Kent Design - A guide to sustainable development - Kent County ...
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<strong>Kent</strong><strong>Design</strong><br />
a <strong>guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Association of Local Authorities
<strong>Kent</strong> Association of Local Authorities (KALA)<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Planning Officers’ Group (KPOG)<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Technical Officers’ Association (KTOA)<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong> Initiative<br />
Chairman: Tony Every-Brown<br />
Partners include:<br />
Ashford Borough Council<br />
Canterbury City Council<br />
Construction Sec<strong>to</strong>r Group, Learning and Business Link Co. Ltd<br />
Council for the Protection of Rural England<br />
Dartford Borough Council<br />
Dover District Council<br />
English Heritage<br />
Gravesham Borough Council<br />
Government Office for the South-East<br />
House Builders Federation<br />
Institution of Civil Engineers<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Architecture Centre<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Constabulary<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Developers’ Group<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Federation of Amenity Societies<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Institute of Art & <strong>Design</strong><br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council<br />
Medway Council<br />
Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors<br />
Royal Town Planning Institute<br />
Sevenoaks District Council<br />
Shepway District Council<br />
Soroptimists International<br />
Swale Borough Council<br />
Thanet District Council<br />
Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council<br />
Tunbridge Wells Borough Council<br />
University of Greenwich<br />
Womens’ Institute<br />
ISBN i901509362<br />
The information contained in this publication was as far as known correct at the date of issue. The<br />
publishers cannot, however, accept any responsibility for any error or omission.<br />
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, s<strong>to</strong>red in a retrieval system, or<br />
transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, pho<strong>to</strong>copying, recording or otherwise,<br />
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.<br />
Printed in England.<br />
© <strong>Kent</strong> Association of Local Authorities
Foreword<br />
Introduction<br />
Objectives & Principles<br />
process<br />
1 Collaboration<br />
2 Innovation<br />
3 Life cycle<br />
land-use<br />
4 Mixed-use<br />
5 Movement<br />
design<br />
6 Locality<br />
7 Safety<br />
8 Maximising use<br />
9 Resources<br />
10 Green space<br />
general appendix<br />
Policy context<br />
Contacts<br />
Glossary<br />
Credits<br />
Bibliography<br />
contents<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
This Guide is published jointly by all the Local Authorities in <strong>Kent</strong> – <strong>County</strong>, Unitary and District Councils – on behalf<br />
of all the communities we represent. It has been prepared with the assistance of many people representing a wide<br />
range of interests; developers, housebuilders, the professions, environmental bodies, amenity societies, consumers,<br />
academia, and central and local government.<br />
The common thread that has bound all these interests <strong>to</strong>gether is the recognition that good design is a ‘triple-bot<strong>to</strong>mline’<br />
issue - good for the economy, the environment and the community.<br />
Working <strong>to</strong>gether <strong>to</strong> realise this document has been a powerful process. It has raised the level of mutual understanding<br />
of complex issues that contribute <strong>to</strong> the success or failure of <strong>development</strong> proposals. I believe that process will serve<br />
<strong>to</strong> benefit future negotiations between applicant and <strong>development</strong> controller – the arena where conflicting objectives<br />
must be resolved and the balance struck. All parties involved in shaping this Guide are convinced that collaboration is<br />
one of the keys <strong>to</strong> achieving good design.<br />
I also believe there will be other ‘winners’ if this Guide is followed. They are the future inhabitants of <strong>Kent</strong>. The Guide<br />
breaks new ground by examining, in considerable breadth, issues of environmental responsibility and sustainability –<br />
that is; meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations <strong>to</strong> meet their own<br />
needs.<br />
On behalf of the <strong>Kent</strong> Association of Local Authorities, and the many organisations who through the Steering Group<br />
and various working groups have played a crucial role in its production, I wholeheartedly commend this Guide <strong>to</strong> all<br />
involved in the <strong>development</strong> process in this wonderfully rich and diverse county. Together, we face tremendous<br />
challenges; <strong>to</strong> create wealth and employment opportunities; <strong>to</strong> regenerate economically, socially and environmentally<br />
deprived areas; <strong>to</strong> protect heritage and biodiversity; and <strong>to</strong> conserve the unique and distinctive character of <strong>Kent</strong>.<br />
We owe it <strong>to</strong> our children, and <strong>to</strong> all future generations, <strong>to</strong> do our very best.<br />
Cllr. Mike J. Hayes<br />
Chairman<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Association of Local Authorities<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
foreword<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
3
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
introduction<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
i.1 <strong>Design</strong> and <strong>development</strong> play a key role in achieving a<br />
strong economy, creating employment opportunities,<br />
ensuring good access <strong>to</strong> services and providing safe,<br />
attractive surroundings.<br />
i.4 The guidance it contains is applicable <strong>to</strong> all types of<br />
<strong>development</strong> whether large or small, urban or rural,<br />
residential or commercial, in the public or private sec<strong>to</strong>r.<br />
It looks beyond the design of individual buildings <strong>to</strong> their<br />
context - the spaces, streets and other elements of the<br />
public realm which <strong>to</strong>gether form the <strong>to</strong>tal environment.<br />
introduction<br />
6<br />
i.1 Bluewater, <strong>Kent</strong> - investing in high quality design<br />
i.2 Our quality of life, and that of future generations,<br />
depends on us making good use of natural resources and<br />
providing protection for the environment. We, therefore,<br />
need <strong>to</strong> ensure that the needs of new and existing<br />
communities are met, wherever possible at the local<br />
level, thus reducing energy consumption and pollution by<br />
limiting the need <strong>to</strong> travel. Our social and economic wellbeing<br />
depends on strong communities with a mix of local<br />
businesses, types of housing and tenure, good schools and<br />
a well-developed social infrastructure. Planning for new<br />
<strong>development</strong> should seek <strong>to</strong> enhance this sense of local<br />
community.<br />
PURPOSE OF THE GUIDE<br />
i.3 The purpose of this Guide is, therefore, <strong>to</strong> promote<br />
sustainability and good design in <strong>Kent</strong>. Its aim is <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage <strong>development</strong> which safeguards what is of value<br />
whilst enriching the environment for future generations.<br />
i.3 Station Road West, Canterbury - adding <strong>to</strong> the grain of the city on<br />
an urban brownfield site<br />
i.4 New Ash Green, <strong>Kent</strong> - an innovative approach <strong>to</strong>wards creating<br />
a new village community<br />
i.5 It explains how objectives set out in national, regional<br />
and local plan policies might be achieved at the local level.<br />
In doing so, it seeks <strong>to</strong> promote <strong>development</strong> which will<br />
maintain <strong>Kent</strong>’s unique and distinctive character and<br />
heritage. It encourages developers <strong>to</strong> reject ‘off-the-peg’<br />
solutions, such as standard `village’ house types and<br />
inflexible corporate designs for commercial property.<br />
APPROACH<br />
i.6 Many organisations and individuals are involved in the<br />
<strong>development</strong> process and all can contribute <strong>to</strong> the<br />
success or failure of a scheme. For this reason, the Guide<br />
places considerable emphasis on process and<br />
collaboration as critical elements in the achievement of<br />
good design. To encourage the drive for better quality and<br />
locally distinctive design, this Guide is less prescriptive<br />
than previous versions and offers more flexibility. There is<br />
more scope for creativity and innovation.<br />
i.7 The Guide takes a neutral stance on issues of style,<br />
recognising that his<strong>to</strong>rically accurate detailing and modern<br />
architecture can each play their part. The primary aim<br />
should be the achievement of high quality, based on<br />
meeting the needs of sustainability and function, taking<br />
in<strong>to</strong> account the local context <strong>to</strong> determine the best<br />
solution for a given site.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
POLICY CONTEXT<br />
i.13 Issues of sustainability and design are firmly seated in<br />
national, regional and local policies. The United<br />
Kingdom’s Strategy for Sustainable Development 1<br />
recognises that future <strong>development</strong> cannot simply follow<br />
the models of the past; we need <strong>to</strong> achieve economic,<br />
social and environmental objectives at the same time, and<br />
consider the longer term implications of decisions.<br />
i.7 Kings Hill School, <strong>Kent</strong> - high quality school design<br />
i.8 <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong> seeks <strong>to</strong> challenge designers and<br />
<strong>development</strong> controllers alike by setting out a series of<br />
objectives and principles, illustrated with case studies. It<br />
encourages solutions that are tailored <strong>to</strong> the needs of<br />
each site and locality, taking in<strong>to</strong> account the existing and<br />
future needs of local communities. By observing such<br />
principles, developers can be confident about the<br />
acceptability of their proposals.<br />
i.9 The Guide is not a rule book. It is not intended <strong>to</strong> be<br />
prescriptive but instead offers examples of how the<br />
objectives and principles have been met by developers on<br />
sites within and beyond <strong>Kent</strong>. In selecting these examples,<br />
no attempt has been made <strong>to</strong> be comprehensive - the<br />
Guide should be seen as a starting point for developer<br />
innovation and local interpretation.<br />
i.10 General and technical appendices are included <strong>to</strong><br />
assist designers with their understanding of the wider<br />
policy and administrative context for their work, and <strong>to</strong><br />
provide engineering specifications which will be<br />
acceptable <strong>to</strong> the Highway Authority when considering<br />
the adoption of new roads, cycleways and footpaths.<br />
STATUS OF THE GUIDE<br />
i.11 The Guide has been prepared with the assistance of<br />
a wide range of interested parties. Developers, architects,<br />
environmental bodies, amenity groups and consumer<br />
interests have all made a contribution, <strong>to</strong>gether with staff<br />
from leisure, health, transport and planning departments<br />
of <strong>Kent</strong>’s local authorities. In addition, an extensive<br />
consultation process <strong>to</strong>ok place on the draft Guide.<br />
i.12 <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong> - a <strong>guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
is published by the <strong>Kent</strong> Association of Local Authorities<br />
and commended <strong>to</strong> individual Local Authorities - <strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>County</strong> Council, Medway Council and the 12 District<br />
Councils - for adoption as supplementary planning<br />
guidance. Once adopted, the Guide will be a material<br />
consideration in the determination of planning<br />
applications.<br />
i.13 focus on <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> within existing urban boundaries<br />
i.14 In order <strong>to</strong> achieve <strong>sustainable</strong> and high-quality<br />
<strong>development</strong>, appropriate strategies, policies and<br />
guidance must be in place. Development plan policies can<br />
promote <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> by encouraging good<br />
design, reducing dependence on the car and by<br />
encouraging the efficient use of resources. Development<br />
briefs and other forms of design guidance (such as Village<br />
<strong>Design</strong> Statements and Conservation Area studies) can<br />
build on these policies <strong>to</strong> promote successful new<br />
schemes.<br />
NATIONAL POLICIES<br />
i.15 In seeking <strong>to</strong> promote <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, the<br />
Government advocates making best use of recycled land<br />
and sites which are accessible by public transport. It<br />
suggests testing assumptions about the effect of densities<br />
and car parking on the capacity of urban areas <strong>to</strong><br />
accommodate housing. The Government also points <strong>to</strong><br />
the potential role of mixed-use <strong>development</strong> and urban<br />
villages.<br />
i.16 Two policy statements that have reinforced this<br />
emphasis on sustainability are the Government’s revisions<br />
<strong>to</strong> Planning Policy Guidance Note (PPG) 13: Transport 2 ,<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
introduction<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
7
introduction<br />
8<br />
which is intended <strong>to</strong> reduce dependence on the car and<br />
promote public transport, and PPG 3 on Housing (1999) 3<br />
which emphasises the need <strong>to</strong> raise <strong>development</strong> density,<br />
particularly in areas with good public transport links (see<br />
Policy Context for more detailed policy guidance). The<br />
Crime & Disorder Act 1998 underpins the need <strong>to</strong> take a<br />
holistic approach <strong>to</strong> the design of safe and secure<br />
<strong>development</strong>s. <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong> has been produced <strong>to</strong> meet<br />
the objectives of this national policy guidance.<br />
i.17 There is a shift in Government investment away from<br />
new road building and <strong>to</strong>wards public transport, as<br />
reflected in Transport Supplementary Grant and<br />
Transport Policies and Programmes settlements. Future<br />
fiscal measures are likely <strong>to</strong> penalise both car-ownership<br />
and use. Urban Transportation Packages are seen by<br />
Government as having an important role <strong>to</strong> play in<br />
providing the infrastructure necessary <strong>to</strong> promote<br />
efficient and <strong>sustainable</strong> transport patterns and allowing<br />
people <strong>to</strong> make the changes in transport habits upon<br />
which many sustainability targets are based.<br />
KENT STRUCTURE PLAN POLICIES<br />
i.18 The <strong>Kent</strong> Structure Plan 1996 provides the strategic<br />
framework for promoting a <strong>sustainable</strong> pattern of new<br />
<strong>development</strong> which will reduce both the need <strong>to</strong> travel<br />
and energy consumption. It indicates the <strong>development</strong><br />
requirements in different parts of the <strong>County</strong> - identifying<br />
areas suitable for major growth and regeneration such as<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side. It seeks <strong>to</strong> make the best use of land<br />
and <strong>to</strong> concentrate housing within the <strong>County</strong>’s urban<br />
areas, promoting well designed, mixed-use <strong>development</strong><br />
which also protects the environment. The Structure Plan<br />
4th Review, developed jointly with Medway Council, will<br />
reinforce these principles.<br />
LOCAL PLAN POLICIES<br />
i.19 Local Plans are prepared by District Councils. They<br />
identify, on a site-specific basis, where <strong>development</strong><br />
should take place. Local Plans lay down the criteria against<br />
which specific planning applications can be assessed. They<br />
may also specify associated infrastructure, access, design<br />
and landscaping requirements and the appropriate use, or<br />
mix of uses, for a site.<br />
SOCIAL TRENDS<br />
i.20 Social trends are important considerations in<br />
planning for new <strong>development</strong>. There is a continuing<br />
trend <strong>to</strong>wards smaller, single-person households. In 1991<br />
they constituted 25.4% of all households - the projected<br />
figure for 2011 is 34%. Average household size in <strong>Kent</strong><br />
has reduced from 2.85 in 1971 <strong>to</strong> 2.5 in 1991, and is<br />
forecast <strong>to</strong> decrease <strong>to</strong> 2.26 by 2011 4 . This reflects a<br />
number of fac<strong>to</strong>rs:<br />
• greater longevity<br />
• greater independence of the young<br />
• reducing numbers and later age of marriage<br />
• greater incidence of divorce and separation<br />
• decline in average family size.<br />
i.21 Given the diverse character of these changes it would<br />
be over-simplistic <strong>to</strong> equate growth in smaller households<br />
solely with the provision of small units of accommodation.<br />
Research findings support the view that people tend <strong>to</strong><br />
buy houses based on affordability rather than their<br />
household size.<br />
i.22 The greater use of the home as a work-base and the<br />
increasing proportion of pensioners within the population<br />
may weaken the distinction between home and work.<br />
Increases in fuel taxes and the possibility of road pricing<br />
may have an influence on the distances people are<br />
prepared <strong>to</strong> travel for work and other purposes. It is<br />
undeniable that ongoing growth of car ownership is<br />
difficult <strong>to</strong> reverse. It is, nevertheless, an aim of this Guide<br />
<strong>to</strong> encourage <strong>development</strong> which reduces car use. The<br />
framework needs <strong>to</strong> be put in place now <strong>to</strong> accommodate<br />
the changing transport patterns of the future.<br />
i.23 Investing in high-quality reliable and cheap<br />
alternatives may encourage people <strong>to</strong> make fewer trips<br />
by car, but for many the car will be perceived as the most<br />
comfortable and convenient mode of transport, at least in<br />
the short term.<br />
CONSUMER RESEARCH<br />
i.24 A number of research studies have been<br />
commissioned by the <strong>development</strong> industry <strong>to</strong> identify<br />
consumer preferences. Whilst the public may support the<br />
broad principles of sustainability, this research suggests<br />
that, in practice, they find it difficult <strong>to</strong> accept alternative<br />
lifestyles. People enjoy, or are dependant on, the freedom<br />
of the car.<br />
They aspire <strong>to</strong> live in large detached houses, preferably in<br />
rural surroundings. However, research commissioned by<br />
the Urban Task Force 5 indicates that for many, city living<br />
and urban lifestyles are an attractive proposition.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
KERB APPEAL - THE POPULAR HOUSING FORUM 1998<br />
i.24 Kerb Appeal (Popular Housing Forum)<br />
Key findings:<br />
• new build is generally regarded negatively -<br />
cramped and lacking individuality;<br />
• people value safety and quietness, preferring<br />
culs-de-sac <strong>to</strong> busy roads;<br />
• people desire a village-like environment;<br />
• enough space for parking (ideally a garage);<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
• based on a selection of pho<strong>to</strong>graphs of house<br />
types, they prefer traditional rather than<br />
contemporary design;<br />
• privacy is important; and<br />
• people like <strong>to</strong> be near but not next <strong>to</strong> facilities.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
HOME ALONE -<br />
THE HOUSING RESEARCH FOUNDATION 1998<br />
Key findings:<br />
• one-person households have similar housing<br />
preferences and aspirations <strong>to</strong> family households;<br />
• not all one-person households are single people<br />
nor do all of them have only one property;<br />
• the majority of one-person householders in their<br />
middle years will be homeowners and they are<br />
likely <strong>to</strong> be discerning purchasers;<br />
• some may prefer urban living but not all;<br />
• some may be divorced and need accommodation<br />
for visiting children;<br />
• single people may still want enough<br />
accommodation for friends and family <strong>to</strong> stay;<br />
• some are older people looking <strong>to</strong> move out of<br />
larger houses in<strong>to</strong> smaller, high-quality homes in<br />
desirable areas. They still want convenient access<br />
<strong>to</strong> facilities; and<br />
• quality and safety in the environment is important.<br />
i.25 It is also important <strong>to</strong> raise public expectations of<br />
what new <strong>development</strong> can deliver and <strong>to</strong> ensure that the<br />
benefits of features such as high-quality landscape, good<br />
urban design, water conservation and energy efficiency<br />
can be recognised and appreciated. The ultimate test,<br />
however, will be what takes place on the ground in<br />
forthcoming years.<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1 A Better Quality of Life - A strategy for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> for the<br />
United Kingdom. Published 17 May 1999 by the Department of the<br />
Environment, Transport and the Regions<br />
2 Planning Policy Guidance Note 13 Transport; Department of the<br />
Environment, Transport & the Regions, Oc<strong>to</strong>ber 1999 (Public consultation<br />
draft at time of writing)<br />
3 Planning Policy Guidance Note 3 Housing; Department of the<br />
Environment, Transport & the Regions, March 1999 (Public consultation<br />
draft at time of writing)<br />
4 <strong>Kent</strong> Structure Plan 3rd Review Technical Working Paper, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong><br />
Council, 1/94 revised 1996, p 46,48<br />
5 But would you live there? Shaping attitudes <strong>to</strong> urban living, Urban Task<br />
Force, Department of the Environment, Transport & the Regions,<br />
February 1999<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
introduction<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
9
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
objectives & principles<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
objectives & principles<br />
12<br />
1. Adopt a proactive and collaborative<br />
approach <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong> proposals<br />
<strong>to</strong> achieve the optimum solution for a<br />
given site<br />
1.1: Positive and early dialogue on scheme <strong>development</strong><br />
should be encouraged<br />
1.2: Local Authorities should promote a Development<br />
Team approach<br />
1.3: Adequate preparation should be ensured before<br />
negotiations are undertaken<br />
1.4: The local community should become involved in<br />
project <strong>development</strong><br />
1.5: Systems for the moni<strong>to</strong>ring and bench-marking of<br />
schemes should be put in place<br />
1.6: Local Planning Authorities should build on the<br />
principles provided by <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong> in the<br />
preparation of detailed design guidance for specific<br />
areas and sites.<br />
2. Seek environmentally <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
solutions through innovative design<br />
2.1: Developers should seek <strong>to</strong> enhance environmental<br />
quality and sustainability through innovative<br />
solutions in both transport and building design<br />
2.2: Local Authorities will encourage innovation by<br />
welcoming those proposals which promote quality<br />
in design<br />
2.3: To assist developers, local authorities should be<br />
