour average running 24 hour average running 24 hour average running 24 hour average running 24 hour average μg/m 3 μg/m 3 mg/m 3 μg/m 3 μg/m 3 μg/m 3 μg/m 3 Brussels Capital Region 41B003 Brussel (Kunst-Wet) 187 1.1 14 41B005 Brussel (Belliard) 77 0.5 10 41B006 Brussel (EU Parlement) 10 NA 0.7 4.0 41B011 Sint-Agatha-Berchem 7 NA 117 87 41MEU1 Neder-Over-Heembeek 95 10 126 94 41N043 Haren 3 146 1.1 11 131 102 41R001 Sint-Jans-Molenbeek 3 NA 1.1 14 126 106 41R002 Elsene 111 0.7 14 41R012 Ukkel 12 74 17 100 87 41WOL1 Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe 5 85 0.8 6 105 2.8 Flemish Region 40MN01 Menen 103 40OB01 Oostrozebeke 99 8 129 40RL01 Roeselare (Brugsesteenweg) 115 44M705 Roeselare (Haven) 1 171 44N002 Zeebrugge 5 44N012 Moerkerke 2 36 122 44N029 Houtem 2 52 4 133 81 44N052 Zwevegem 2 68 11 146 40ZL01 Zelzate 3.3 42R821 Beveren Waas 99 9 Table 1: Air quality levels in Brussels Capital Region and parts of the surrounding Flemish Region 8 CITEAIR II, INTERREG IVC, CAQI Common Air Quality Index, May 2010. 1 6 CIVITAS GuIde for The urbAn TrAnSporT profeSSIonAl
2.1 hEALTh Concept of primary pollutant emissions Figure 1: Concept of primary pollutant emissions 60 50 Street Increment: street canyons, urban motorway 40 Concentration 30 20 Urban background 10 Rural background 0 TRANSPORT-RELATED NOISE POLLUTION AND hEALTh Road traffic is the main source of exposure to noise. According to European noise mapping, about 65 percent of the European population (325 million) is exposed to levels over 55 Lden 9 (from road, rail, aircraft and industry), and nearly 20 percent to night-time levels that may harm their health (55 Lnight). Noise disturbs sleep and heavily impacts on people’s quality of life. Research shows that noise can kill 10 . Epidemiological research gives evidence that exposure to residential road traffic noise was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases 11 and hypertension 12 . Children chronically exposed to loud noise show impairments in attention, memory, problem-solving ability and the acquisition of reading skills. Moreover, noise annoys people. About two thirds of European citizens are substantially annoyed by noise caused by road and railway traffic. 13 LACk Of PhYSICAL ACTIVITY The choices many people make to carry out most of their journeys by car – or infrastructure that doesn’t allow them a choice – have a direct impact on their health. While there is a general trend in Europe over the past decades towards more mental work and less physical labour, this is not the only contributor to an increase in obesity (overweight) levels. The trend towards obesity parallels the increase in car use. Increased access to cars, combined with deterioration in the physical conditions for active mobility, is associated with more sedentary and inactive lifestyles. This is also related to the likelihood of becoming obese. 14 People who get the recommended daily amount of physical activity lower their risk of becoming overweight. 9 Lden (Level day-evening-night) is an expression for the noise level. This is a long-term averaged sound level, determined over all the correspondent periods of a year. Since 2004, the use of Lden is obligatory in all European countries (the Environmental Noise Directive). 10 http://www.silence-ip.org/site/#549 11 Sorensen et al (2011; European Heart Journal; http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/08/eurheartj.ehq466. abstract). Sorensen et al (2012; PLOS one; http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039283). 12 Bodin et al. (2009; Environmental Health; http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/38/). 13 Silence 2008; Annoyance of residents living in urban areas. http://www.silence-ip.org/site/fileadmin/SP_A/A-D6.pdf. 14 Wen LMO, Millett N, Rissel C. Driving to work and overweight and obesity: findings from the 2003 New South Wales Health Survey, Australia. International Journal of Obesity, 2006, 30:782–786. Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2004, 27:87–96. Bell AC, Ge K, Popkin BM. The road to obesity or the path to prevention: motorized transportation and obesity in China. Obesity Research, 2002, 10:277–283. CIVITAS GuIde for The urbAn TrAnSporT profeSSIonAl 1 7
Page 1 and 2: CIVITAS gUIDE for The urbAn TrAnSpo
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ThIS hANDBOOk: LE
Page 7 and 8: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY wIThIN CIVITAS EI
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7. LESS CAR DEPEN
Page 11 and 12: 1. hOw TO USE ThIS gUIDE ThIS gUIDE
Page 13 and 14: 2. URBAN ChALLENgES AND ThEIR POLIC
Page 15: 2.1 hEALTh 2.1 health how to create
Page 19 and 20: 2.2 CONgESTION 2.2 Congestion how t
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 SAfETY AND SECURITY 2.3 Safety
Page 23 and 24: 2.4 PARTICIPATION 2.4 participation
Page 25 and 26: 2.4 PARTICIPATION fORMS Of STAkEhOL
Page 27 and 28: 2.4 PARTICIPATION LIMITATIONS AND C
Page 29 and 30: 2.5 STRATEgIC PLANNINg associated e
Page 31 and 32: 2.5 STRATEgIC PLANNINg Infrastructu
Page 33 and 34: 3. CIVITAS SOLUTION Challenges How
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 CLEAN fUELS AND VEhICLES The us
Page 37 and 38: 3.1 CLEAN fUELS AND VEhICLES CASE S
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 CLEAN fUELS AND VEhICLES BARRIE
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 URBAN fREIghT 3. Using informat
Page 43 and 44: 3.2 URBAN fREIghT BARRIERS Experien
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 DEMAND MANAgEMENT STRATEgIES 3.
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Page 53 and 54: 3.4 MOBILITY MANAgEMENT 3.4 Mobilit
Page 55 and 56: 3.4 MOBILITY MANAgEMENT BARRIERS Th
Page 57 and 58: 3.4 MOBILITY MANAgEMENT fACTS Mobil
Page 59 and 60: 3.4 MOBILITY MANAgEMENT CASE STUDY
Page 61 and 62: 3.5 COLLECTIVE PASSENgER TRANSPORT
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3.6 TRANSPORT TELEMATICS es, destin
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3.6 TRANSPORT TELEMATICS times via
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3.6 TRANSPORT TELEMATICS fACTS Smar
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3.7 LESS CAR-DEPENDENT MOBILITY OPT
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3.8 SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY PLAN
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4.1 qUALITY 4.1 Quality The ingredi
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4.3 INCLUSIVE MANAgEMENT 4.3 Inclus
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4.5 fINANCE 4.5 finance A sound fin
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5. Take-up of CIVITAS measures Tran
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5.1 TRANSfERABILITY CONCEPT INTERVE
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5.1 TRANSfERABILITY CONCEPT SOCIAL
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5.2 REAL CASES Of TRANSfER 5.2 real
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5.2 REAL CASES Of TRANSfER policy
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5.2 REAL CASES Of TRANSfER CIVITAS
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6. lessons learned Many lessons can
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6. LESSONS LEARNED A healthy enviro
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6.1 hEALTh TOP 5 EffECTIVE MEASURES
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6.3 SAfETY AND SECURITY 6.3 Safety
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6.4 PARTICIPATION The how to involv
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CIVITAS CATAlIST Consortium partner
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www.civitas.eu
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