aware of best practice both here and abroad <strong>to</strong><br />
keep abreast of latest thinking<br />
2.4: Developers should be prepared <strong>to</strong> commission skills<br />
in order <strong>to</strong> promote innovative design solutions<br />
2.5: Local authorities should assist developers with <strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>’s principles through training workshops or<br />
seminars<br />
2.6: Both developers and local authorities should be<br />
prepared <strong>to</strong> stimulate thinking by local communities<br />
about design issues through education and promotion.<br />
3. Ensure the public realm is maintained<br />
for its lifecycle through formal adoption<br />
or other management arrangements<br />
3.1: Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the whole life of<br />
any planned <strong>development</strong> so that appropriate<br />
mechanisms are in place <strong>to</strong> ensure a <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
future<br />
3.2: The intended function of all land within any given<br />
site must be established at the outset<br />
3.3: All open space within any site must have an<br />
identified use<br />
3.4: The proposed system of long-term maintenance,<br />
and how this will be funded, must be established at<br />
the outset<br />
3.5: Consultation over the maintenance and function of<br />
key areas should be undertaken with the local<br />
community (if appropriate)<br />
4. Bring <strong>to</strong>gether residential, commercial,<br />
retail and community uses in a manner<br />
which reduces the need <strong>to</strong> travel and<br />
improves quality of life<br />
4.1: Proposals should incorporate the principles of<br />
mixed-use <strong>development</strong> including the provision of<br />
conveniently located community infrastructure<br />
4.2: Masterplans and <strong>development</strong> briefs should consider<br />
the mix and disposition of uses between and within<br />
<strong>development</strong>s and how these uses will be delivered<br />
4.3: The community should be included at an<br />
appropriate stage in the design process <strong>to</strong> ensure<br />
their input in<strong>to</strong> the chosen mix of uses<br />
4.4: Good pedestrian and cycling routes should be<br />
provided<br />
4.5: Mixed use <strong>development</strong>s should address the need<br />
<strong>to</strong> protect the amenity of a variety of occupiers<br />
4.6: Proposals should clarify funding, delivery and management<br />
arrangements for each component of a scheme.<br />
5. Promote the movement of people by<br />
walking, cycling and public transport<br />
<strong>to</strong> reduce car dependency and<br />
maintain and improve air quality<br />
5.1: Viable public transport should be provided at the<br />
initial phase of a new <strong>development</strong><br />
5.2: Public transport should be brought in<strong>to</strong> the heart of<br />
the <strong>development</strong> where appropriate<br />
5.3: Developers and/or commercial enterprise should<br />
submit green commuter plans for larger sites<br />
5.4: Linked bus and train timetables and throughticketing<br />
should be promoted<br />
5.5: Highway standards for private cars should reflect<br />
the provision of alternative modes of transport<br />
(buses, cycleways and walkways)<br />
5.6: Access provision should be appropriate <strong>to</strong> the size<br />
and frequency of essential vehicles<br />
5.7: Parking provision should be appropriate <strong>to</strong> locality<br />
and the availability of alternative modes of transport<br />
5.8: Developments should be readily permeable allowing<br />
safe, direct routes for pedestrians, cyclists and the<br />
mobility impaired<br />
5.9: New infrastructure for cycling, walking and riding<br />
should be linked in<strong>to</strong> existing networks<br />
5.10: Convenient cycle s<strong>to</strong>rage should be incorporated<br />
in<strong>to</strong> properties and destinations.<br />
6. Embrace local distinctiveness,<br />
promote quality and protect existing<br />
features of cultural, visual and<br />
his<strong>to</strong>rical importance<br />
6.1: New <strong>development</strong> should embrace good contextual<br />
design principles<br />
6.2: New <strong>development</strong> should express the distinctive<br />
quality of the natural <strong>to</strong>pography, existing landscape<br />
and built character of the site<br />
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6.3: New <strong>development</strong> should respect local architectural<br />
heritage, make optimum use of existing buildings and<br />
recognise landmark buildings and features<br />
6.4: Proposals for rural sites should reflect the particular<br />
considerations and sensitivity of such areas<br />
6.5: The use of both traditional and modern materials<br />
and technologies should be evaluated by developers<br />
6.6: New design should avoid a confused application of<br />
architectural styles or inappropriate his<strong>to</strong>ric imitation<br />
6.7: Development should be human in scale and provide<br />
permeability and visual interest <strong>to</strong> those on foot<br />
6.8: Caution should be taken <strong>to</strong> prevent excessive or<br />
inappropriate external lighting, particularly in<br />
sensitive areas.<br />
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7. Provide a safe, healthy and secure<br />
environment for both people and<br />
property<br />
7.1: There should be a clear distinction between public<br />
and private space<br />
7.2: Schemes should incorporate shared areas <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage walking, cycling and socialising and <strong>to</strong><br />
enhance safety and security<br />
7.3: <strong>Design</strong> should encourage self-policing and offer<br />
surveillance of property<br />
7.4: A sense of ownership should be encouraged<br />
through the quality of the public realm<br />
7.5: Building design should conform <strong>to</strong> the latest safety<br />
and security advice<br />
7.6: An appropriate level of lighting should be provided<br />
<strong>to</strong> enhance safety and security<br />
7.7: Highway infrastructure should not dominate the<br />
layout of estates<br />
7.8: Speed restraint should be an integral part of road<br />
design<br />
7.9: Speed restraint measures should reflect local character<br />
7.10: Priority should be given <strong>to</strong> the safety of pedestrians<br />
and cyclists over cars<br />
7.11: Developments should be designed <strong>to</strong> meet the<br />
needs of people with disabilities<br />
7.12: New <strong>development</strong>s should be designed <strong>to</strong> provide a<br />
healthy environment.<br />
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8. Maximise the use of land by<br />
encouraging the <strong>development</strong> of<br />
recycled land and increasing density<br />
8.1: Development should maximise the site’s potential<br />
8.2: The use of recycled land and re-use of existing<br />
buildings should be encouraged<br />
8.3: Contaminated land must be treated in an<br />
appropriate manner prior <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
8.4: Principles of increased density and diversity should<br />
be promoted<br />
8.5: The <strong>development</strong> should add <strong>to</strong> the quality of the<br />
environment and the surrounding area<br />
8.6: Developments must ensure the protection of privacy<br />
and amenity for a variety of new and existing occupiers.<br />
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9. Conserve natural resources and<br />
minimise pollution in the layout,<br />
construction and ongoing use of<br />
<strong>development</strong><br />
9.1: The environmental sustainability of all construction<br />
materials should be considered<br />
9.2: Proposals should prevent the inefficient use of<br />
materials and energy on site by adopting the<br />
pro<strong>to</strong>col of the ‘3 ‘R’s’: reduce, re-use and recycle<br />
9.3: Proposals should incorporate energy conservation<br />
features<br />
9.4: Proposals should be supported by a sustainability<br />
statement<br />
9.5: An evaluation of the environmental performance of<br />
a <strong>development</strong> (such as BREEAM) should be<br />
considered as part of the design process<br />
9.6: <strong>Design</strong> should demonstrate flexibility <strong>to</strong> allow for<br />
re-use and adaptation of buildings over time<br />
9.7: All redundant buildings, regardless of their<br />
architectural quality, should be considered as a<br />
valuable resource for potential re-use<br />
9.8: Sustainable water management techniques should be<br />
incorporated in<strong>to</strong> design and infrastructure proposals<br />
9.9: Proposals should provide opportunities for the<br />
protection of water supplies by harnessing rainfall<br />
9.10: Development should provide a range of waterefficient<br />
appliances and systems <strong>to</strong> reduce water usage<br />
9.11: Development should protect the quality of water<br />
resources by appropriate treatment of sewage and<br />
run-off, and through use of reed beds where practical<br />
9.12: New <strong>development</strong> should minimise negative<br />
impacts on air quality and the release of CO2<br />
9.13: Measures should be taken <strong>to</strong> minimise the risk of<br />
soil pollution.<br />
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10. Conserve, create and integrate open<br />
space, landscape and natural habitats<br />
as part of <strong>development</strong><br />
10.1: The value of open space, landscape and nature<br />
conservation should be recognised within<br />
<strong>development</strong> proposals<br />
10.2: New <strong>development</strong> should respond <strong>to</strong> site<br />
characteristics and context: this should include<br />
protecting sensitive sites and minimising any impacts<br />
10.3: Proposals should identify appropriate mitigation<br />
measures <strong>to</strong> address the impact of a <strong>development</strong><br />
and <strong>to</strong> compensate for lost habitats and landscape<br />
features; opportunities should also be taken <strong>to</strong><br />
enhance the existing and planned environment<br />
10.4: Proposals should contribute <strong>to</strong>wards the creation of<br />
a network of open space and promote accessibility<br />
from residential and commercial areas <strong>to</strong> green<br />
space<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
objectives & principles<br />
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10.5: Strategies should be submitted which address the<br />
long-term maintenance of proposed open space,<br />
landscape and nature conservation areas<br />
10.6: Plans should be submitted <strong>to</strong> address the<br />
implementation of open space, nature conservation<br />
and landscaping proposals including adequate<br />
measures <strong>to</strong> safeguard features of landscape and<br />
nature conservation interest during construction<br />
10.7: Green space proposals should be used <strong>to</strong> achieve<br />
other design objectives such as biodiversity,<br />
resource minimisation and community safety.<br />
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Encouraging a pro-active<br />
and collaborative approach<br />
<strong>to</strong> the design process and<br />
putting in place long-term<br />
management measures<br />
process<br />
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collaboration<br />
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O B J E C T I V E<br />
1<br />
Adopt a proactive and collaborative approach <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
proposals <strong>to</strong> achieve the optimum solution for a given site<br />
collaboration<br />
16<br />
Principle 1.1: Positive and early dialogue on scheme<br />
<strong>development</strong> should be encouraged<br />
1.1.1 Local authorities may find themselves under<br />
pressure <strong>to</strong> deal speedily with requests for advice from<br />
developers. Authorities should resist giving hurried advice<br />
and ensure that they have the necessary staff resources<br />
and expertise (including appropriate training of<br />
councillors) <strong>to</strong> meet the day-<strong>to</strong>-day challenge of securing<br />
good design for their area.<br />
1.1.2 Pre-application negotiations between the<br />
developer, the local authority and other agents can be<br />
mutually beneficial and allow potential difficulties and risks<br />
<strong>to</strong> be identified and dealt with.<br />
1.1.3 Landowners can become part of the pre-application<br />
process by consulting with local authorities before selling<br />
land and by being involved in the preparation of<br />
<strong>development</strong> briefs. They should also give realistic tender<br />
deadlines <strong>to</strong> allow developers sufficient time <strong>to</strong> identify<br />
the relevant planning issues associated with a site.<br />
Landowners may also need <strong>to</strong> temper expectations of<br />
<strong>development</strong> value, for example where sites have<br />
inherent characteristics which are worthy of retention, or<br />
where there are infrastructure requirements which need<br />
<strong>to</strong> be taken in<strong>to</strong> account.<br />
1.1.4 There is a clear responsibility for developers <strong>to</strong><br />
employ appropriately skilled professionals, such as<br />
architects, landscape architects, urban designers and<br />
ecologists, <strong>to</strong> prepare schemes. While this may have cost<br />
and time implications for a developer, seeking advice at<br />
the right time can prove <strong>to</strong> be cost-effective by reducing<br />
the risk of delay during the processing of an application.<br />
Investing in quality can also add value <strong>to</strong> a <strong>development</strong>.<br />
1.1.5 <strong>Design</strong> panels can form a valuable <strong>to</strong>ol by offering<br />
expertise on the architectural and urban design quality of<br />
proposed schemes. The <strong>Kent</strong> Architecture Centre is able<br />
<strong>to</strong> arrange an independent assessment of <strong>development</strong><br />
proposals on behalf of the developer or the local<br />
authority. It can also provide a neutral forum for debate<br />
on major schemes, including helping local communities <strong>to</strong><br />
articulate their views on the impact of schemes.<br />
Principle 1.2: Local Authorities should promote a<br />
<strong>development</strong> team approach<br />
1.2.1 A developer needs <strong>to</strong> be advised early about the<br />
likely planning issues arising from a proposed<br />
<strong>development</strong>. The precise make-up of the <strong>development</strong><br />
team will vary with each proposal but the approach brings<br />
<strong>to</strong>gether all those with an interest in a given application,<br />
for example: planners, architects, transportation<br />
engineers, road safety audi<strong>to</strong>rs, building control officers,<br />
environmental health officers, landscape architects, and<br />
water companies, energy and resource suppliers, and the<br />
waste collections authority. It is important <strong>to</strong> include<br />
those organisations who have a responsibility for<br />
providing services such as education and social services,<br />
fire and police, and specialists such as conservation<br />
officers, archaeologists, ecologists, legal representatives<br />
and urban designers. This allows for a co-ordinated<br />
response <strong>to</strong> be relayed back <strong>to</strong> the developer. (See also<br />
principle 1.4 on Community Involvement.)<br />
1.2.2 Good leadership and adequate staff resources are<br />
essential components of the <strong>development</strong> team<br />
approach. In the case of planning applications the coordination<br />
of feedback will usually rest with the Planning<br />
Authority’s case officer. More complex schemes are likely<br />
<strong>to</strong> draw in a wider range of interests but the principle of<br />
ensuring that the appropriate advice is fed back <strong>to</strong> the<br />
developer at the appropriate time applies whatever the<br />
scale of the <strong>development</strong>.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM APPROACH<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.2<br />
In Tonbridge & Malling, major or complex proposals<br />
are taken <strong>to</strong> an internal pre-application “early<br />
warning” meeting which brings <strong>to</strong>gether a range of<br />
specialist interests including policy and <strong>development</strong><br />
control planners, transportation engineers, building<br />
control, environmental health and landscape/leisure<br />
officers. The case officer then reports back <strong>to</strong> the<br />
scheme promoter with an agreed set of messages<br />
which can be taken in<strong>to</strong> account in deciding whether<br />
and how <strong>to</strong> proceed. These may include information<br />
not directly pertinent <strong>to</strong> the planning application but<br />
which could impact on the scheme at a later stage<br />
such as Building or Environmental Health<br />
regulations, which it may be useful for the scheme<br />
promoter <strong>to</strong> be aware of early on. Once a formal<br />
application is submitted, internal consultation takes<br />
place and if necessary follow-up meetings are held <strong>to</strong><br />
resolve issues that might emerge during the<br />
application process.<br />
Brigh<strong>to</strong>n and Hove Council was involved in a<br />
Department of the Environment pilot project*<br />
intended <strong>to</strong> improve <strong>development</strong> control<br />
procedures for the business user. The Council<br />
decided <strong>to</strong> put in<strong>to</strong> practice a <strong>development</strong> team<br />
approach for all medium and large commercial<br />
(rather than domestic) applications for <strong>development</strong>.<br />
This involved identifying for each application, those<br />
agencies which may have an interest and consulting<br />
them at the outset, thus identifying potential<br />
problems and conflicts of interest, such as between<br />
planning and building control. The Council held a<br />
seminar <strong>to</strong> bring all agents <strong>to</strong>gether, <strong>to</strong> identify the<br />
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ole of each player and discuss potential areas of<br />
conflict. The feedback from developers and officers<br />
has been positive. Applicants were assured that the<br />
final decision on the application would not be<br />
affected by the new procedures but it was felt that<br />
the process was smoother and speedier and that<br />
officer-time spent on an application was no greater,<br />
but merely organised more effectively.<br />
(* see ‘One S<strong>to</strong>p Shop: Development Team<br />
Approach’, DETR, 1998) 1<br />
Principle 1.3: Adequate preparation should be ensured<br />
before negotiations are undertaken.<br />
1.3.1 Before entering in<strong>to</strong> negotiations with a local<br />
authority, a developer should undertake a preliminary site<br />
and project appraisal that could include:<br />
• Assessing the character of the site, its surroundings<br />
and pattern of <strong>development</strong>, building form and the<br />
qualities that make it locally distinctive;<br />
• Identifying site constraints such as tree preservation<br />
orders, major sewers or wildlife designations;<br />
• Commissioning a comprehensive site survey and<br />
reports, as appropriate, on soil condition,<br />
arboriculture, archaeology, his<strong>to</strong>ric landscape, noise,<br />
ecology, habitat and land contamination;<br />
• Assessing public open space criteria, density criteria,<br />
local social housing policy, the need for community<br />
facilities, public transport, waste and energy<br />
arrangements, visibility splays, road widths and any<br />
current supplementary planning guidance;<br />
• Preparing layout sketches <strong>to</strong> show design concepts<br />
and site characteristics and how these might influence<br />
the scheme;<br />
• Submitting a design statement <strong>to</strong> show the relationship<br />
between the proposed <strong>development</strong> and the local<br />
context; this can be a written explanation of how the<br />
site was analysed and assessed and how the detailed<br />
design has evolved; and<br />
• Preparing a sustainability strategy, including how<br />
resources are <strong>to</strong> be used and recycled.<br />
Principle 1.4: The local community should become<br />
involved in project <strong>development</strong><br />
1.4.1 Good design can be promoted through information,<br />
education and dialogue between all parties involved in or<br />
affected by new <strong>development</strong>. This should include<br />
developers, planners, landowners and, most importantly,<br />
the general public. The public, residents groups and<br />
amenity societies can provide a wealth of local knowledge<br />
and their involvement in the design process can be<br />
invaluable, ensuring that designers are fully aware of local<br />
context and of local priorities and concerns.<br />
1.4.2 It is important <strong>to</strong> acknowledge that some people,<br />
particularly the more vulnerable sec<strong>to</strong>rs of a community,<br />
may not be able <strong>to</strong> provide a unified or effective voice<br />
when confronted by <strong>development</strong> proposals.<br />
Participation measures may need <strong>to</strong> be tailored <strong>to</strong> ensure<br />
a wide-ranging involvement and where appropriate<br />
should target specific groups.<br />
1.4.3 Parish Councils and Town Councils are experienced<br />
in representing the needs and aspirations of their own<br />
communities. They also have a deep understanding of<br />
their locality and its his<strong>to</strong>ry. It is important that their input<br />
is specifically sought at an early stage in the process.<br />
1.4.4 Community involvement can be encouraged by:<br />
• ‘Planning for Real’ 2 exercises and Planning Days,<br />
involving exhibitions of drawings and models,<br />
workshops and opportunities <strong>to</strong> comment<br />
• School projects<br />
• Architectural competitions for design of prestigious or<br />
public sec<strong>to</strong>r buildings<br />
• Permanent and temporary exhibitions.<br />
• LA 21 networks<br />
• Village design statements and village appraisals<br />
1.4.5 The public and their representatives have an<br />
important role <strong>to</strong> play at all key stages in the <strong>development</strong><br />
of projects. They should be encouraged <strong>to</strong> participate in<br />
the preparation of local plans; conservation area policy<br />
statements; <strong>development</strong> briefs for specific sites; and<br />
village design statements in specific planning applications<br />
and proposals. Participation should be encouraged at both<br />
formal and informal consultation stages. In some cases it<br />
may be appropriate for a developer <strong>to</strong> promote the<br />
dialogue with the public; in other cases it may be<br />
appropriate for the local planning authority <strong>to</strong> take the<br />
lead. The community and its representatives should<br />
continue <strong>to</strong> be involved as the scheme develops.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
PLANNING FOR REAL -<br />
VICARAGE ESTATE, MILTON REGIS, KENT<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.4<br />
In 1998 Swale Borough Council and Swale Housing<br />
Association bid successfully for Single Regeneration<br />
Budget funds <strong>to</strong> improve the local environment,<br />
address problems of crime and community safety<br />
and improve the quality of life for residents on the<br />
Vicarage Estate, Mil<strong>to</strong>n Regis. It was decided that a<br />
Planning for Real exercise could effectively highlight<br />
the greatest areas of need according <strong>to</strong> those who<br />
actually live there. Calling on the expertise of the<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Architecture Centre, residents and school<br />
children were involved in building a three<br />
dimensional model of the estate, supplemented by<br />
pho<strong>to</strong>graphs. Invitations, which included entry in<strong>to</strong> a<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>collaboration<br />
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<strong>Design</strong><br />
17
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18<br />
prize draw, were then sent <strong>to</strong> all local residents, and<br />
drew in over 100 participants. The model was used<br />
as the basis for identifying the priority issues, from<br />
road improvements <strong>to</strong> adult training opportunities.<br />
A follow up ‘open meeting’ was held <strong>to</strong> resolve<br />
which recommendations were realistically achievable<br />
and when each issue should be dealt with - ‘now’,<br />
‘soon’ or ‘later’. It was also important <strong>to</strong> classify<br />
what the community could achieve on its own, or<br />
whether an injection of funds or expertise from the<br />
local authority, or the resources of a larger<br />
partnership, were needed.<br />
Outcomes<br />
Clear priority was given <strong>to</strong> overcoming problems of<br />
crime and safety, and a series of measures <strong>to</strong> take<br />
place in the short term was mapped out, including:-<br />
• Security fencing, lighting and/or CCTV cameras<br />
• Neighbourhood Watch<br />
• Addressing drug taking and problem families<br />
• Traffic calming.<br />
The newly formed Residents Association (which<br />
resulted from the event) has held its first meeting, and<br />
a Clean Up Day <strong>to</strong> tackle problem areas has been<br />
proposed. The participation exercise tapped in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
community aspiration for positive change, along with<br />
funding which could help realise at least some ideas <strong>to</strong><br />
improve quality of life within the estate.<br />
Principle 1.5: Systems for the moni<strong>to</strong>ring and<br />
benchmarking of schemes should be put in place<br />
1.5.1 Moni<strong>to</strong>ring of both the design and environmental<br />
impact of a proposed <strong>development</strong> is vitally important in<br />
improving the quality of the built environment. This can be<br />
either a qualitative or a quantitative evaluation, or both.<br />
1.5.2 Environmental benchmarking can take the form of<br />
a comparison of <strong>development</strong>s one with another. It may<br />
be particularly useful <strong>to</strong> compare the quality and<br />
sustainability of <strong>development</strong>s within <strong>Kent</strong> with<br />
authorities elsewhere.<br />
1.5.3 Moni<strong>to</strong>ring <strong>development</strong>s as they proceed is<br />
important <strong>to</strong> ensure that all the key elements of a scheme<br />
and any necessary conditions are properly implemented.<br />
It may be important <strong>to</strong> moni<strong>to</strong>r the effectiveness of<br />
certain features of the design such as water-demand<br />
management, reduced car parking and higher<br />
<strong>development</strong> densities for future comparisons. It may also<br />
be appropriate, particularly with some innovative<br />
schemes, <strong>to</strong> impose conditions or seek legal agreements<br />
<strong>to</strong> address unforeseen problems.<br />
1.5.4 There may be cases where it is reasonable for local<br />
planning authorities <strong>to</strong> require, through planning<br />
conditions, developers <strong>to</strong> put in place a moni<strong>to</strong>ring<br />
regime requiring a developer <strong>to</strong> respond in the event that<br />
approved <strong>to</strong>lerances are exceeded. Examples might<br />
include noise emissions or air quality.<br />
1.5.5 In order <strong>to</strong> assess the quality of their <strong>development</strong><br />
control decisions, Sevenoaks District Council<br />
commissioned a review of the impact of <strong>development</strong> on<br />
a sample of occupiers and neighbours.<br />
Principle 1.6: Local Planning Authorities should build<br />
on the principles provided by <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong> in the<br />
preparation of detailed design guidance for specific<br />
areas and sites.<br />
1.6.1 Local Plan policies can encourage <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
transport, mixed-use <strong>development</strong>, environmental<br />
safeguards and mitigation measures. Such policies can<br />
help <strong>to</strong> send a clear message <strong>to</strong> developers of a local<br />
authority’s aspirations and expectations for a particular<br />
site.<br />
1.6.2 These policies might include the provision of<br />
community and physical infrastructure, landscaping, open<br />
space and access. Developers and the community then<br />
have an opportunity <strong>to</strong> challenge specific elements at a<br />
Local Plan inquiry. Once formally adopted, Local Plan<br />
policies have considerable weight. They can assist<br />
developers by giving them early notice of requirements so<br />
that these can be taken in<strong>to</strong> account during the<br />
developer’s own decision-making processes. The Local<br />
Plan process may necessitate some preliminary survey<br />
work in order <strong>to</strong> identify the relevant key issues for a<br />
particular site.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
TONBRIDGE AND MALLING LOCAL PLAN POLICY P2/6<br />
AND P2/7(1998) 5<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.6<br />
For a major land release at Peters Pit, Wouldham,<br />
the Borough Council set down a number of<br />
requirements including:-<br />
• a new river crossing<br />
• on- and off-site highway improvements<br />
• an element of affordable housing<br />
• a network of green cycleways, pedestrian and<br />
equestrian links and facilities for the public<br />
• land res<strong>to</strong>ration and treatment of contaminated<br />
land<br />
• environmental enhancements and landscaping <strong>to</strong><br />
mitigate new <strong>development</strong> impacts<br />
• recycling facilities<br />
• provision of leisure and recreation facilities and a<br />
riverside footpath<br />
• provision for nature conservation management<br />
• an element of mixed use including community<br />
infrastructure<br />
1.6.3 Development briefs can be prepared by a local<br />
authority, landowner or developer. They can set down<br />
the parameters of what might be acceptable within a<br />
detailed planning application. A <strong>development</strong> brief is,<br />
therefore, a valuable mechanism for achieving good<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
design. The issues that might be covered in such briefs are<br />
set out below:<br />
• how <strong>to</strong> respond <strong>to</strong> constraints and site characteristics,<br />
for example; listed buildings, ground conditions,<br />
contamination, access limitations, sensitive uses or<br />
buildings on or adjacent <strong>to</strong> the site;<br />
• definition of local character including <strong>to</strong>wnscape,<br />
landscape and nature conservation;<br />
• his<strong>to</strong>ric details;<br />
• additional infrastructure or facilities that should be<br />
provided;<br />
• planning standards <strong>to</strong> be applied and the degree of<br />
flexibility;<br />
• scale, massing and height of buildings;<br />
• influence of the property market;<br />
• site survey and assessment including features <strong>to</strong> be<br />
retained;<br />
• layout of circulation system (including servicing) for<br />
vehicles, public transport, pedestrians and cycles and<br />
how this should relate <strong>to</strong> open spaces;<br />
• developable areas, landscape design and structure of<br />
external spaces;<br />
• resource management such as water demand<br />
management, energy efficiency objectives;<br />
• arrangements for establishing and maintaining<br />
structural planting; and<br />
• phasing details <strong>to</strong> ensure key elements are delivered.<br />
RESEARCH<br />
1.6.4 The Department of The Environment Transport<br />
and The Regions has recently carried out research in<strong>to</strong><br />
<strong>development</strong> briefs. 6 This concluded that <strong>development</strong><br />
briefs allow planning policies <strong>to</strong> be tuned <strong>to</strong> the specific<br />
characteristics of a given site. The research also<br />
concluded that briefs may need a specialist input for<br />
example; from urban designers, landscape architects,<br />
archaeologists and ecologists.<br />
1.6.5 It goes on <strong>to</strong> recommend that consultation on briefs<br />
should include landowners, current occupiers, the<br />
<strong>development</strong> industry, chambers of commerce, estate<br />
agents, statu<strong>to</strong>ry undertakers, other departments in the<br />
local authority, other local authorities, local community<br />
and interest groups. Consultation with the public might<br />
take a number of forms including: leaflets, public<br />
meetings, questionnaires, site notices, public exhibitions<br />
and participative workshops.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
GOSPORT BOROUGH LANDSCAPE<br />
AND TOWNSCAPE STUDY 1996 7<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.6<br />
1.6 Gosport Study<br />
(Gosport Borough Council & Landscape <strong>Design</strong> Partnership)<br />
This provides a detailed analysis of the urban<br />
environment at a local level. The first section<br />
identifies and assesses urban building types across<br />
the district, such as “inter-war suburbia” and “20th<br />
century industrial”. The study applies the same<br />
evaluation <strong>to</strong> landscape areas. It then goes on <strong>to</strong><br />
describe character areas within the urban<br />
conurbation, highlighting their positive and negative<br />
characteristics, landmarks, colour palette and,<br />
significantly, the design objectives. The appendix<br />
provides a detailed list of criteria for the evaluation<br />
of an area, for example the texture, microclimate,<br />
skyline and building age and condition.<br />
SEVENOAKS HIGH STREET<br />
CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL 8<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.6<br />
This gives a detailed description of the geographic<br />
and his<strong>to</strong>ric context of Sevenoaks and is an example<br />
of many such appraisals carried out for <strong>Kent</strong>’s <strong>to</strong>wns.<br />
By discussing individual buildings and groups of<br />
buildings and by giving details of materials, scale and<br />
decoration, the report manages <strong>to</strong> capture the sense<br />
of place (good and bad) created in different parts of<br />
the <strong>to</strong>wn. It describes the intricacies of the street<br />
pattern, footpath links and the quality of the street<br />
furniture and identifies important views in<strong>to</strong>, within<br />
and out of the High Street. The report is intended <strong>to</strong><br />
influence the <strong>development</strong> and implementation of<br />
planning and conservation policy within the <strong>to</strong>wn.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>collaboration<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
19
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
HOLLOW LANE CANTERBURY DEVELOPMENT BRIEF 1998 9<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.6<br />
1.6.8 Village <strong>Design</strong> Statements are particularly effective<br />
when they are developed, researched, and written by<br />
local people; when they are representative of the views of<br />
the village as a whole; and when they involve a wide<br />
section of the village community in their production. The<br />
database used <strong>to</strong> produce the statements may also<br />
provide useful information <strong>to</strong> developers as part of the<br />
process of facilitating locally sensitive design.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
EDENBRIDGE VILLAGE DESIGN STATEMENT 10<br />
PRINCIPLE 1.6<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>collaboration<br />
20<br />
1.6 Hollow Lane (Canterbury City Council)<br />
This brief related <strong>to</strong> a proposed residential <strong>development</strong><br />
and identified the following key objectives:<br />
• promotion of energy efficiency<br />
• avoidance of car domination<br />
• provision for cars, pedestrians and cyclists in a safe<br />
and sensitive manner (avoid cul-de-sacs, provide a<br />
high degree of permeability/traffic calming with a<br />
10 mph home zone).<br />
• open space including six door-step play areas<br />
• an archaeological watching brief<br />
• noise investigation in respect of a major road near<br />
the site<br />
• provision of affordable housing and community<br />
infrastructure including education<br />
• respect for local character and views<br />
• promotion of water conservation measures.<br />
VILLAGE DESIGN STATEMENTS AND VILLAGE APPRAISALS<br />
1.6.6 The concept of locally prepared village design<br />
statements was introduced by the Countryside<br />
Commission (now Countryside Agency) as a way of<br />
involving residents in order that local knowledge, ideas<br />
and views could contribute in a positive way <strong>to</strong> the future<br />
of a village or <strong>to</strong>wn. Village <strong>Design</strong> Statements are used as<br />
a means of ensuring that the character of a village is fully<br />
unders<strong>to</strong>od and taken in<strong>to</strong> account in planning decisions.<br />
They are applicable <strong>to</strong> all forms and scale of <strong>development</strong><br />
and their purpose is <strong>to</strong> manage change in a village, not<br />
prevent it. They should define features of local character<br />
and distinctiveness that deserve <strong>to</strong> be protected and<br />
enhanced by new <strong>development</strong>. Where they are<br />
compatible with the statu<strong>to</strong>ry planning system they can<br />
be approved as supplementary planning guidance.<br />
1.6.7 A Village <strong>Design</strong> Statement should:<br />
• describe the distinctive character of the village and<br />
surrounding landscape;<br />
• address regional diversity, local distinctiveness and the<br />
relationship of settlement <strong>to</strong> the surrounding landscape;<br />
• draw up design principles based on distinctive local<br />
character; and<br />
• work in partnership with the local planning authority<br />
within the context of existing local planning policy and<br />
so as <strong>to</strong> influence future policies.<br />
1.6 Edenbridge Village <strong>Design</strong> Statement (Edenbridge Town Forum)<br />
The preparation of the Edenbridge Village <strong>Design</strong><br />
Statement was led by the Edenbridge Town Forum<br />
and involved the <strong>to</strong>wn council, Sevenoaks District<br />
Council, local residents, local community groups and<br />
schools. The Statement sets out the his<strong>to</strong>ry of the<br />
village by identifying several of its key buildings and<br />
characteristic design features. Rural, developed and<br />
green spaces are described in detail for individual<br />
areas of the village <strong>to</strong> identify the key elements that<br />
give the village its character. The document is well<br />
illustrated and includes the community’s aspirations<br />
for new <strong>development</strong>; for example, indicating the<br />
types of design details that might complement<br />
existing <strong>development</strong> such as sensitive boundary<br />
treatment and the use of hung tiles and weather<br />
boarding. The Statement also makes specific<br />
reference <strong>to</strong> landscaping, street furniture, traffic and<br />
footpath issues. It has been adopted by Sevenoaks<br />
District Council as supplementary planning guidance.<br />
1.6.9 A Village Appraisal is a community based and<br />
community led assessment of the current level of services<br />
and facilities within a village and the current needs of its<br />
inhabitants.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
REFERENCES:<br />
1 One S<strong>to</strong>p Shop: Development Team Approach, Department of the<br />
Environment Transport and the Regions, 1998<br />
2 Planning for Real The Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation, Joseph<br />
Rowntree Foundation, 1997<br />
3 Vicarage Estate - Planning for Real Draft Report, <strong>Kent</strong> Architecture Centre;<br />
Swale Borough Council; Swale Housing Association, 1999<br />
4 Quality of Development Control Outcomes, University of Westminster, 1998<br />
5 Tonbridge and Malling Local Plan, Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council,<br />
1998<br />
6 Planning and Development Briefs: a Guide <strong>to</strong> Better Practice, Department<br />
of the Environment Transport and the Regions 1998<br />
7 Gosport Borough Landscape and Townscape Study, Gosport Borough<br />
Council and Hampshire <strong>County</strong> Council, 1996<br />
8 Sevenoaks High Street Conservation Area Appraisal, Sevenoaks District<br />
Council, 1998<br />
9 Hollow Lane, Canterbury Development Brief, Canterbury City Council 1998<br />
10 Edenbridge Village <strong>Design</strong> Statement, Edenbridge Town Forum, 1998<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 1:<br />
COLLABORATION<br />
• Have pre-application negotiations taken<br />
place?<br />
• Have appropriately skilled teams been<br />
used <strong>to</strong> develop the scheme?<br />
• Has appropriate survey work been<br />
undertaken?<br />
• Has the <strong>development</strong> team approach<br />
been adopted?<br />
• Have the public and its representatives<br />
been involved?<br />
• Has a masterplan or <strong>development</strong> brief<br />
been prepared and taken in<strong>to</strong> account?<br />
• Has relevant detailed design guidance<br />
been taken in<strong>to</strong> account?<br />
• Does the scheme comply with Local Plan<br />
policy?<br />
• Have moni<strong>to</strong>ring regimes been<br />
submitted?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>collaboration<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
21
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
innovation<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
2<br />
Seek environmentally <strong>sustainable</strong> solutions through<br />
innovative design<br />
Principle 2.1: Developers should seek <strong>to</strong> enhance<br />
environmental quality and sustainability through<br />
innovative solutions in both transport and building design<br />
Problem: The design of the road axis depended<br />
upon a straight street layout of some 200m in length.<br />
Experience suggested that this layout would result in<br />
unacceptably high traffic speeds for a residential<br />
street. The target speed needed was 20mph.<br />
innovation<br />
24<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
2.1 Ashford international station<br />
2.1.1 Schemes that demonstrate a high quality of design,<br />
environmental responsibility and sustainability principles<br />
should be promoted. Developers should seek innovative<br />
construction techniques whether using contemporary or<br />
traditional materials. Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong><br />
embracing an urban design process which incorporates<br />
the needs of all users whilst raising overall design quality.<br />
Sites incorporating recycled land may present design<br />
problems that can only be overcome by taking an<br />
unconventional approach. Developers should also look at<br />
ways of reducing the need for car transport and<br />
encouraging more <strong>sustainable</strong> forms of travel.<br />
INNOVATIVE HIGHWAY DESIGN<br />
PRINCIPLE 2.1<br />
2.1 ‘Dumb roundabout’<br />
Kings Hill is a large mixed use <strong>development</strong> sited on<br />
a disused aerodrome near West Malling. The<br />
developers, Rouse <strong>Kent</strong>, wished <strong>to</strong> promote a<br />
principal road axis through the residential area,<br />
focusing on the distant landmark of Mereworth<br />
Castle. Part of the axis was <strong>to</strong> be in a boulevard style<br />
layout, with a street pattern of houses set back<br />
behind tree planted verges.<br />
Solution: Based upon a width of 5.5m, the road was<br />
designed with ‘dumb roundabouts’ (circular central<br />
islands) sited at 70m intervals. The road width past<br />
these roundabouts was restricted by ‘over-run’ areas<br />
constructed with granite setts sunk partly in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
road surface, thus creating a raised shoulder which<br />
larger vehicles are forced <strong>to</strong> mount. The effect has<br />
been <strong>to</strong> maintain low speeds (average 17mph)<br />
throughout the length. By using quality materials and<br />
employing the central island as a tree planting area the<br />
measures have been designed <strong>to</strong> blend in with the<br />
overall scheme. A ‘midi’ bus operates along this route.<br />
2.1.2 public art at King’s Hill, <strong>Kent</strong><br />
Principle 2.2: Local authorities will encourage<br />
innovation by welcoming those proposals which<br />
promote quality in design<br />
2.2.1 First Church of Christ Scientist, Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
2.2.1 Local authorities should seek <strong>to</strong> encourage<br />
developers whose applications demonstrate innovative<br />
techniques, enhance sustainability and raise design quality.<br />
In order <strong>to</strong> encourage <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>, they<br />
should ensure that their processes are sufficiently flexible<br />
<strong>to</strong> deal with innovative proposals. Such proposals should<br />
be moni<strong>to</strong>red and evaluated throughout the planning and<br />
construction process. Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> a<br />
scheme of local merit awards <strong>to</strong> acknowledge innovation<br />
and achievement.<br />
system and an emphasis on passive solar gain, with<br />
au<strong>to</strong>mated blinds and shutters <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
overheating. SAGA also provides a shuttle bus <strong>to</strong><br />
transport employees <strong>to</strong> and from work.<br />
Principle 2.3: To assist developers, local authorities<br />
should be aware of best practice both here and<br />
abroad <strong>to</strong> keep abreast of latest thinking<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
2.2.1 innovative detailing<br />
SAGA BUILDING, FOLKESTONE<br />
PRINCIPLE 2.2<br />
2.2 Saga Building, Folkes<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
Architects Michael Hopkins & Partners designed the<br />
new purpose-built headquarters for SAGA on<br />
recycled land in Folkes<strong>to</strong>ne. SAGA has long<br />
associations with Folkes<strong>to</strong>ne and is an important<br />
employer in the local economy. The planning<br />
application process was a collaborative one that kept<br />
the local community involved throughout. The Local<br />
Authority also adopted a positive stance <strong>to</strong> the<br />
innovative approach that has provided a prestigious<br />
new building in a high quality parkland setting. The<br />
building has been designed according <strong>to</strong> sustainability<br />
principles and incorporates a number of energy<br />
efficient components including a natural ventilation<br />
2.3.1 high quality building in Nimes<br />
2.3.1 Local authorities should be aware of the latest<br />
thinking in design and building techniques and should be<br />
prepared <strong>to</strong> train staff in order <strong>to</strong> give skilled support <strong>to</strong><br />
developers putting forward innovative ideas.<br />
2.3.1 Chestnut Court, Brough<strong>to</strong>n (Environ Homes)<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>innovation<br />
2.3.2 Liaison between local authorities <strong>to</strong> discuss latest<br />
techniques, exchange information and <strong>to</strong> share<br />
experiences should be encouraged. Use of existing<br />
discussion forums should be maximised and links formed<br />
with locally based ‘<strong>sustainable</strong>’ interest organisations <strong>to</strong><br />
keep abreast of latest thinking and techniques.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
25
Principle 2.4: Developers should be prepared <strong>to</strong><br />
commission skills in order <strong>to</strong> promote innovative<br />
design solutions<br />
2.4.1 In order <strong>to</strong> raise the quality of design through<br />
innovation and creativity, developers should be prepared<br />
<strong>to</strong> call on outside skills <strong>to</strong> bring forward non-standard<br />
solutions <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong> challenges.<br />
• forging partnerships with local authorities,<br />
Greenwich University and housebuilders <strong>to</strong> put<br />
theory in<strong>to</strong> practice on a site in Dartford<br />
• a proposed Timber Dwelling Research Centre at<br />
the University of Greenwich, Dartford and input<br />
in<strong>to</strong> the neighbouring ecologically-focused London<br />
Science Park<br />
• application of timber technology by Hyde Housing<br />
in existing s<strong>to</strong>ck.<br />
Another innovative application of timber<br />
construction is the Light Footfall Building System by<br />
English Oak Direct. This creates relocatable modular<br />
buildings from sustainably sourced timber with a<br />
minimum lifespan of 100 years and a capacity for a<br />
minimum of 10 moves.<br />
2.4.1 innovative solution in Canterbury (Environ Homes)<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
Principle 2.5: Local authorities should assist<br />
developers with <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>Design</strong>’s principles through<br />
training workshops or seminars<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>innovation<br />
26<br />
TIMBER DWELLING PROJECT<br />
PRINCIPLE 2.4<br />
Timber from renewable sources is a <strong>sustainable</strong> and<br />
natural building material. Hyde Housing Association<br />
has teamed up with TRADA (Timber Research and<br />
<strong>Design</strong> Association) Has<strong>to</strong>e, Swale Housing<br />
Association and Beazer Homes <strong>to</strong> promote timber in<br />
house construction; <strong>to</strong> consider ways of using it<br />
more innovatively and producing it more sustainably.<br />
Countries such as Finland and Canada have a wealth<br />
of experience on such matters.<br />
2.6.2 timber dwelling (Amphion)<br />
The strength of this project lies in its holistic<br />
approach <strong>to</strong> <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. Not only<br />
were ideas sought for the innovative use of timber in<br />
internal components such as doors and staircases<br />
but also for wider considerations such as:<br />
• assurance of <strong>sustainable</strong> forest management<br />
practices for all timber and wood products<br />
• Forestry Stewardship Council certifications<br />
• involving consumers at the design stage and<br />
assessing means of adapting dwellings <strong>to</strong> changing<br />
circumstances<br />
• focus groups of potential clients <strong>to</strong> discover their<br />
requirements<br />
2.5.1 joint developer/local authority training sessions<br />
2.5.1 In order <strong>to</strong> promote an understanding of the<br />
objectives and principles contained within the Guide and<br />
encourage better practice, it may be appropriate for local<br />
authorities <strong>to</strong> hold training seminars or workshops for<br />
local builders and developers. This will be particularly<br />
important in promoting innovation amongst smaller<br />
developers who may not have access <strong>to</strong> a full range of<br />
specialist advice and experience.<br />
Principle 2.6: Both developers and local authorities<br />
should be prepared <strong>to</strong> stimulate thinking by local<br />
communities about design issues through education<br />
and promotion<br />
2.6.1 Environmental education is important <strong>to</strong> raise<br />
people’s aspirations and expectations of the <strong>development</strong><br />
process and <strong>to</strong> encourage an understanding of<br />
sustainability and design issues. Local Agenda 21<br />
campaigns (dealing, for example, with pollution, recycling<br />
and traffic reduction) will increasingly play a major role in<br />
promoting the principles of sustainability <strong>to</strong> the general<br />
public. Initiatives such as ‘Planning for Real’ days, local<br />
community focus groups and school projects can all assist<br />
in raising awareness of planning issues and by helping<br />
people <strong>to</strong> articulate their views. The local environment<br />
provides an ideal opportunity for exploring a number of<br />
subjects that complement the national curriculum.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
2.6.1 innovative quality housing in Norfolk.<br />
(Colin Blake, Norfolk <strong>County</strong> Council 1998)<br />
2.6.2 Good design can be promoted in a number of ways,<br />
for example through publicity, demonstration projects,<br />
environmental education, exhibitions, design<br />
competitions and awards. Local authorities and<br />
developers can also benefit from closer relationships with<br />
educational establishments.<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 2:<br />
INNOVATION<br />
• Does the design incorporate innovative<br />
features and in what ways?<br />
• Has a timescale for the application<br />
process been agreed?<br />
• Has the local authority contributed<br />
process or design ideas <strong>to</strong> add value <strong>to</strong><br />
the final scheme?<br />
• Have specialists such as architects or<br />
urban designers been involved in the<br />
<strong>development</strong> of the scheme?<br />
• Have local authority-led seminars been<br />
held <strong>to</strong> raise awareness and help inform<br />
the design process?<br />
• Where appropriate, has the scheme been<br />
considered by the local community and<br />
the potential for involving local schools<br />
investigated?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>innovation<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
27
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
life cycle<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
3<br />
Ensure the public realm is maintained for its life cycle through<br />
formal adoption or other management arrangements<br />
Principle 3.1: Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the<br />
whole life of any planned <strong>development</strong> so that<br />
appropriate mechanisms are in place <strong>to</strong> ensure a<br />
<strong>sustainable</strong> future<br />
their local context, so that an appropriate balance of<br />
public and private realm can be achieved. At an early<br />
stage of design, all public or semi-public spaces within a<br />
site should be designated, so that adoption and<br />
maintenance proposals can be established and agreed.<br />
These areas include:<br />
• public open space<br />
• play areas<br />
• highway (including footways and cycleways), visibility<br />
splays and other areas required for highway<br />
maintenance or safety: this may include safety margins<br />
or service strips as appropriate<br />
• parking courts and squares<br />
• verges or margins between highway and footway<br />
• structures in the public realm<br />
• public art.<br />
life cycle<br />
30<br />
3.1 maintenance in action (KCC)<br />
3.1.1 Local planning authorities, the Highway Authority<br />
and developers all have a responsibility for the<br />
stewardship of any <strong>development</strong> over its whole life.<br />
Sustainability mechanisms should be put in place so that<br />
the care and maintenance of that <strong>development</strong> will<br />
contribute <strong>to</strong> rather than detract from its local<br />
environment. Elements that require particular<br />
consideration include the ongoing energy needs of the<br />
<strong>development</strong>, the durability of construction and the care<br />
and management of any landscaping and amenity space.<br />
Principle 3.2: The intended function of all land within<br />
any given site must be established at the outset<br />
3.2 designation and function<br />
3.2.1 All sites should be considered holistically, within<br />
3.2.2 Adoption arrangements, including the financial<br />
provision <strong>to</strong> be made for long-term maintenance, must be<br />
agreed at the outset between the developer and the Local<br />
Authority for all areas within a site. As design is dynamic,<br />
there must be flexibility <strong>to</strong> enable the site <strong>to</strong> evolve<br />
throughout the planning and construction process.<br />
Ongoing supervision should be maintained by highway,<br />
landscape or other officers with responsibility for<br />
adoption, <strong>to</strong> ensure an acceptable outcome. Contact<br />
should also be maintained with the developer <strong>to</strong> take in<strong>to</strong><br />
account any design changes.<br />
Principle 3.3: All open space within any site must have<br />
an identified use<br />
3.3.1 All open space should have a principal use. This is<br />
important <strong>to</strong> ensure that landscaping and open space<br />
makes a positive contribution <strong>to</strong> the <strong>development</strong> and are<br />
capable of being adequately maintained. Examples of<br />
these uses include:<br />
• formal (e.g. planted garden)<br />
• informal (e.g. quiet relaxation)<br />
• functional (e.g. ball games, jogging trails)<br />
• equipped (e.g. play area)<br />
• laid out (e.g. squares/courtyards)<br />
• visual amenity (e.g. screening/landscaped margin).<br />
Space that is non-functional or does not fall in<strong>to</strong> any<br />
specifically defined category should be designed out (see<br />
Technical Appendix section 1.2).<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Principle 3.4: The proposed system of long-term<br />
maintenance, and how this will be funded, must be<br />
established at the outset<br />
Authorities may also wish <strong>to</strong> specify the quality of<br />
workmanship and the degree of maturity of new<br />
landscaping that they will adopt.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE<br />
PRINCIPLE 3.4<br />
S<strong>to</strong>negate Place is a recently developed infill<br />
<strong>development</strong> in the heart of the village of Wye.<br />
Formerly an egg packing yard, the site is small and<br />
compact, bounded by the village on all sides.<br />
3.4.1 maintainance in action<br />
3.4.1 It is important that all relevant Local Authority<br />
interests should be involved in these decisions and that an<br />
holistic view is taken as <strong>to</strong> how a scheme should be designed<br />
and managed. Options for maintenance could include:<br />
• adoption by the Highway Authority under the<br />
Highways Act<br />
• adoption by the Local Authority under the Public<br />
Open Spaces Act<br />
• maintenance by the Highway or Local Authority under<br />
a commuted sums arrangement<br />
• maintenance carried out separately by a Bonded<br />
Management Company<br />
• maintenance carried out separately by residents<br />
through special arrangement.<br />
3.4.2 Where it is agreed at the outset that the Highway<br />
Authority will adopt additional areas not strictly required<br />
for highway use (for example landscaped areas between<br />
carriageway and footway) then commuted sums should<br />
be sought for long-term maintenance.<br />
3.4.3 In cases where larger or phased <strong>development</strong>s are<br />
planned, agreement should be reached at an early stage<br />
between the developer, the Local Authority and the<br />
Highway Authority on the surface materials <strong>to</strong> be used on<br />
the adopted road network. A ‘system’ or logic should be<br />
agreed whereby roads with different characteristics may<br />
have surface finishes which reflect their attributes or<br />
functions. For example, car dominated roads may have a<br />
simple tarmac finish but other roads, depending on their<br />
usage and relationship <strong>to</strong> frontages, may be finished in<br />
materials that enhance the quality of the environment and<br />
public realm. The agreed strategy can then be applied<br />
throughout the phasing of the <strong>development</strong> with the<br />
confidence that it will be maintained with quality materials<br />
in the long term.<br />
3.4.4 All maintenance arrangements should be long-term.<br />
Where maintenance is carried out by bodies other than<br />
the Local Authority, then the Authority should be<br />
consulted on how specific areas are <strong>to</strong> be maintained.<br />
Problem: To provide and maintain formal landscaping<br />
that would be appropriate for a small high-quality site.<br />
The system of maintenance was an important fac<strong>to</strong>r,<br />
as the Local Authority would be unlikely <strong>to</strong> be able <strong>to</strong><br />
provide the high level of maintenance required.<br />
Solution: A management company carries out the<br />
maintenance on behalf of residents. Residents<br />
contribute on an annual basis, and have the benefit<br />
of very well maintained grounds, with the option of<br />
having private courtyards maintained and benefits<br />
such as rubbish disposal and other minor works, by<br />
agreement.<br />
Principle 3.5: Consultation over the maintenance and<br />
function of key areas should be undertaken with the<br />
local community (if appropriate)<br />
3.5.1 The local community should be involved in the<br />
long-term maintenance of certain key areas such as<br />
woodland, nature reserves and ponds. Consultation<br />
would help generate interest, a sense of stewardship and<br />
could include a special agreement whereby the<br />
community maintains the area. The needs of the new<br />
community should also be considered during the pos<strong>to</strong>ccupation<br />
period.<br />
C A S E S T U D Y<br />
ASHFORD BOROUGH COUNCIL - PUBLIC OPEN SPACE<br />
ADOPTION PROCEDURE<br />
The Environmental Health and Leisure Services<br />
Department of Ashford Borough Council offers clear<br />
and concise advice on the procedure for Public Open<br />
Space (POS) adoption under a ‘Section 9 Agreement’.<br />
Section 9 of the Public Open Space Act 1906 provides<br />
that a Local Authority may acquire land for open<br />
space which it will then adopt and maintain for the<br />
purpose of local amenity. Local Authorities generally<br />
expect developers <strong>to</strong> apportion 10% of a site for POS<br />
as part of a planning agreement.<br />
For many developers the formal procedures relating<br />
<strong>to</strong> the handing over of POS can be complex and<br />
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daunting. Ashford Borough Council provides a<br />
simple A4 sized leaflet <strong>to</strong> assist developers in<br />
understanding the process. The advantage of the<br />
leaflet is that it gives simple and clear guidance on a<br />
complex subject in a concise format.<br />
Advice relates <strong>to</strong> general information on adoption<br />
procedures, guidance on Section 9 Agreements and<br />
a list of contacts for further advice. The key part of<br />
the advice given is in the form of a flow chart that<br />
clearly sets out the sequence of the adoption<br />
process from the receipt of planning application<br />
stage <strong>to</strong> final hand over.<br />
The flow chart also identifies areas where time<br />
restrictions and financial requirements come in<strong>to</strong><br />
play, so that developers may be warned of these<br />
implications at an early stage.<br />
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CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 3:<br />
LIFE CYCLE<br />
• Has the long-term sustainability of the<br />
<strong>development</strong> been considered?<br />
• Does every area within the site have a<br />
designated function?<br />
• Have all amenity areas been designated a<br />
specific function?<br />
• Are there any areas left without a clear<br />
function?<br />
• Has consultation on open space needs<br />
been carried out and if so with whom?<br />
• Will the open space provision meet local<br />
needs in the long term?<br />
• Which method or methods of long term<br />
maintenance (and funding) have been<br />
agreed?<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Bringing <strong>to</strong>gether uses in a<br />
manner which reduces the<br />
need <strong>to</strong> travel and<br />
promotes methods of<br />
movement that can<br />
improve the quality of life<br />
and reduce pollution<br />
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Bring <strong>to</strong>gether residential, commercial, retail and community uses in<br />
a manner that reduces the need <strong>to</strong> travel and improves quality of life<br />
Principle 4.1: Proposals should incorporate the<br />
principles of mixed-use <strong>development</strong> including the<br />
provision of conveniently located community<br />
infrastructure<br />
4.1.1 Single-use <strong>development</strong>s can produce unfriendly<br />
and unsafe environments. The Urban Villages Forum 1 has<br />
observed that community <strong>development</strong> is inhibited in<br />
such environments because the place where people live is<br />
not where they shop or work. As a result, these<br />
<strong>development</strong>s can be deserted at certain times of the day<br />
and are dominated by car use due <strong>to</strong> the distance<br />
between facilities. This lack of social interaction can<br />
create hostile environments for pedestrians and has a<br />
potentially negative effect on community safety.<br />
within an urban context the issue may be whether<br />
existing and proposed uses compliment each other <strong>to</strong><br />
create a good mix of uses. Such incremental<br />
<strong>development</strong>s can also help <strong>to</strong> improve the quality of life<br />
within areas by introducing positive features <strong>to</strong> the<br />
environment and by revitalising a declining area.<br />
4.1.4 The concept of mixed-use can apply <strong>to</strong> villages as<br />
well as urban <strong>development</strong>. For example, a new<br />
<strong>development</strong> within a village may include the provision of<br />
facilities that will reduce the need for residents <strong>to</strong> travel.<br />
4.1.5 While it is acknowledged that that there will<br />
inevitably be commuting <strong>to</strong> and from mixed-use<br />
<strong>development</strong>s, providing employment and other facilities<br />
close <strong>to</strong> where people live increases their choice now or<br />
in the future.<br />
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4.1.1 mixed-use neighbourhood<br />
4.1.2 The success and vibrancy of his<strong>to</strong>ric centres lies in<br />
part in their cultural associations, their ‘walkability’ and the<br />
fact that they provide attractive living and working<br />
environments where people are prepared <strong>to</strong> trade-off<br />
some disturbance in exchange for the range of activities and<br />
quality of life on offer. The Urban Villages Forum believes<br />
that it should be possible <strong>to</strong> create some of these attributes<br />
within new <strong>development</strong>s by promoting the concept of<br />
urban villages. The key features of an urban village are:<br />
• a mix of uses (shops, leisure, community, commercial<br />
and residential)<br />
• a variety of tenures (freehold and rented sec<strong>to</strong>r) <strong>to</strong><br />
meet the needs of different parts of the community<br />
• comparatively high densities<br />
• a strong sense of place<br />
• ‘walkability’<br />
• a high degree of community involvement<br />
• vitality<br />
4.1.3 The principles of mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s can<br />
apply <strong>to</strong> <strong>to</strong>wns, neighbourhoods, streets or single<br />
buildings and <strong>to</strong> small as well as large schemes.<br />
Developments should take in<strong>to</strong> account the context<br />
within which they are <strong>to</strong> take place. For example, in a<br />
major greenfield scheme it may be necessary <strong>to</strong> include a<br />
wide range of different uses in order that the<br />
<strong>development</strong> can be self-sustaining. On smaller sites<br />
4.1. multi-purpose ‘Christ Church Centre’ in Tunbridge wells<br />
(Grays<strong>to</strong>n Alan & Durtnell)<br />
4.1.6 Good urban design that seeks <strong>to</strong> promote or create<br />
local distinctiveness and a sense of identity is an important<br />
component of mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s. Finely grained<br />
<strong>development</strong>s, built close <strong>to</strong> street frontages, enhance<br />
the streetscape and offer a greater sense of urban vitality<br />
and security. Carefully designed public spaces, streets,<br />
parks and pedestrian routes are also identified by the<br />
Urban Villages Forum as important components. Vibrancy<br />
within the central core of a mixed-use <strong>development</strong> may<br />
be promoted by providing for a range of leisure,<br />
education, informal café and restaurant facilities.<br />
4.1.7 The more conspicuous components of <strong>to</strong>wnscape<br />
such as shops, offices and public buildings, and the spaces<br />
around them, can help define the character of a<br />
<strong>development</strong>.<br />
4.1.8 The quality of the public realm is very important.<br />
Blank frontages are unattractive <strong>to</strong> pedestrians and may<br />
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deter walking. Areas should have their own character and<br />
sense of place.<br />
4.1.9 Mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s do need <strong>to</strong> be carefully<br />
planned. While some people may wish <strong>to</strong> live within a<br />
busy central area others may want more tranquil<br />
surroundings. It should be possible <strong>to</strong> offer this choice<br />
through appropriate segregation of uses and by<br />
incorporating environmental safeguards. Providing a<br />
convenient network of public transport, footpaths and<br />
cycleways should ensure that facilities are capable of<br />
being reasonably accessible <strong>to</strong> one another without<br />
impacting adversely on each other.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
PRINCIPLE 4.1<br />
4.1.10 It will be important <strong>to</strong> ensure that any transport<br />
infrastructure complements the objectives of the mixed-use<br />
<strong>development</strong>. Ensuring appropriate access and servicing<br />
arrangements, minimising the need <strong>to</strong> travel, promoting<br />
public transport and creating a safe environment for<br />
pedestrians and cyclists must all be addressed (see<br />
Objectives 5 and 7 on Movement and Safety). This will be<br />
particularly important where uses which his<strong>to</strong>rically may<br />
have had different design approaches now need <strong>to</strong> be<br />
addressed with a joint solution.<br />
4.1.11 While developers used <strong>to</strong> promoting single-use<br />
<strong>development</strong>s may perceive additional risks in engaging in<br />
mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s, such risks may be reduced by<br />
forging links with commercial or other developers <strong>to</strong> share<br />
expertise. In the policy framework provided by<br />
Government (see Policy section), mixed-use<br />
<strong>development</strong>s are being given much greater emphasis and<br />
developers will be obliged <strong>to</strong> reflect this in their proposals.<br />
4.1.12 There are an increasing number of examples of<br />
mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s which have been commercially<br />
successful (see case studies below). The potential benefit<br />
<strong>to</strong> developers of promoting mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s is<br />
the ability <strong>to</strong> offer cus<strong>to</strong>mers greater choice. The<br />
publication, ‘Making Places’ 2 , recommends that the<br />
promotion of an urban village should be carried out by a<br />
<strong>development</strong> management team. It suggests that such<br />
teams need skills in the following areas:<br />
• acquisition/site disposal<br />
• planning<br />
• infrastructure assessment<br />
• design<br />
• developer and contract selection<br />
4.1 Brindley Place (Birmingham City Council)<br />
BRINDLEY PLACE<br />
Brindley Place in Birmingham is a predominantly<br />
commercial <strong>development</strong> with residential and leisure<br />
elements which include an art gallery, restaurant<br />
quarter around the canal and an aquarium. A<br />
masterplan was prepared which dealt with the<br />
hierarchy of spaces, pedestrian movement, massing,<br />
views and gateways. An urban design brief was<br />
prepared for different areas but still provided scope<br />
for individual architectural design. The project was<br />
characterised by regular liaison between the<br />
promoters and the local authority.<br />
WHITEFRIARS<br />
The proposed re<strong>development</strong> of the Whitefriars area<br />
in Canterbury includes a range of uses with a focus<br />
on retailing. A major new department s<strong>to</strong>re will be<br />
its centrepiece but a number of community facilities<br />
are being provided, most notably a new church and<br />
prestigious library. The <strong>development</strong> will also include<br />
residential accommodation. The <strong>development</strong> will<br />
have a compact urban grain where buildings are of<br />
individual character linked by a network of pedestrian<br />
streets. The originally proposed number of parking<br />
spaces was later reduced in favour of a park and ride<br />
public transport facility.<br />
4.1 Whitefriars (Canterbury City Council)<br />
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WEST SILVERTOWN<br />
West Silver<strong>to</strong>wn in London Docklands is an urban<br />
regeneration scheme in which a range of houses and<br />
flats in different price bands and tenures has been<br />
provided along with community infrastructure, such<br />
as open spaces and schools. The <strong>development</strong> is also<br />
within walking distance of a Docklands Light Railway<br />
Station. A pedestrian footbridge over the dock links<br />
the <strong>development</strong> <strong>to</strong> public transport connections.<br />
Principle 4.2: Masterplans and <strong>development</strong> briefs<br />
should consider the mix and disposition of uses<br />
between and within <strong>development</strong>s and how these uses<br />
will be delivered<br />
4.2.1 In order <strong>to</strong> promote mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s it is<br />
envisaged that the local authority or a developer would<br />
set down, in a masterplan or <strong>development</strong> brief, the type<br />
of uses and infrastructure requirements for a site.<br />
Masterplans tend <strong>to</strong> be used for major <strong>development</strong><br />
projects that are likely <strong>to</strong> take place over a longer period<br />
and therefore need <strong>to</strong> have an element of flexibility.<br />
Masterplans should include information on:<br />
• land use proposals<br />
• public facility proposals<br />
• transportation and circulation connections<br />
• public space routes and places<br />
• sub area divisions<br />
• flagship projects.<br />
Further information on masterplans can be found in<br />
‘Making Places’ 2 .<br />
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4.1 West Silver<strong>to</strong>wn (Wimpey Homes)<br />
GREENHITHE RIVERSIDE DEVELOPMENT (INGRESS ABBEY)<br />
This <strong>development</strong> draws on the principles of the<br />
urban village concept namely by promoting:<br />
• a mixed-use centre<br />
• a mix of dwelling types<br />
• easy access <strong>to</strong> public transport<br />
• a compact and permeable streetscape with<br />
walkable neighbourhoods<br />
• an emphasis upon the public realm.<br />
The <strong>development</strong> creates a new parkland setting for<br />
the Grade II listed Abbey and acts as a focus for<br />
visual and physical links <strong>to</strong>wards the waterfront and<br />
the residential areas. The land use plan shows the<br />
arrangements for <strong>development</strong> including layouts and<br />
accompanying elevations that show typical<br />
<strong>development</strong> form and architecture.<br />
4.1 Greenhithe Riverfront (Crest Strategic Projects)<br />
4.2. Single<strong>to</strong>n village centre<br />
4.2.2 Development briefs address more detailed<br />
considerations such as design opportunities, ground<br />
conditions, built form, public realm, indicative site layout,<br />
and the possible location of key infrastructure. More<br />
detail on <strong>development</strong> briefs is given under Objective 1<br />
on ‘Collaboration’. Urban design codes are a further<br />
refinement and include advice on the public realm and<br />
building design, type, massing and materials.<br />
4.2.3 At the planning application stage it may be<br />
appropriate for the Local Authority <strong>to</strong> enter in<strong>to</strong> an<br />
agreement with the developer <strong>to</strong> ensure that all<br />
necessary elements are provided. These elements might<br />
include; transport arrangements; number, tenure and size<br />
of units; open spaces for amenity recreation and play;<br />
shops, pubs, community halls and schools; leisure and<br />
other such services. Covenants may be appropriate <strong>to</strong><br />
safeguard the long-term appearance and function of an<br />
urban village by, for example, requiring the maintenance<br />
of gardens and property, preventing alterations or<br />
restricting the display of signs.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
4.2.4 It is important that key facilities such as schools and<br />
shops are in place at an early stage of <strong>development</strong> <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage patronage and allow people’s needs <strong>to</strong> be met<br />
without having far <strong>to</strong> travel. It is also important <strong>to</strong> address<br />
how new <strong>development</strong> dovetails in<strong>to</strong> an existing area, for<br />
example, in terms of transport connections.<br />
Principle 4.3: The community should be included at an<br />
appropriate stage in the design process <strong>to</strong> ensure their<br />
input in<strong>to</strong> the chosen mix of uses<br />
4.3.1 To avoid potential conflicts and <strong>to</strong> reflect local<br />
priorities, it is important <strong>to</strong> identify and involve those<br />
groups and individuals affected by a proposed<br />
<strong>development</strong>. Issues concerning the mix of uses,<br />
construction phases and potential impacts in use may need<br />
<strong>to</strong> be discussed. This public participation process might<br />
include meetings, exhibitions or ‘planning for real’ days.<br />
being that new <strong>development</strong> does not give rise <strong>to</strong><br />
nuisance. Bringing different uses <strong>to</strong>gether can cause<br />
tension between occupiers unless adequate safeguards<br />
are built in during the design process. Nuisance late at<br />
night may often be associated with leisure activities such<br />
as nightclubs, pubs and restaurants. Noise from<br />
commercial vehicles or equipment may also cause<br />
nuisance <strong>to</strong> residential occupiers.<br />
Principle 4.4: Good pedestrian and cycling routes<br />
should be provided<br />
4.4.1 Successful mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s depend on the<br />
principle of walkable neighbourhoods incorporating<br />
networks of through pedestrian routes. It is important <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure that any such thoroughfares are carefully designed<br />
<strong>to</strong> minimise the risk of criminal behaviour. This may be<br />
achieved by ensuring that footpaths are overlooked and<br />
have good visibility. The Police Architectural Liaison<br />
Officer should be consulted <strong>to</strong> identify the best approach<br />
(see also objective 5).<br />
4.4. walkable neighbourhood<br />
4.4.2 Pedestrian and cycling shortcuts should be provided<br />
<strong>to</strong> give convenient access <strong>to</strong> a range of facilities. People<br />
will be encouraged <strong>to</strong> use footpaths or cycle routes if they<br />
are more direct than the equivalent vehicular route.<br />
Public transport facilities should link neighbourhoods and<br />
provide convenient access <strong>to</strong> other local centres.<br />
Accessibility between uses is the key. It is important <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure that new transport infrastructure does not sever<br />
existing cycle or pedestrian routes.<br />
Principle 4.5: Mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s should address<br />
the need <strong>to</strong> protect the amenity of a variety of<br />
occupiers.<br />
4.5.1 It is important <strong>to</strong> recognise and identify the<br />
potential conflicts that may arise in mixed-use<br />
<strong>development</strong>s and resolve them by careful design. It is<br />
also important in the interests of health and social well<br />
4.5.1 protection of amenity<br />
4.5.2 Separation of activities may be the most effective<br />
means of avoiding nuisance. Potentially noisy leisure uses<br />
should be located well away from residential elements of a<br />
scheme and noise attenuation measures should be included.<br />
Measures <strong>to</strong> deal with smells may need <strong>to</strong> be incorporated<br />
(see Objective 8). Neutral buffer activities or space may<br />
help <strong>to</strong> separate certain uses from others. Boundary<br />
features such as walls, fences and planting, <strong>to</strong>gether with the<br />
sensitive design of entrances and access points, may help <strong>to</strong><br />
minimise disturbance. Controls over hours-of-use, security<br />
lighting and other management arrangements may also<br />
reduce the potential risk of nuisance.<br />
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4.5.3 Vehicular routes should be designed <strong>to</strong> minimise<br />
noise impacts on residential or other sensitive properties.<br />
Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the type of road surfacing<br />
used in order <strong>to</strong> reduce noise generated by vehicles (for<br />
example, porous asphalt). Traffic speed can also have a<br />
bearing on noise nuisance and speed restraint measures<br />
referred <strong>to</strong> in Objective 7 on Safety may help <strong>to</strong> address<br />
this issue. Careful design of servicing arrangements and the<br />
separation of access points may help <strong>to</strong> avoid conflicts.<br />
4.5.4 Consultation with the police and the local<br />
community should help <strong>to</strong> highlight potential areas of<br />
conflict and identify the necessary safeguards.<br />
4.5.5 Where uses are intended <strong>to</strong> be restricted <strong>to</strong> certain<br />
categories of activities, for example, B1 Business Use, <strong>to</strong><br />
minimise the risk of conflict, it will be important <strong>to</strong> make<br />
potential occupiers aware of these limitations so that<br />
nuisance activity is not introduced. Including information<br />
on planning consents could facilitate this.<br />
4.5.6 It should be recognised that there may be<br />
circumstances under which conflicts of use cannot be<br />
resolved and proposals may need <strong>to</strong> be amended<br />
accordingly. Retrospective action under Environmental<br />
Health legislation is unlikely <strong>to</strong> be an adequate substitute<br />
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for careful design. In Environmental Health terms, the<br />
defence of ‘Best Practical Means’ limits the ability of<br />
occupiers <strong>to</strong> fully achieve a resolution of conflicts.<br />
Principle 4.6: Proposals should clarify funding, delivery<br />
and management arrangements for each component<br />
of a scheme<br />
4.6.1 Negotiations between the Local Authority and<br />
developers should identify when different facilities will be<br />
needed. The applicant should then be able <strong>to</strong> calculate the<br />
<strong>development</strong> costs and prepare cash-flow appraisals that<br />
take in<strong>to</strong> account forecast yields <strong>to</strong> reveal how a<br />
<strong>development</strong> is <strong>to</strong> be phased and the different elements<br />
brought forward. Viability testing may be required in<br />
order <strong>to</strong> ensure the correct balance and phasing of uses 3 .<br />
Where significant viability issues emerge it may be<br />
necessary <strong>to</strong> identify alternative sources of funding in<br />
order <strong>to</strong> deliver a holistic scheme. This funding might<br />
include loan guarantees, land reclamation grants, and<br />
other Government regeneration funding.<br />
4.6.2 There may be difficulties where several developers<br />
are involved and they perceive disadvantages in a<br />
particular use ascribed <strong>to</strong> their land. It should be possible<br />
<strong>to</strong> ensure that incremental <strong>development</strong>s do not take<br />
place without a commitment <strong>to</strong> bring forward the<br />
community elements of a scheme such as open space.<br />
This will enable developers <strong>to</strong> negotiate with each other,<br />
recognising the inter-dependence of the different<br />
elements of the scheme.<br />
4.6.3 The Urban Villages movement has promoted the<br />
concept of Community Trusts. These are bodies elected<br />
from the local community <strong>to</strong> sustain the character of a<br />
<strong>development</strong> in the long-term and <strong>to</strong> take guardianship of<br />
any communal areas or facilities. They may need <strong>to</strong> be<br />
given an initial cash injection by the developer and<br />
empowered <strong>to</strong> raise a service charge from occupiers. A<br />
Trust is able <strong>to</strong> respond <strong>to</strong> the specific needs of a new or<br />
expanding community and <strong>to</strong> nurture its <strong>development</strong>.<br />
4.6.4 Buildings may be occupied in a variety of different<br />
ways over their life. The most successful buildings are<br />
those that can be readily adapted.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
PRINCIPLE 4.6<br />
HULME REGENERATION LTD.<br />
This was a joint venture company, limited by<br />
guarantee, set up by Manchester City Council and<br />
AMEC plc <strong>to</strong> manage the Hulme City Challenge<br />
initiative. With joint chairmen, one from each<br />
partner, this company has driven the process of<br />
planning, developing and refurbishing 3000 homes, a<br />
new shopping street, business accommodation and<br />
community facilities. Hulme Regeneration Ltd<br />
formulated the initial mixed-use concept and worked<br />
with the local community <strong>to</strong> prepare a masterplan<br />
and design <strong>guide</strong>. The company managed the<br />
implementation programme including procuring<br />
major infrastructure projects, the selection of private<br />
developers and Housing Associations for each<br />
project and securing the necessary gap funding from<br />
English Partnerships and other public sec<strong>to</strong>r sources.<br />
It was managed by an on-site executive team, which<br />
reported <strong>to</strong> a board of direc<strong>to</strong>rs.<br />
CROWN STREET REGENERATION PARTNERSHIP, GLASGOW.<br />
Crown Street Regeneration Partnership, Glasgow.<br />
The Crown Street Regeneration Project was initially<br />
conceived by the pubic sec<strong>to</strong>r. A partnership was<br />
formed <strong>to</strong> bring <strong>to</strong>gether the expertise and assets of<br />
the Glasgow Development Agency (GDA), Glasgow<br />
City Council, Scottish Homes and the local<br />
community. The partners, acting as a Steering<br />
Committee, have adopted a model based on<br />
informality rather than complex legal structures.<br />
Various teams of consultants work under the<br />
leadership of a Project Direc<strong>to</strong>r. The GDA initially<br />
met the costs of promoting the project and<br />
environmental involvement costs whilst the City<br />
Council invested its land holdings in the scheme.<br />
Private developers compete for the opportunity <strong>to</strong><br />
develop the housing and commercial facilities on the<br />
basis of fixed land price, detailed design and<br />
<strong>development</strong> briefs. The first phase included 217<br />
homes for sale and 71 homes for rent; a<br />
supermarket, and five shops. A derelict church was<br />
brought back in<strong>to</strong> use and substantial environmental<br />
improvements were made. Together, these<br />
investments were sufficient <strong>to</strong> establish Crown<br />
Street as a new mixed-use urban quarter.<br />
Source ‘Making Places’ English Partnership and Urban Village Forum<br />
NEW ASH GREEN<br />
New Ash Green near Sevenoaks has many mixed-use<br />
characteristics. While there are only limited<br />
employment opportunities within the village, it does<br />
have a number of facilities that give it an element of<br />
self-containment. These include a central shopping<br />
area, a community hall and a network of open spaces<br />
and schools. The village has a vibrant centre. One of<br />
the distinguishing characteristics of the village is the<br />
community management structure that was established<br />
at the outset. This includes a Village Association that<br />
manages all the communal land and enforces restrictive<br />
covenants <strong>to</strong> preserve the integrity of the design<br />
elements and Residents Societies who manage the<br />
administration of each of the 24 neighbourhoods.<br />
There is a hierarchy of decision-making and<br />
responsibilities divided between the different parts of<br />
the management structure. Residents make financial<br />
contributions <strong>to</strong> the management of the village and<br />
their neighbourhoods, which gives some au<strong>to</strong>nomy <strong>to</strong><br />
respond <strong>to</strong> local environmental priorities. The structure<br />
does however require a considerable commitment and<br />
expertise on the part of local residents and the<br />
contributions (<strong>to</strong> Village Association and Residents<br />
Societies) are in addition <strong>to</strong> local authority rates.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
REFERENCES:<br />
1 Urban Villages, The Urban Villages Forum, 1992<br />
2 Making Places - A Guide <strong>to</strong> Good Practice in Undertaking Mixed-Use<br />
Development schemes, English Partnerships/Urban Village Forum, 1998<br />
3 The Economics of Urban Villages, The Urban Villages Forum, 1995<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 4:<br />
MIXED USE<br />
• Do components of the scheme embrace<br />
“urban village” principles, such as<br />
quality, walkability and density?<br />
• Does the scheme complement existing<br />
uses?<br />
• Have measures been taken <strong>to</strong> reduce the<br />
risk of nuisance?<br />
• Is supporting community infrastructure<br />
proposed?<br />
• Is a construction and phasing strategy<br />
proposed?<br />
• Has a masterplan been prepared?<br />
• Has a <strong>development</strong> brief been prepared?<br />
• Are facilities readily accessible by foot,<br />
cycle or public transport?<br />
• Is the design of buildings robust?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>mixed-use<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
39
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
movement<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
5<br />
Promote the movement of people by walking, cycling and public<br />
transport <strong>to</strong> reduce car dependency and maintain and improve air quality<br />
PUBLIC TRANSPORT<br />
Principle 5.1: Viable public transport should be<br />
provided at the initial phase of a new <strong>development</strong><br />
5.1.1 It is key <strong>to</strong> sustainability that public transport<br />
elements should be provided at the outset, before a<br />
<strong>development</strong> comes on stream, otherwise the car<br />
transport ethic will become ingrained and habits will be<br />
hard <strong>to</strong> change. Public transport may consist of buses,<br />
trains or rapid light rail transit, but negotiations must be<br />
made at an early stage <strong>to</strong> ensure that services are<br />
subsidised until they become viable. Developers may be<br />
required <strong>to</strong> provide pump-priming funds and ongoing<br />
revenue support. Sponsorship or partnership agreements<br />
with local bus companies may also be appropriate. (See also<br />
‘Planning for Public Transport in Developments’ - I.H.T. 1 ).<br />
should be provided initially. Thought should be given <strong>to</strong><br />
providing a bus ‘waiting area’ in the centre of<br />
<strong>development</strong>s. Bus s<strong>to</strong>ps should be of a high quality and<br />
well sign-posted with good information boards and<br />
waiting areas should have raised kerbs so that access <strong>to</strong><br />
the bus is at footway level. Bus shelters should be<br />
appropriately lit and have seating.<br />
movement<br />
42<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
KENT THAMES-SIDE -<br />
LOOKING TO AN INTEGRATED FUTURE<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.1<br />
5.1 integrated transport in <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side (David Lock Associates)<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side is an association that brings<br />
<strong>to</strong>gether Dartford & Gravesham Borough Councils,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, Whitecliff Properties and<br />
University of Greenwich. Although a separate<br />
organisation, <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side employs no staff<br />
directly, but staff from each body meet regularly and<br />
work <strong>to</strong>gether on specific issues and projects <strong>to</strong> help<br />
progress the regeneration of the area. Together the<br />
group is promoting a ‘Vision’ for <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side<br />
which takes the discouragement of unnecessary caruse<br />
as one of its fundamental principles. Priority is <strong>to</strong><br />
be given <strong>to</strong> walking and cycling for short trips through<br />
the use of a network of safe and convenient routes,<br />
but for longer trips a good quality high capacity local<br />
transport system is envisaged. This system would link<br />
all the key areas within <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side, and also<br />
run along corridors that are designed <strong>to</strong> be accessible<br />
<strong>to</strong> as many homes as possible, thus encouraging<br />
maximum take-up with residents.<br />
Principle 5.2: Public transport should be brought in<strong>to</strong><br />
the heart of the <strong>development</strong> where appropriate<br />
5.2.1 New <strong>development</strong>s should be designed so that<br />
residents can easily access public transport. Residents<br />
should not have <strong>to</strong> walk further than 400m <strong>to</strong> reach a bus<br />
s<strong>to</strong>p, and information signing <strong>to</strong> <strong>guide</strong> residents <strong>to</strong> s<strong>to</strong>ps<br />
5.2.1 centralised public transport (David Lock Associates)<br />
5.2.2 Where appropriate, bus priority measures should<br />
also be built in<strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong>s. These could include bus<br />
lanes, bus gates and traffic signal priority. Other priority<br />
measures could consist of bus boarders or built out kerbs<br />
that block the road for cars when the bus is present. Care<br />
must be taken <strong>to</strong> ensure that other speed restraint<br />
features on their routes do not compromise buses. In<br />
some cases it may be applicable <strong>to</strong> have dedicated bus<br />
lanes or bus-only routes.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
GREENHITHE WATERFRONT<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.2<br />
The Crest <strong>development</strong> at Greenhithe Waterfront<br />
will be a predominately residential <strong>development</strong> of<br />
up <strong>to</strong> 950 houses supported by local amenities such<br />
as nursery and primary education and local retail and<br />
community facilities. This brownfield site was<br />
formerly home <strong>to</strong> both the Empire Mill and Dartford<br />
Merchant Navy College and includes the recently<br />
res<strong>to</strong>red Ingress Abbey.<br />
The <strong>development</strong> is planned along <strong>sustainable</strong> lines<br />
in accordance with the ‘Vision’ for <strong>Kent</strong> Thamesside.<br />
Accordingly the Masterplan allows for good<br />
access by the high quality bus transport known as<br />
‘Fastrack’. The planned Fastrack route runs through<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
the site from east <strong>to</strong> west providing a regular and<br />
frequent service <strong>to</strong> all parts of Thames-side. In order<br />
<strong>to</strong> limit intrusion from through car traffic, the route<br />
will be controlled by bus-only gates at either end of<br />
the <strong>development</strong>. Housing has been planned <strong>to</strong> be in<br />
easy walking distance of the new route in order <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage its use at the outset. The Fastrack route<br />
is designed specifically <strong>to</strong> cater for the bus service,<br />
with high quality bus s<strong>to</strong>ps and travel information.<br />
Principle 5.3: Developers and/or commercial<br />
enterprise should submit green commuter plans for<br />
larger sites<br />
5.3.1 Green commuter plans are designed <strong>to</strong> reduce<br />
peak time car travel. They may include anything from the<br />
provision of cycle racks <strong>to</strong> the sponsorship of a shuttle bus<br />
for commuters who work on larger commercial<br />
<strong>development</strong>s. Cycle routes that link various commercial<br />
premises with key areas of the remainder of the<br />
<strong>development</strong> should be included in the green commuter<br />
plan brief. It will also be a requirement <strong>to</strong> ensure that<br />
companies have appropriate cycle s<strong>to</strong>rage as well as<br />
changing and showering facilities <strong>to</strong> augment cycling <strong>to</strong><br />
work. ‘Green Travel’ plans are more comprehensive<br />
methods of reducing work-related car travel. They may<br />
include a range of ‘travel <strong>to</strong> work’ alternatives <strong>to</strong> the<br />
private car and include IT systems for home working and<br />
tele-conferencing. Guidance on the setting up of Green<br />
Travel plans is available through the local authority Local<br />
Agenda 21 initiatives.<br />
5.3 green commuting (<strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side)<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
GREATER MANCHESTER GREEN TRANSPORT PLANS<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.3<br />
A comprehensive <strong>guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> the setting up of green<br />
travel plans has been produced through a<br />
partnership of interested bodies within the Greater<br />
Manchester area. Participating bodies include local<br />
authorities, health authorities, rail and bus<br />
companies. Targeted at businesses in the Greater<br />
Manchester area, the <strong>guide</strong> points out the benefits in<br />
terms of reduced costs and improved public health.<br />
The <strong>guide</strong> runs through the process from the<br />
explana<strong>to</strong>ry introduction <strong>to</strong> the ‘what <strong>to</strong> do’ and the<br />
‘how <strong>to</strong> do’ which includes gathering information on<br />
public attitudes through surveys and travel<br />
questionnaires. A ‘<strong>to</strong>olkit’ approach <strong>to</strong> measures is<br />
suggested and participants are invited <strong>to</strong> consider<br />
which techniques would be the most appropriate for<br />
their company. Measures are wide ranging and<br />
include simple ideas like local signing for a hospital,<br />
<strong>to</strong> the introduction of a subsidised commuter bus<br />
and van-sharing initiatives for Manchester Airport.<br />
STEPPING HILL HOSPITAL AND STOCKPORT<br />
METROPOLITAN BOROUGH COUNCIL<br />
Both organisations operate a car-sharing database <strong>to</strong><br />
match potential sharers. The Hospital provides<br />
guaranteed parking spaces for car-sharers.<br />
WIGAN INFIRMARY<br />
Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council is investigating<br />
lighting, crossings and other safety features along a<br />
route regularly used <strong>to</strong> travel <strong>to</strong> the infirmary, with a<br />
view <strong>to</strong> implementing improvements and making<br />
walking a safe and attractive option.<br />
Principle 5.4: Linked bus and train timetables and<br />
through-ticketing should be promoted<br />
5.4.1 Local authorities and public transport opera<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
should explore the possibility of integrating transport so<br />
that railways and bus services are linked <strong>to</strong>gether by<br />
compatible timetables and have through-ticketing facilities.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
CHARTWELL EXPLORER LEISURE BUS SERVICE<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.4<br />
A through ticketing project has been set up <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage the use of public transport <strong>to</strong> and from<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>ish <strong>to</strong>urist attractions and London. Partners in<br />
the project include; The Countryside Commission,<br />
Sevenoaks District Council, the National Trust, <strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>County</strong> Council and rail and coach companies. The<br />
initiative allows individuals or families <strong>to</strong> buy a single<br />
ticket in London that covers a rail trip <strong>to</strong> local <strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Kent</strong>movement<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
43
<strong>Kent</strong>movement<br />
44<br />
stations <strong>to</strong> link with bus travel <strong>to</strong> various sites near<br />
Sevenoaks such as Chartwell, Emmett Garden and<br />
Squerrys Court. The frequency of the coach service<br />
from the stations <strong>to</strong> attractions allows visi<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong><br />
drop on and off during the course of the journey, <strong>to</strong><br />
permit flexibility and suit convenience. The current<br />
project operates on weekends and bank holidays<br />
during the summer months.<br />
Principle 5.5: Highway standards for private cars<br />
should reflect the provision of alternative modes of<br />
transport (buses, cycleways and walkways)<br />
5.5.1 Developments that are located near <strong>to</strong> transport<br />
nodes and have a variety of alternative travel methods may<br />
have correspondingly less highway space given over <strong>to</strong> the<br />
private car. The principal route through such a <strong>development</strong><br />
may be dedicated <strong>to</strong> buses or trams only, with more<br />
complex and <strong>to</strong>rtuous routes provided for private cars. An<br />
alternative may be <strong>to</strong> design the principal route in such as<br />
way as <strong>to</strong> apportion the greater part of the space <strong>to</strong> buses,<br />
walkers and cyclists, leaving only narrow lanes for cars. Tree<br />
lined boulevards are an example of this, where the greatest<br />
part of the space is given over <strong>to</strong> pedestrians, thus<br />
minimising the impact of mo<strong>to</strong>rised vehicles.<br />
5.5.1 sectional bus route (David Lock Associates)<br />
Principle 5.6: Access provision should be appropriate<br />
<strong>to</strong> the size and frequency of essential vehicles<br />
5.6.1 Consideration must be given in new <strong>development</strong><br />
<strong>to</strong> the size and type of vehicles that may need access.<br />
Although it is important <strong>to</strong> limit road space as far as<br />
possible on the grounds of sustainability and safety, it is<br />
still important <strong>to</strong> make adequate provision for service.<br />
Care is needed at the early stage of the design <strong>to</strong> ensure<br />
that there is a strategy for accommodating buses and<br />
larger vehicles on certain roads within a <strong>development</strong>, but<br />
keeping other parts of the road network free for a more<br />
flexible design approach.<br />
5.6.2 There will be a requirement for access by emergency<br />
service and refuse vehicles, but the effects in terms of road<br />
design can be minimised by early consultation with both<br />
the Fire Service and Waste collection companies. Waste<br />
collection points should be in easy reach of the collec<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
yet within the walking distance outlined by the Local<br />
Authority. These collection points are an important part of<br />
the overall design as careful siting can go a long way <strong>to</strong><br />
minimising road space. Access widths suitable for the Fire<br />
Service are outlined in the highway standards table in the<br />
Technical Appendix. Further guidance can be found in<br />
‘Guidance for Providing Adequate Access for Fire<br />
Appliances under the <strong>County</strong> of <strong>Kent</strong> Act’ 1981 2 .<br />
Principle 5.7: Parking provision should be appropriate<br />
<strong>to</strong> locality and the availability of alternative modes of<br />
transport<br />
5.7.1 The type and amount of parking that might be<br />
acceptable will depend on the characteristics of the<br />
locality, the specific circumstances of the case and the<br />
design philosophy of the scheme. Parking requirements<br />
will differ according <strong>to</strong> the building type and its users,<br />
whether needs are for long or short stay, and whether<br />
cars or larger vehicles have <strong>to</strong> be catered for. The<br />
availability of alternative transport facilities will also<br />
influence parking requirements.<br />
5.7.2 It may be appropriate <strong>to</strong> limit parking in locations<br />
where there is easy access <strong>to</strong> public transport as well as<br />
walking and cycling routes. In certain areas it may even be<br />
practical <strong>to</strong> have car-free commercial or residential<br />
<strong>development</strong>s but these must be backed in the latter case<br />
by evidence that potential residents will not require<br />
parking spaces. It is essential that robust controls are in<br />
place on the surrounding public highway <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
parking so that parking from new <strong>development</strong>s does not<br />
displace <strong>to</strong> these areas. An alternative may be <strong>to</strong> consider<br />
a pooling system where all vehicles are shared and<br />
garaged in an accessible and secure central location.<br />
5.7.3 In rural areas where public transport choice is<br />
limited, parking standards should reflect need. Parking<br />
needs should be considered on a site-specific basis in<br />
respect of local alternatives <strong>to</strong> car travel (see Case Study<br />
8.1).<br />
5.7.4 Where it is appropriate <strong>to</strong> provide parking this<br />
should be in a manner which satisfies the overriding<br />
objectives of the Guide, such as maximising the use of<br />
land; minimising car use: promoting the safety of all<br />
highway users; providing security and showing sensitivity<br />
<strong>to</strong>wards the locality.<br />
5.7.5 The scale of road, its level and type of usage will<br />
influence the way parking is managed. Vehicle dominated<br />
roads, such as district and local distribu<strong>to</strong>rs, are areas<br />
where car parking is most appropriate off-street, such as<br />
park and ride sites. On-street parking should be<br />
discouraged where speeds are high and pedestrians can<br />
be masked by parked vehicles. Pedestrian dominated<br />
streets may have a mix of parking types; on plot, rear<br />
parking courts or on street. On-street parking can work<br />
safely and successfully in pedestrian environments<br />
providing roads are designed <strong>to</strong> keep speeds very low.<br />
5.7.6 Within curtilage parking is traditional and popular, but<br />
can be detrimental <strong>to</strong> the appearance and character of the<br />
neighbourhood and numbers of vehicles can be hard <strong>to</strong><br />
control. Shared parking offers advantages in terms of<br />
providing a more flexible and discrete design but it can raise<br />
concerns about security. These could, however, be<br />
addressed in a number of ways, such as ensuring that<br />
parking areas are overlooked and well lit (see Principle 7. 3).<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
5.7.7 SERPLAN is in the process of developing parking<br />
strategies that seek <strong>to</strong> allow for different parking policies<br />
<strong>to</strong> be pursued within the priority areas for economic<br />
regeneration as compared <strong>to</strong> areas of economic<br />
pressure 3 . (See also: Draft PPG 13 - Transport 1999 4 .)<br />
- DETR 6 ; and Reducing Mobility Handicaps - IHT 7 .<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
STATION ROAD, CANTERBURY<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.7<br />
This was a brownfield site close <strong>to</strong> a railway station<br />
and Canterbury city centre. It comprised a bus<br />
depot, repair works and goods yard. In 1991<br />
Canterbury City Council prepared a <strong>development</strong><br />
brief which sought a contemporary solution that<br />
respected the Canterbury streetscape and would<br />
encourage people <strong>to</strong> live in the <strong>to</strong>wn.<br />
The brief was not prescriptive about the numbers of<br />
units that should be achieved, but the city council<br />
was keen <strong>to</strong> avoid a suburban and highway<br />
dominated solution. The progress of the scheme<br />
was characterised by close collaborative working<br />
between the City Council’s Planners and Transport<br />
Engineers. The City Council and developers also<br />
engaged in regular dialogue.<br />
The scheme has achieved a density of nearly 27 units<br />
per acre by focusing on terraced properties and limiting<br />
parking provision <strong>to</strong> 1 space per unit and in some cases<br />
providing no spaces at all. Parking is provided within a<br />
secure communal area at the rear of properties. No onstreet<br />
parking is allowed and visi<strong>to</strong>rs can park in nearby<br />
City Centre car parks. While the appearance of the<br />
dwellings is more traditional than contemporary, the<br />
innovative aspect of this scheme relates <strong>to</strong> the radical<br />
approach taken <strong>to</strong> parking standards well in advance of<br />
the emerging national trend. It also demonstrates the<br />
turning of a brownfield site in<strong>to</strong> a successful scheme in<br />
market terms. The scheme demonstrates that quality<br />
and collaboration are important components in<br />
achieving successful brownfield <strong>development</strong>.<br />
WALKING AND CYCLING<br />
Principle 5.8: Developments should be readily<br />
permeable allowing safe, direct routes for<br />
pedestrians, cyclists and the mobility impaired.<br />
5.8.1 Suitable routes that link key areas both within and<br />
around new <strong>development</strong>s should be considered at the<br />
outset so that residents are encouraged <strong>to</strong> use them<br />
instead of the car. Walking and cycling are <strong>sustainable</strong> and<br />
healthy ways of travelling over short distances, but often<br />
suffer as a result of weather, culture, <strong>to</strong>pography, fears for<br />
personal safety and lack of appropriate s<strong>to</strong>rage. Safety is<br />
enhanced generally by increasing the number of walkers<br />
and cyclists in an area, and children will benefit from having<br />
the freedom <strong>to</strong> use routes segregated from mo<strong>to</strong>rised<br />
traffic. People with disabilities will also benefit from routes<br />
that provide direct links <strong>to</strong> and from services, and that<br />
have a smooth and well-maintained surface. For further<br />
information see: Highways Suitable for the Mobility<br />
Impaired - KCC 5 ; Guidance on the Use of Tactile Surfaces<br />
5.8.1 pedestrian and cycling paths in Kings Hill<br />
5.8.2 Direct routes through <strong>development</strong>s should be<br />
provided for walkers and cyclists. These may either be<br />
segregated or combined, whichever is most appropriate<br />
<strong>to</strong> their context and likely usage, but must be ‘userfriendly’.<br />
They should not be <strong>to</strong>o far removed from<br />
surveillance and should not be hidden from roads or<br />
houses by earth mounds or heavy landscaping. They<br />
should have appropriate lighting unless they are a part of<br />
a small, unlit <strong>development</strong>. Walking and cycling should be<br />
promoted as a dominant mode of travel for short trips, so<br />
these routes should be more direct than those for cars.<br />
Strategic foot and cycleways should be well lit <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage use, unless they are primarily for leisure use<br />
where night time use is unlikely, or in rural surroundings<br />
where lighting would be inappropriate.<br />
The following documents give further guidance: ‘The<br />
National Cycle Network Guidelines and Practical Details’<br />
- Sustrans 8 ; ‘Cycle Friendly Infrastructure’ - DoT 9 ;<br />
‘London Cycle Network <strong>Design</strong> Manual’ 10 ; ‘Guidelines for<br />
Cycle Audit & Review’ - IHT 11 .<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
ST. MARY’S ISLAND, GILLINGHAM<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.8<br />
St Mary’s Island is a <strong>development</strong> of 1600 dwellings on<br />
ex. Ministry of Defence land in the Medway Estuary .<br />
The island is important for wildlife and is being<br />
designed <strong>to</strong> enhance this aspect by the provision of a<br />
wide area of parkland that runs across the island. As<br />
well as housing there are plans for a community centre<br />
with shops and a school. Good pedestrian access <strong>to</strong> a<br />
newly created riverside walk has been provided.<br />
Problem: The location of the island predicates a high<br />
level of car dependency. The original design<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>movement<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
45
suggested a principal route for traffic in the form of a<br />
long loop road around the perimeter of the island, a<br />
design which would be likely <strong>to</strong> lead <strong>to</strong> unacceptably<br />
high speeds. The problem was how <strong>to</strong> encourage<br />
greater cycle and pedestrian use for short journeys<br />
within the island site.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
PRIORITY MEASURES ON CANTERBURY CYCLE ROUTES<br />
PRINCIPLE 5.9<br />
The walled city of Canterbury with its well-defined<br />
core and its self-contained network of medieval<br />
streets, lends itself <strong>to</strong> cycling as distances are not<br />
excessive and the <strong>to</strong>wn centre is largely<br />
pedestrianised and lightly trafficked. Canterbury has<br />
a large number of students and cycling is a popular<br />
form of transport both in and around the city.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>movement<br />
46<br />
5.8 St. Mary’s Island (Countryside Maritime)<br />
Solution: In order <strong>to</strong> prevent speeding the loop was<br />
made more circui<strong>to</strong>us and cut at its mid point with a<br />
‘bus only’ gate. A system of direct links for walkers<br />
and cyclists has been formed <strong>to</strong> cross the island, thus<br />
providing off-road routes <strong>to</strong> the community centre,<br />
and <strong>to</strong> local bus s<strong>to</strong>ps. Cycle use is encouraged by a<br />
wide segregated footpath and cycleway that links<br />
through <strong>to</strong> the mainland and round the island.<br />
Cyclists are given priority at side road junctions by<br />
running a raised route across the junctions, and by<br />
bypassing roundabouts and other speed restraint<br />
features, in order <strong>to</strong> provide safe, direct routes.<br />
Principle 5.9: New infrastructure for cycling, walking<br />
and riding should be linked in<strong>to</strong> existing networks<br />
5.9.1 It is important <strong>to</strong> design a strategy for walking and<br />
cycling that links new <strong>development</strong>s <strong>to</strong> existing<br />
<strong>development</strong>s. This might include existing local facilities<br />
such as shops or the railway station, or links <strong>to</strong> wider<br />
strategic networks such as national cycle routes,<br />
bridleways or long-distance footpath systems. Existing<br />
local networks may provide a useful leisure opportunity<br />
for walkers, cyclists and riders, and consideration should<br />
be given <strong>to</strong> linking these through the <strong>development</strong>. It is as<br />
important for developers <strong>to</strong> consider the relationship<br />
with the area outside of their <strong>development</strong> as it is <strong>to</strong><br />
consider internal circulation.<br />
The ‘Walking Strategy for <strong>Kent</strong>’ 2 and ‘The Cycling<br />
Strategy for <strong>Kent</strong>’ 13 gives further guidance.<br />
5.9.1 cycle short-cut against flow of traffic (Canterbury City Council)<br />
Problem: Although the centre of the city has a good<br />
degree of traffic control and speed restraint, the ring<br />
road and the radial routes from university and<br />
colleges present a safety problem for cyclists wishing<br />
<strong>to</strong> travel in<strong>to</strong> and out of the centre.<br />
Solution: Greater priority is afforded <strong>to</strong> cyclists by<br />
the use of two techniques, Advance S<strong>to</strong>p Lines at<br />
traffic signals, and Toucan Crossings. Advance S<strong>to</strong>p<br />
Lines give priority <strong>to</strong> cyclists using the ring road, <strong>to</strong><br />
enable them <strong>to</strong> have a safe and rapid ‘getaway’ at<br />
traffic signals. Many conflicts occur at signalled<br />
junctions, as left-turning vehicles can often hit<br />
cyclists riding on the nearside, and right turning<br />
cyclists have difficulties moving across lanes of fast<br />
moving traffic. The Advance Cycle S<strong>to</strong>p Line allows<br />
cyclists <strong>to</strong> move ahead of the rest of traffic <strong>to</strong> wait in<br />
a clear area at the s<strong>to</strong>p line. This means that they<br />
are then in clear view of the waiting traffic, and have<br />
the benefit of being in front of the queue, giving<br />
them more time <strong>to</strong> make manoeuvres in safety.<br />
The second technique is the Toucan Crossing. This is<br />
generally used <strong>to</strong> link the two sides of an off-road<br />
cycleway where it crosses a busy route. Although<br />
they can be used by pedestrians (thus the name;<br />
‘twocan’) they are chiefly designed for cyclists, as<br />
they have push but<strong>to</strong>ns mounted at the appropriate<br />
height. The difference between a Toucan and other<br />
crossings is that at pelicans and zebras cyclists are<br />
required <strong>to</strong> dismount <strong>to</strong> cross, whereas <strong>to</strong>ucans<br />
allow riders <strong>to</strong> cycle across. The timing device can<br />
be adjusted so that cyclists never have long <strong>to</strong> wait,<br />
forcing car drivers <strong>to</strong> give way <strong>to</strong> cyclists.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Principle 5.10: Convenient cycle s<strong>to</strong>rage should be<br />
incorporated in<strong>to</strong> properties and destinations.<br />
5.10.1 safe cycle s<strong>to</strong>rage facility<br />
5.10.1 S<strong>to</strong>rage provision for cycles should be made for<br />
every dwelling, either in the form of additional personal<br />
s<strong>to</strong>rage space in garages, houses or other lockable<br />
buildings, or communally in bicycle cages. Provision for<br />
s<strong>to</strong>rage should also be made at the journey’s end,<br />
especially at shopping, community facilities and transport<br />
nodes. Cycle provision should be made at the outset even<br />
for buildings such as cinemas, multiplexes and DIY s<strong>to</strong>res.<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1 Planning for Public Transport in Developments, Institute of Highways &<br />
Transportation, 1998<br />
2 Fire Safety Policy Directive 15 - Guidance for Providing Adequate Access<br />
for Fire Appliances under the <strong>County</strong> of <strong>Kent</strong> Act, <strong>Kent</strong> & Medway Towns<br />
Fire Authority, 1981<br />
3 Towards a Parking Strategy for the South East, SERP477, 1999<br />
4 Revision of Planning Policy Guidance Note (PPG)13 ‘Transport’ (Draft),<br />
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1999<br />
5 Highways Suitable for the Mobility Impaired, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1999<br />
6 Guidance on the Use of Tactile Surfaces, Department of the Environment,<br />
Transport and the Regions, 1998<br />
7 Reducing Mobility Handicaps - Towards a Barrier Free Environment,<br />
Institute of Highways & Transportation, 1991<br />
8 The National Cycle Network Guidelines and Practical Details,<br />
Sustrans/Ove Arup,1997<br />
9 Cycle Friendly Infrastructure - Guidelines, Planning & <strong>Design</strong>, Department<br />
of Transport, 1996<br />
10 London Cycle Network <strong>Design</strong> Manual - Royal Borough of Kings<strong>to</strong>n upon<br />
Thames, 1998<br />
11 Guidelines for Cycle Audit & Review, Institute of Highways &<br />
Transportation, 1998<br />
12 The Walking Strategy for <strong>Kent</strong> (Draft), <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1999<br />
13 The Cycling Strategy for <strong>Kent</strong> (Draft), <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1999.<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 5:<br />
MOVEMENT<br />
• Has the developer made a contribution <strong>to</strong><br />
public transport?<br />
• Has public transport been designed in<strong>to</strong><br />
the <strong>development</strong> proposals?<br />
• Has a green commuter plan been<br />
prepared?<br />
• What alternatives <strong>to</strong> trips by private car<br />
have been provided?<br />
• Have rail and bus companies been<br />
consulted <strong>to</strong> promote integrated<br />
transport?<br />
• Do highway standards reflect the degree<br />
of choice of travel alternatives?<br />
• Does the highway layout make provision<br />
for all necessary vehicles?<br />
• Is parking provision appropriate <strong>to</strong> the<br />
degree of alternative travel choice?<br />
• Have public transport service providers<br />
been consulted?<br />
• Does the <strong>development</strong> provide direct<br />
links for walkers and cyclists <strong>to</strong> local<br />
facilities?<br />
• Does provision for walkers and cyclists<br />
link <strong>to</strong> existing networks?<br />
• Has cycle s<strong>to</strong>rage been provided at<br />
properties or travel nodes?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>movement<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
47
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Embracing local<br />
distinctiveness and<br />
maximising the use of land in<br />
order <strong>to</strong> provide attractive<br />
and safe environments whilst<br />
minimising the use of<br />
resources<br />
design<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
locality<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
6<br />
Embrace local distinctiveness, promote quality and protect existing<br />
features of cultural, visual and his<strong>to</strong>rical importance<br />
Principle 6.1: New <strong>development</strong> should embrace good<br />
contextual design principles<br />
6.1.1 ‘<strong>Design</strong>’ covers a range of fac<strong>to</strong>rs that mould the<br />
interaction of people with buildings and the spaces that<br />
connect them. The term ‘urban design’ should be<br />
interpreted not just in the context of <strong>to</strong>wns or cities but<br />
in any place where people interact with buildings and<br />
their landscape, from single buildings in villages <strong>to</strong> major<br />
<strong>development</strong> in large cities. It is about creating successful<br />
places that work well for those using them. Development<br />
is never <strong>to</strong>o small <strong>to</strong> be considered in design terms. It is<br />
often the cumulative effects of domestic extensions,<br />
single dwellings and alterations, rather than major new<br />
buildings, which impact on people’s perception of a place.<br />
However, even within <strong>Kent</strong>’s diverse pattern and scale of<br />
<strong>development</strong>, whether it be coastal <strong>to</strong>wn, wooded rural<br />
location, traditional market <strong>to</strong>wn or more recent dormi<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
suburb, there are some common considerations which<br />
should be evaluated in an appraisal of any site. Quality in<br />
design reaches beyond transi<strong>to</strong>ry taste and fashion.<br />
locality<br />
50<br />
6.1 SAGA Headquarters, Folkes<strong>to</strong>ne, Michael Hopkins and Partners<br />
6.1.2 Good design can generate a lively, attractive and<br />
well-used environment; it can also bring significant<br />
economic benefits. Both the Government and developers<br />
are beginning <strong>to</strong> recognise this, and greater time,<br />
resources and advice are being invested in urban design.<br />
English Partnerships 1 have observed that in lean economic<br />
times it is the better quality, well designed buildings which<br />
survive (this document also includes more detailed<br />
guidance on design issues). Local authorities have a key<br />
role in promoting this locally - PPG 1; for example, states<br />
that planning authorities can require that a proposal is<br />
accompanied by a design statement. Many local<br />
authorities are producing their own design strategies 2 .<br />
6.1.3 The government is keen <strong>to</strong> ensure that urban design<br />
objectives become core elements of planning decisions<br />
and local planning policy. Successful new <strong>development</strong> is<br />
based on making a balanced judgement between all of the<br />
fac<strong>to</strong>rs at play e.g. local context and character; transport<br />
and movement and balancing the needs of shopping,<br />
business and housing. Development that has proved less<br />
successful has often been overpowered by a single<br />
element, such as the provision for cars through road<br />
networks that have disregarded local character or context 3<br />
(see also Technical Appendices Section 2).<br />
6.1.4 No single template can be drawn <strong>to</strong> achieve good<br />
urban design: the optimum solution is unique <strong>to</strong> each site.<br />
6.1.5 Site Appraisal<br />
6.1.4 site appraisal fac<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
Level and lie of the land -<br />
What views are generated from and of the site?<br />
What is the approach <strong>to</strong> the site?<br />
What forms the sky-line?<br />
What is the nature of the open spaces and how are they<br />
connected?<br />
What is the local climate?<br />
Are there any significant wildlife habitats?<br />
The built environment -<br />
What unusual features make the place distinctive?<br />
What is the relationship between the buildings<br />
and spaces?<br />
What size and shape are the plots?<br />
What are the boundary treatments - walls, fences,<br />
verges, planting?<br />
What are the building types and styles?<br />
The pattern of streets and movement -<br />
Are the streets narrow, wide, curved?<br />
Who has access - cars, pedestrians?<br />
How does pedestrian and vehicular traffic move through?<br />
What is the his<strong>to</strong>ric street pattern?<br />
Ground and surface covering -<br />
What is the proportion of hard surface and soft<br />
landscaping?<br />
Are surfaces rough or smooth in texture?<br />
What are the effects of natural daylight?<br />
What are the ground conditions? 4<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
6.1.6 Annex A of PPG 1 5 , ‘Handling of <strong>Design</strong> Issues’,<br />
gives a clear policy basis for this approach, and<br />
recommends the preparation of a written design<br />
statement which should set out the design principles,<br />
show the proposal in its context and be accompanied by<br />
illustrative plans and elevations. Its degree of detail will<br />
depend on the scale and likely impact of the <strong>development</strong>,<br />
but consideration of design is applicable <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong> of<br />
any scale from house extensions <strong>to</strong> major proposals.<br />
6.1.7 Good planning and design is based on balancing a<br />
range of issues in an innovative way <strong>to</strong> optimise the final<br />
solution. The advice that follows is based on principles of<br />
good practice and the degree <strong>to</strong> which each is relevant will<br />
depend on the context and scale of the <strong>development</strong>. The<br />
advice is intended <strong>to</strong> complement the Building Regulations<br />
that should be adhered <strong>to</strong> for all built <strong>development</strong>.<br />
6.1.9 smallest details<br />
There are several elements which can contribute <strong>to</strong> good<br />
urban design 6 :<br />
CREATING POSITIVE PLACES<br />
6.1.8 New <strong>development</strong> should make a positive<br />
contribution <strong>to</strong> its environment, particularly if the local<br />
context appears tired or unwelcoming. Positive features<br />
of ‘local distinctiveness’ may be difficult <strong>to</strong> find, but clues<br />
may lie in his<strong>to</strong>ry, landscape or deeper evaluation of the<br />
area. Even where there is no building, it may be worth<br />
researching the appearance of previous buildings <strong>to</strong><br />
provide evidence of evolution in the area. These more<br />
challenging places and spaces often offer more<br />
opportunity for innovation or the potential <strong>to</strong> create a<br />
new identity. Landscape design should be integral <strong>to</strong> the<br />
proposal, and consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the<br />
appropriate mix of hard and soft surfaces. <strong>Design</strong><br />
competitions can often help <strong>to</strong> achieve a better quality<br />
and more innovative result for a new building.<br />
6.1.8 rich detailing at Rochester Riverside, <strong>Kent</strong><br />
6.1.9 All design, from the smallest detail such as a handrail<br />
<strong>to</strong> a large commercial <strong>development</strong>, offers the<br />
opportunity <strong>to</strong> create something special. Public art can<br />
help <strong>to</strong> give identity and interest <strong>to</strong> a place.<br />
6.1.10 legibility<br />
LEGIBILITY<br />
6.1.10 Legibility describes the ‘readability’ of a place <strong>to</strong> its<br />
users, including the clarity of its routes and points of entry<br />
and exit. New <strong>development</strong> should respect the areas,<br />
circulation spaces and landmarks that give a sense of<br />
where one is within the hierarchy of the <strong>to</strong>wn or village.<br />
6.1.11 variety<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
VARIETY<br />
6.1.11 Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> encouraging a mix<br />
of uses which complement each other and which generate<br />
activity both during the day and the evening. Evening<br />
activity, whether cultural, social or retail, can transform the<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
51
vitality of a place. A mix of uses may occur within a single<br />
building, with office accommodation providing a buffer on<br />
middle floors with shops below and housing above. Variety<br />
should also be apparent in the types of space; formal and<br />
informal, green and hard surfaces, private and public.<br />
Successful places balance the need for order and variety.<br />
the fine balance between variety and uniformity in a<br />
building or <strong>development</strong>.<br />
6.1.14 longevity<br />
6.1.12 permeability<br />
LONGEVITY<br />
6.1.14 Spaces and buildings that allow for and actively<br />
encourage a broad range of present and future uses will<br />
be more <strong>sustainable</strong> than those designed for a single<br />
specific use or user. Materials and components should<br />
also be suitable for adaptation or re-use.<br />
PERMEABILITY<br />
6.1.12 Ensure permeability by designing for a variety of<br />
routes that allow movement easily through a space and link<br />
<strong>to</strong> other spaces and routes, particularly for those on foot.<br />
6.1.15 visual character<br />
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52<br />
6.1.13 detail<br />
6.1.13 details in context<br />
DETAIL<br />
6.1.13 A richness of design and texture can be achieved<br />
through careful detailing and use of materials, and through<br />
VISUAL CHARACTER<br />
6.1.15 Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the appearance<br />
of a <strong>development</strong> or an individual building in relation <strong>to</strong> its<br />
neighbours, and within its own components (for example,<br />
the scale and prominence of a garage should not give it<br />
greater visual priority than the house).<br />
6.1.16 individuality<br />
INDIVIDUALITY<br />
6.1.16 There should be sufficient flexibility <strong>to</strong> allow those<br />
living and working in a place <strong>to</strong> make their mark both on<br />
their identifiable private space, and collectively over the<br />
function and appearance of public space, but within the<br />
overall character of the <strong>development</strong> and neighbouring area.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Principle 6.2: New <strong>development</strong> should express the<br />
distinctive quality of the natural <strong>to</strong>pography, existing<br />
landscape and built character of the site<br />
CAPACITY<br />
6.2.5 What is the acceptable capacity that the landscape<br />
can absorb? The layout of <strong>development</strong> set in valleys, hills<br />
or woodland should carefully consider its interplay with the<br />
<strong>to</strong>pography and vegetation. Consideration must also be<br />
given <strong>to</strong> whether the location can cope with the scale of<br />
road required <strong>to</strong> serve the size of <strong>development</strong> proposed.<br />
6.2.1 impact<br />
IMPACT<br />
6.2.1 Any new <strong>development</strong> should respond <strong>to</strong> the<br />
context in which it is set. Distinctly urban or rural<br />
environments may be easier <strong>to</strong> evaluate than those which<br />
are on an urban fringe or which must take account of their<br />
impact on both urban and rural environments.<br />
Development on the edge of a <strong>to</strong>wn or village may be<br />
visually important <strong>to</strong> the view upon entering that place. Its<br />
impact on the skyline should also be considered,<br />
particularly in the countryside. Towns and villages are<br />
often characterised by their skylines.<br />
HIERARCHY OF URBAN SPACE<br />
6.2.6 The hierarchy of form of even the smallest village<br />
traditionally offers the visi<strong>to</strong>r a sense of arrival. It is often<br />
marked by an increase in the density and height of<br />
buildings <strong>to</strong>wards the centre with civic buildings or a<br />
church and a public space such as a civic square or village<br />
green. There may be areas within the <strong>to</strong>wn or village that<br />
have a distinctiveness of their own. Developments that<br />
are mono<strong>to</strong>nous in their layout do not engender such a<br />
sense of place or nurture community spirit.<br />
PUBLIC / PRIVATE SPACE<br />
6.2.7 New <strong>development</strong> should allow an appropriate<br />
degree of private and public space around the property.<br />
Developments in villages and <strong>to</strong>wns have traditionally<br />
been built close <strong>to</strong> the road with large private gardens <strong>to</strong><br />
the rear. Narrower plot widths are also a common<br />
feature in the centre of <strong>to</strong>wns and villages.<br />
SCALE<br />
6.2.2 The scale of the proposal refers not just <strong>to</strong> the<br />
height and length of the building but <strong>to</strong> the scale of all its<br />
components, for example doors, windows and detailing.<br />
Massing refers <strong>to</strong> the way in which the building’s elements<br />
are put <strong>to</strong>gether and includes the volumes in both plan<br />
and elevation.<br />
6.2.3 The impact of telecommunications equipment, TV<br />
aerials and overhead cables must also be given<br />
consideration. Guidelines on this can be found in PPG 8<br />
and Appendix E of the DoE circular 9/95, ‘General<br />
Development Order Consolidation 1995’.<br />
COLOUR<br />
6.2.4 Colour can have a significant impact on the character<br />
of a building and its locale, particularly in conservation<br />
areas where colour may be subject <strong>to</strong> planning control.<br />
This concerns both the choice of materials and any applied<br />
colour. Even use of white can radically alter the<br />
appearance of a building for better or worse. The most<br />
successful colours are variants of those found naturally in<br />
the earth and landscape, such as browns, earth reds and<br />
dark greens, perhaps with a complementary colour<br />
applied <strong>to</strong> details (doors, windows, rainwater pipes).<br />
There are of course exceptions <strong>to</strong> this in <strong>Kent</strong>, particularly<br />
the pinks, blues and yellows in the architecture of some<br />
coastal <strong>to</strong>wns. Colour does not necessarily have <strong>to</strong> be<br />
bound by this tradition but careful consideration should be<br />
given <strong>to</strong> context and <strong>to</strong> the shade, intensity, reflectiveness<br />
and area of coverage of the colour.<br />
6.2.1 Gardens - public/private space<br />
6.2.8 Buildings at a street corner are particularly<br />
important and should actively ‘turn the corner’. They can<br />
also provide good natural surveillance.<br />
PUBLIC REALM<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
6.2.9<br />
• Successful places are well used - a steady passage of<br />
people gives a perception of safety;<br />
• Spaces for public events, markets and performances<br />
should be respected or, in a case of newly developing<br />
areas, created;<br />
• Private realm should be clearly distinguished from<br />
public realm (see Principle 7.1);<br />
• Building frontages, whether commercial, retail or housing<br />
should have a direct relationship with the street. The<br />
building line should be retained, unless a positive use of<br />
space or a specific feature are <strong>to</strong> be accommodated;<br />
• Buildings which attract the greatest activity and have a<br />
clear public function should be at the centre of a<br />
<strong>development</strong>, and their entrances should be clearly<br />
visible;<br />
• Infill <strong>development</strong> should not overlook the<br />
opportunity <strong>to</strong> design in a network of paths, routes<br />
and spaces - public areas such as shopping streets<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
53
equire a greater degree of permeability for users;<br />
• Roads are not just a vehicular corridor but part of the<br />
public realm and have a key impact on the perception<br />
of the users. The aim should be <strong>to</strong> create streets for<br />
people, rather than roads for vehicles. This should be<br />
taken account in their design (see Technical Appendix<br />
section 2);<br />
• The public realm should be clearly enclosed by either<br />
buildings or landscape. Even a neighbourhood of semi- or<br />
detached housing can benefit from a sense of enclosure<br />
achieved by the use of hedges, fences and trees; and<br />
• The quality of all elements of the street scene<br />
contribute <strong>to</strong> the sense of place and should be<br />
complementary, including lamps, seats, litter bins,<br />
paving, bus shelters and signs. Sparing use of<br />
strategically placed street furniture is often the most<br />
effective solution.<br />
and isolated churches such as those on the Downs met<br />
the needs of remote communities. The nature of <strong>Kent</strong>’s<br />
buildings has also been defined by the significance of its<br />
agricultural economy and the practice of dividing land in<strong>to</strong><br />
small plots resulting in a heritage of small, timber-framed<br />
houses rather than large country mansions.<br />
6.3.3 <strong>Kent</strong>’s scattered interior contrasts with the<br />
defensive edge of the coastal <strong>to</strong>wns, particularly those<br />
facing the continent. There are fine examples of defensive<br />
castles at Dover and Deal, and military strongholds that<br />
have left a legacy of unique buildings, particularly from the<br />
19th Century. The continental influence manifests itself in<br />
curved Dutch gables particularly in East <strong>Kent</strong>.<br />
6.3.4i Smarden<br />
6.3.4ii Ramsgate<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
54<br />
6.2.9 Millennium Clock, Tunbridge Wells by John Mills<br />
Creativity can add <strong>to</strong> the richness of a place<br />
Principle 6.3: New <strong>development</strong> should respect local<br />
architectural heritage, make optimum use of existing<br />
buildings and recognise landmark buildings and<br />
features<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>’s Architectural His<strong>to</strong>ry (see also Principle 9.5)<br />
6.3.1 <strong>Kent</strong>’s unique and varied architectural heritage<br />
forms a strong base from which <strong>to</strong> develop its future built<br />
environment. This heritage has become increasingly<br />
significant as interest in our social and cultural his<strong>to</strong>ry,<br />
which the built environment describes, has grown.<br />
His<strong>to</strong>ric buildings often display a close link <strong>to</strong> their locality<br />
in terms of form, function and materials from which<br />
modern designers can learn.<br />
6.3.1 Oast house heritage 6.3.2 Ancient buildings<br />
of Canterbury<br />
6.3.2 <strong>Kent</strong> has a distinctive dispersal of settlements<br />
formed in pre-medieval times when the <strong>County</strong> was still<br />
thickly wooded, with small settlements formed in<br />
clearings. Small market <strong>to</strong>wns provided an economic hub<br />
6.3.4iii Scotney Castle<br />
6.3.4 Other major architectural achievements include<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>’s religious buildings, with some remains of the<br />
earliest Augustine 7th century churches, for example at<br />
Minster-in-Sheppey. Many fine 12-14th Century parish<br />
churches still grace the <strong>County</strong>’s countryside, and <strong>Kent</strong><br />
boasts two fine cathedrals at Rochester and Canterbury.<br />
The construction of windmills, oasts, and agricultural<br />
buildings has also made a significant impact on <strong>Kent</strong>’s<br />
heritage and landscape.<br />
6.3.4iv Cobham Hall<br />
6.3.4v Old Romney<br />
6.3.5 <strong>Kent</strong> has some splendid examples of Elizabethan,<br />
Jacobean and Palladian architecture (for example Cobham<br />
Hall, Groome Park and Mereworth respectively).<br />
Decorative and moulded brickwork and classical details<br />
such as pediments and pilasters were prevalent in the 17th<br />
Century 7 . Complementing these grand buildings however<br />
is a proliferation of interesting domestic architecture. The<br />
precedents set in the 19th Century by the arts and crafts<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
movement, which followed local building traditions and<br />
materials, were continued in <strong>to</strong> the 20th.<br />
6.3.5 his<strong>to</strong>ric detailing 6.3.6 Windmills of his<strong>to</strong>ric interest<br />
CONSERVATION<br />
6.3.6 <strong>Kent</strong>’s environment has experienced substantial<br />
pressure in the 20th Century caused notably by prolific<br />
housebuilding <strong>to</strong> accommodate the growing economy of the<br />
south-east. Buildings and areas of architectural or his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
interest are of particular importance as, by definition, they are<br />
impossible <strong>to</strong> replace. Their cultural and aesthetic qualities<br />
give a richness and diversity <strong>to</strong> the local environment and<br />
offer a sense of place and his<strong>to</strong>ric continuity <strong>to</strong> both visi<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
and the local community. Each generation has a responsibility<br />
<strong>to</strong> future generations <strong>to</strong> protect such assets and <strong>to</strong> treat them<br />
with due sensitivity and care.<br />
scope for new additions or alterations <strong>to</strong> old buildings <strong>to</strong><br />
be innovative and contemporary if they remain sensitive<br />
<strong>to</strong> the original design - a flexible approach could be<br />
adopted if the quality of the proposal justifies it.<br />
6.3.10 The most effective means of conservation of listed<br />
buildings and those in conservation areas is regular<br />
maintenance and repair using traditional materials.<br />
Effective maintenance prevents the need for extensive and<br />
costly works later. Sustainable principles for the treatment<br />
of his<strong>to</strong>ric buildings and their settings might include:<br />
• respecting the integrity of the buildings and their settings<br />
• minimising change, particularly <strong>to</strong> exteriors<br />
• accurately record change<br />
• ensuring extensions do not have a negative impact and<br />
are within the scale of the existing (see District<br />
Council policy guidance)<br />
• not disguising changes<br />
• allowing reversibility<br />
• using local natural materials<br />
• ensuring high quality workmanship<br />
• accepting modern solutions, where appropriate<br />
• respecting his<strong>to</strong>ric street patterns<br />
• referring <strong>to</strong> and using his<strong>to</strong>ric names.<br />
6.3.7 There is a presumption in favour of the retention<br />
and repair of buildings of special architectural or his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
interest (as opposed <strong>to</strong> unsympathetic res<strong>to</strong>ration or<br />
re<strong>development</strong>) but old buildings must have viable uses if<br />
their retention is <strong>to</strong> be <strong>sustainable</strong>.<br />
6.3.8 Existing offices, houses, shops, commercial,<br />
agricultural or industrial buildings of conservation merit<br />
should be re-used wherever possible, not only for their<br />
local cultural and his<strong>to</strong>ric value but as an existing and<br />
therefore <strong>sustainable</strong> resource (see Objective 9). Each<br />
case will require assessment on an individual basis. They<br />
can help meet the demand for housing, and their<br />
res<strong>to</strong>ration can stimulate regeneration in an area (see<br />
Case Study: Urban Splash, Objective 8).<br />
6.3.8 converted oasts, Wateringbury. (Crispin & Borst)<br />
6.3.9 His<strong>to</strong>ric buildings require the adoption of a<br />
sympathetic approach <strong>to</strong> res<strong>to</strong>ration or modification.<br />
Even a seemingly minor alteration <strong>to</strong> a building can be<br />
damaging <strong>to</strong> the his<strong>to</strong>ric character of an area, for example<br />
the loss of traditional windows or the introduction of hard<br />
surfacing <strong>to</strong> a front garden. Features and ornament such<br />
as chimney pots, stained glass and eaves details are often<br />
important elements of character. However, there may be<br />
6.3.10 Boots in Canterbury<br />
6.3.11 Listed buildings and their settings, Scheduled<br />
Ancient Monuments and Conservation Areas may make an<br />
important contribution <strong>to</strong> local character and are<br />
protected by the Town and Country Planning (Listed<br />
Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. PPG 15<br />
‘Planning and the His<strong>to</strong>ric Environment’ 8 offers guidance on<br />
this. It demands consent for demolition of any building or<br />
part of a building or structure, or removal of trees, and for<br />
any alteration or extension <strong>to</strong> a building. New<br />
<strong>development</strong> can provide the opportunity <strong>to</strong> enhance local<br />
heritage, but standard corporate commercial designs or<br />
housing layouts are rarely acceptable in this kind of context<br />
and should be avoided. Incremental change in an area is<br />
usually more desirable than wholesale transformation.<br />
Retention of views, patterns of movement and circulation<br />
across a site can enhance the new <strong>development</strong>.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
6.3.12 Many local planning authorities in <strong>Kent</strong> produce<br />
design <strong>guide</strong>lines for listed buildings, <strong>development</strong> in<br />
conservation areas (including Conservation Area<br />
Appraisals) and shopfront design.<br />
ARCHAEOLOGY<br />
6.3.13 There is a wealth of information on <strong>Kent</strong>’s his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
past and built character buried underground. Many sites<br />
for new <strong>development</strong> or re<strong>development</strong> may be of<br />
archaeological interest. It is important <strong>to</strong> undertake<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
55
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
56<br />
assessment and evaluation of the archaeological potential<br />
of a site and the impact of the proposed works at an early<br />
stage. Where <strong>development</strong> is allowed, the aim should be<br />
<strong>to</strong> preserve significant archaeological deposits in situ<br />
through sympathetic design but archaeological<br />
investigation in advance of <strong>development</strong> may be a more<br />
appropriate response. Early consultation with the<br />
planning authority’s archaeological adviser is essential.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
THE TRINITY FOYER, MAIDSTONE<br />
PRINCIPLE 6.3<br />
6.3.7 Trinity Foyer, Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
Trinity Church in Maids<strong>to</strong>ne had been empty since<br />
1974 and in very poor condition. Built in 1828, it was<br />
one of 35 Waterloo churches, a grateful gift from the<br />
Prussian government for the vic<strong>to</strong>ry over Napoleon,<br />
and being grade II listed, it posed a problem. Various<br />
sources of funding amounting <strong>to</strong> £2.4 million enabled<br />
the conversion of the church in<strong>to</strong> a multi-use centre<br />
for the local community and a foyer for young<br />
people. A steel-framed structure, following plans by<br />
the architects at Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council, had <strong>to</strong><br />
be built inside the <strong>Kent</strong>ish rags<strong>to</strong>ne walls. The s<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
of the steeple, which was 75% eroded, was replaced<br />
by s<strong>to</strong>ne masons and the tall windows double-glazed<br />
and skilfully incorporated <strong>to</strong> correspond with the<br />
s<strong>to</strong>reys of the inner structure without detracting<br />
from their exterior appearance. On the ground floor<br />
the community has access <strong>to</strong> a play group, a fitness<br />
club, meeting rooms and a café and on the upper<br />
floor there is residential accommodation for 42<br />
young people. The Foyer opened in Oc<strong>to</strong>ber 1998<br />
and is managed by Hyde Housing.<br />
6.4: Proposals for rural sites should reflect the<br />
particular considerations and sensitivity of such areas<br />
6.4.1 While the points raised in Principles 6.1 - 6.3 are all<br />
equally relevant <strong>to</strong> new <strong>development</strong> in rural areas, there<br />
are some specific qualities and sensitivities that may<br />
demand different solutions. Villages and rural areas are<br />
often defined by their diversity of building, irregularity of<br />
plan, minor roads and lanes and informality of spatial<br />
definition (for example, no kerbs on roads; simple<br />
wooden posts). The Countryside Agency’s ‘Planning for<br />
quality of life in rural England’ 9 offers propositions for<br />
<strong>development</strong> planning which include:<br />
• addressing the sustainability of a proposal as well as<br />
the visual appearance;<br />
• preparing a statement on the appropriateness of the<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>to</strong> its local context; and<br />
• laying down requirements for community involvement.<br />
The objective is not <strong>to</strong> inhibit change, which is an ongoing<br />
necessity. For landscape issues refer also <strong>to</strong> advice in<br />
Objective 10.<br />
6.4.2 While some external features may make an<br />
attractive addition <strong>to</strong> an urban landscape, they are usually<br />
at odds with rural locations (e.g. ornate walls, railings and<br />
lamps; plants and trees such as conifers or ornamental<br />
shrubs and garden ornaments). Clues can be gleaned<br />
from traditional boundaries used locally (often simple<br />
wooden fences, hedges or native trees) <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
‘suburbanisation’ of the countryside. Similarly,<br />
unsympathetic highway design, such as the inappropriate<br />
use of pavements and kerbs, can be detrimental <strong>to</strong> the<br />
rural environment. The Highway Management Reference<br />
Book 10 gives guidance on the sensitive provision of roads<br />
and footpaths in locations such as listed buildings, ancient<br />
monuments and in conservation areas. It recommends<br />
communication between highway engineers and local<br />
planning and conservation officers <strong>to</strong> reach what may be<br />
a non-standard solution <strong>to</strong> satisfying safety and<br />
maintenance standards (see also Technical Appendix<br />
section 3). Care should be taken with signage and road<br />
markings should be minimised or subdued. In a rural<br />
environment, external lighting and security lighting can<br />
have a detrimental impact on the surrounding<br />
countryside, and should be kept <strong>to</strong> a minimum.<br />
6.4.3 Countryside <strong>Design</strong> Summaries, 11 a Countryside<br />
Agency publication, offers advice on producing character<br />
evaluations of an area that should address three elements:<br />
• the landscape setting of buildings<br />
• the relationship between settlements<br />
• the nature of the buildings themselves.<br />
These character assessments should consider such issues<br />
as geology, climate, exposure, the private/public domain<br />
of buildings and the visual and physical impact of trees and<br />
hedges. It is particularly important in a rural environment<br />
not just <strong>to</strong> protect existing trees, planting and other<br />
landscape features during construction but <strong>to</strong> ensure their<br />
ongoing care and survival by preventing root damage, for<br />
example. Such studies can be given particular strength<br />
when prepared in parallel with Village <strong>Design</strong> Statements<br />
(see Principle 1.6).<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
NATIONAL TRUST GATEWAY TO THE<br />
WHITE CLIFFS VISITOR CENTRE, DOVER<br />
6.4.1 White Cliffs visi<strong>to</strong>r centre, Dover (National Trust)<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
The National Trust visi<strong>to</strong>r centre perched on the white<br />
cliffs of Dover has received a great deal of favourable<br />
attention from architectural and environmental<br />
interests since its opening in May 1999. A design<br />
competition was held in order <strong>to</strong> meet the brief which<br />
demanded a building which was ‘green’ both in its<br />
visual impact on the landscape<br />
and its impact on the environment at large. Winning<br />
architects van Heyningen and Haward have met the<br />
challenge with an innovative building in which every<br />
element is designed <strong>to</strong> minimise environmental impact:<br />
• grass roof <strong>to</strong> avoid visual intrusion on the<br />
landscape;<br />
• timber frame sectional structure <strong>to</strong> allow for<br />
prefabrication (more efficient as construction<br />
method);<br />
• Western Red Cedar from audited forest sources<br />
chosen for cladding as it requires no paints or<br />
stains and is therefore low maintenance;<br />
• all other timber including furniture from source<br />
licensed by Forest Stewardship Council;<br />
• waste water collected from sinks for irrigating the<br />
grass roof;<br />
• high degree of insulation, and breathing walls <strong>to</strong><br />
reduce condensation;<br />
• use of recyclable lead cladding on some walls and<br />
local traditional handcut brick;<br />
• boiler fitted with heat recovery unit;<br />
• taps with aeria<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> reduce flow and au<strong>to</strong><br />
switch-off;<br />
• designed never <strong>to</strong> require artificial light, other than<br />
at night; and<br />
• in line with National Trust policy, the café uses<br />
locally-sourced produce, for example <strong>Kent</strong>ish<br />
apples, and ceramic crockery in preference <strong>to</strong><br />
disposable cutlery and crockery.<br />
Perhaps most significantly, the building has been<br />
designed for zero impact - it has the capacity <strong>to</strong> be<br />
dismantled and the components recycled thus<br />
leaving no trace on the landscape.<br />
RE-USE OF BUILDINGS<br />
6.4.4 The res<strong>to</strong>ration of redundant rural buildings, such<br />
as isolated houses and agricultural structures, can be<br />
beneficial <strong>to</strong> the local environment and economy, and<br />
encourage <strong>to</strong>urism. The merits of re-use are subject <strong>to</strong><br />
other considerations such as traffic, and the impact on the<br />
character of the rural area. Care should be taken <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure that the character of these buildings is retained.<br />
Some buildings may require such radical alteration <strong>to</strong><br />
make them fit for occupation that they are not suitable for<br />
conversion. Elements that should be conserved include:<br />
• form, massing and roof-line<br />
• materials<br />
• openings such as windows and barn doors<br />
• overall simplicity of form and design<br />
• <strong>to</strong>ne and colour of materials<br />
• setting in the landscape (access and parking<br />
provision must take this in<strong>to</strong> careful consideration). 12<br />
Principle 6.5: The use of both traditional and modern<br />
materials and technologies should be evaluated by<br />
developers<br />
6.5.1 Good quality design relies on the choice and<br />
combination of materials that have been used. Local<br />
materials have the advantage of reinforcing the character<br />
of the local area whilst reducing the need for transport.<br />
6.5.1 modern detailing, University of Canterbury<br />
6.5.2 <strong>Design</strong> and construction of buildings, roads and<br />
other built elements have traditionally used the best<br />
available constructional technology and materials of the<br />
time. Whilst it may be important in many locations <strong>to</strong><br />
retain the existing character, new materials can be used<br />
selectively <strong>to</strong> very good effect and may be more<br />
appropriate. Alternatively they may be used in conjunction<br />
with traditional components <strong>to</strong> produce a more innovative<br />
and unique building. Over-complex use of materials such<br />
as attempts <strong>to</strong> include brick, s<strong>to</strong>ne, render and timber in a<br />
single elevation are rarely successful. It is also important <strong>to</strong><br />
consider the weathering of materials - how will they look<br />
in ten or twenty years time?<br />
6.5.3 Sustainable building practices may alter the<br />
appearance of buildings and challenge traditional<br />
aesthetics, but this can present an opportunity for<br />
innovative design (see Objective 9).<br />
6.5.3 detailing at Bluewater<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
57
KENT’S BUILT HISTORY<br />
6.5.4 traditional materials in <strong>Kent</strong><br />
6.5.4 Buildings in <strong>Kent</strong> have traditionally relied largely on<br />
locally available materials, but builders were also well<br />
located <strong>to</strong> import French s<strong>to</strong>ne and Spanish and east<br />
European timber for prestigious buildings.<br />
6.5.5 As most of the <strong>County</strong> was covered by forest until<br />
medieval times, timber construction characterised <strong>Kent</strong>’s<br />
buildings until the Tudor period, when the use of brick<br />
became more widespread and was seen as a more<br />
sophisticated material than timber. The richness and<br />
quality of <strong>Kent</strong> clays allowed a diverse range of colours<br />
from red-brown <strong>to</strong> the bluish Wealden bricks, although<br />
the earliest examples of brick construction in 14th and<br />
15th Centuries used buff coloured brick from Yorkshire<br />
and red brick from Lincolnshire. Tiles that resemble brick<br />
were sometimes used for wall cladding, as can be found<br />
in Faversham and Canterbury. Other popular materials<br />
include a variety of sands<strong>to</strong>ne, flint and chalk from the<br />
North Downs, and rags<strong>to</strong>ne. There was a ready supply of<br />
lime and sand <strong>to</strong> make plaster 13 .<br />
people as unattractive and insensitive. Public taste for<br />
nostalgia and the economies of scale for mass<br />
housebuilders have resulted in the creation of generic<br />
house types that appear up and down the country and<br />
incorporate inaccurate interpretations of past<br />
architectural styles, such as Georgian and Tudor. This<br />
reproductive architecture with its misuse of ‘period’<br />
detailing is destroying the uniqueness of his<strong>to</strong>ric centres<br />
by making his<strong>to</strong>ric forms commonplace.<br />
6.6.2 Emphasis should be placed on the quality of the<br />
design solution, whether it be reproduction of his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
styles or a more contemporary approach. An applied<br />
veneer of cladding in a traditional material can weaken the<br />
integrity of the style and structure of the building. This<br />
form of architecture often lacks the level of detailing or<br />
sense of scale of the original. These imitations offer a poor<br />
copy (such as leaded glass) or turn a functional element<br />
in<strong>to</strong> a cosmetic add-on. Details derived from local<br />
buildings, such as windows or roofs, should retain the<br />
scale of the original.<br />
6.6.3 Each location and context for <strong>development</strong> is unique.<br />
No single formula for good quality design can be applied<br />
but calls for a careful appraisal of the site’s characteristics.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
58<br />
6.5.6 Timber was used for weatherboarding, coated in<br />
tar, left unpainted or painted white or cream, and for roof<br />
shingles and church spires. Hung tile and rendered walls<br />
were sheltered by thatched, tiled and slated roofs. Many<br />
of these materials and building styles may co-exist in the<br />
same village or even the same building, but all contribute<br />
<strong>to</strong> the character of the place. This can give the designer a<br />
broad palette <strong>to</strong> work from 14 .<br />
6.5.7 The significance of the architecture of <strong>Kent</strong> lies in its<br />
variety from district <strong>to</strong> district and even within districts,<br />
for example between coastal <strong>to</strong>wns and their agricultural<br />
hinterland. Shepway’s coastal <strong>to</strong>wns, for example, are<br />
characterised by clay tiles, Welsh slate, red or yellow<br />
s<strong>to</strong>ck brick, stucco render and featheredge boarding.<br />
Regency and early Vic<strong>to</strong>rian buildings introduced stucco,<br />
s<strong>to</strong>ne and cast iron balconies. Around the marshes, flint,<br />
rags<strong>to</strong>ne, brick, tiles and hung tiles are prevalent.<br />
6.5.8 Many traditional materials, building forms and<br />
construction practices may be more <strong>sustainable</strong>, give<br />
greater longevity and be less energy intensive in their<br />
production than more modern technologies 15 . For example,<br />
timber-framed windows are now favoured by many<br />
authorities due <strong>to</strong> the short lifespan of UPVC windows and<br />
safety concerns over their performance in the case of fire.<br />
Principle 6.6: New design should avoid a confused<br />
application of architectural styles or inappropriate<br />
his<strong>to</strong>ric imitation<br />
6.6.1 In recent years there has been a backlash against<br />
modern architecture, which is interpreted by many<br />
6.6.3 infill <strong>development</strong> in context, Faversham<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
SHELTERED HOUSING, AYCLIFFE<br />
PRINCIPLE 6.6<br />
6.6 a 6.6 b (Ballast Wiltshier)<br />
A successful example of <strong>development</strong> that provides<br />
comfort and security for elderly people in a spacious,<br />
light environment is Sunny Corner, a sheltered<br />
housing <strong>development</strong> at Aycliffe, Dover. The<br />
architectural division of Dover District Council<br />
proposed a building which would encourage<br />
residents <strong>to</strong> retain their independence for as long as<br />
possible. The accommodation, placed on either side<br />
of an internal street, gives residents the opportunity<br />
<strong>to</strong> escape from their own four walls and enjoy<br />
bright, communal areas with plenty of scope <strong>to</strong><br />
socialise with their neighbours.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
The architects have exploited the sloping site by<br />
building in steps and taking advantage of the superb<br />
views over the Channel. The building maximises<br />
natural light with an impressive atrium on the<br />
northern elevation and a glazed roof over the internal<br />
street. A water <strong>to</strong> air heat exchanger ensures that<br />
rising heat is recovered and stratified air ducts recycle<br />
air <strong>to</strong> keep the building at a comfortable temperature.<br />
along the route may offer a better solution. External<br />
lighting should also avoid penetrating bedrooms.<br />
The building was constructed by a long standing <strong>Kent</strong><br />
developer, Ballast Wiltshier. This Canterbury division<br />
of an international company has long recognised the<br />
importance of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and gained a<br />
coveted Environmental Award for <strong>Kent</strong> Business in<br />
1998 for its local community involvement and policies<br />
<strong>to</strong> employ local people and use local suppliers<br />
wherever possible. <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council and<br />
Aylesford Newsprint sponsor these annual awards<br />
for <strong>Kent</strong> companies wishing <strong>to</strong> show their<br />
commitment <strong>to</strong> saving resources, sustainability and<br />
protecting the environment.<br />
Principle 6.7: Development should be human in scale<br />
and provide permeability and visual interest <strong>to</strong> those<br />
on foot<br />
6.7.1 Developers and housebuyers often give greater<br />
attention and resources <strong>to</strong> the interior of a new property<br />
than the external planning and detailing. The sheer scale<br />
of housing <strong>development</strong>s can leave them soulless and carreliant<br />
unless carefully planned. Settlements in the past<br />
have enjoyed an organic growth over many years.<br />
6.7.2 The scale, height, massing and density of a new<br />
<strong>development</strong> all have an impact on the streetscape. Greater<br />
attention should be given <strong>to</strong> encouraging walking <strong>to</strong> and<br />
through a <strong>development</strong> by creating a more visually<br />
interesting environment. Buildings should address the street<br />
positively, rather than creating barriers such as high boundary<br />
walls and fences. Buildings should front rather than back<br />
on<strong>to</strong> footways, both for visual interest and <strong>to</strong> reduce the risk<br />
of crime. Boundaries and demarcations, from urban wrought<br />
iron railings and brick walls <strong>to</strong> simple s<strong>to</strong>ne bollards or<br />
timber posts, should be appropriate <strong>to</strong> their location.<br />
Principle 6.8: Caution should be taken <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
excessive or inappropriate external lighting,<br />
particularly in sensitive areas<br />
6.8.1 In recent times, light pollution has become a<br />
prominent environmental concern. External lighting<br />
should be integrated with the fabric and character of the<br />
environment and should be based on an assessment of the<br />
needs of the users, the location, the size of the space and<br />
the activities <strong>to</strong> be lit. It requires a skilled engineer and<br />
careful planning <strong>to</strong> avoid overpowering and unnecessary<br />
lighting or inappropriately large equipment. Many existing<br />
dwellings in sensitive locations have no, or minimal,<br />
external lighting. These locations are not necessarily rural;<br />
they can include streets or districts within <strong>to</strong>wns and<br />
villages where light levels have traditionally been low.<br />
Smaller and/or lower fittings placed more frequently<br />
6.8.1 lighting at Market Buildings, Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
6.8.2 Lighting in the public domain should be designed <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure the safety and security of those on foot; cars have<br />
the benefit of headlamps <strong>to</strong> illuminate their path.<br />
Illumination from lamps that are lower in height can meet<br />
the needs of pedestrians and minimise light pollution and<br />
spillage outside the area that needs <strong>to</strong> be lit. District<br />
planning authorities should ensure that local plans have<br />
effective policies <strong>to</strong> deal with light pollution resulting from<br />
<strong>development</strong> and may consider conditions <strong>to</strong> prevent<br />
unnecessarily powerful external lighting from being installed<br />
by residents. (See also Principle 7.6 for issues related <strong>to</strong><br />
lighting for safety and Section 2 in the Technical Appendix.)<br />
6.8.3 Carefully considered or innovative lighting can<br />
enhance both buildings and outdoor spaces by highlighting<br />
special architectural features and displaying form, materials,<br />
colour and texture. Lamp-posts can be a feature,<br />
reinforcing the identity of an area or creating a gateway. In<br />
some locations, however, it may be more appropriate <strong>to</strong><br />
reduce street clutter by mounting lamps on buildings 16 .<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1 Time for <strong>Design</strong>, English Partnerships, 1998<br />
2 Convention Centre Quarter (one of several area-specific strategy<br />
documents), Birmingham City Council, 1994; Essex <strong>Design</strong> Guide, Essex<br />
Planning Officers’ Association, 1997<br />
3 Finding the <strong>to</strong>ols for better urban design, K Campbell and R Cowan,<br />
Planning 12/2/99 p16-17<br />
4 Village <strong>Design</strong>, Countryside Commission, 1996<br />
5 Planning Policy Guidance Note 1 General Policy and Principles,<br />
Department of the Environment, 1997<br />
6 Responsive Environments, Bentley, Alcock, Murrain, McGlynn and Smith, 1985<br />
7 Buildings of England: North East and East <strong>Kent</strong> 3rd ed, J Newman, 1983<br />
8 Planning Policy Guidance Note 15 Planning and the His<strong>to</strong>ric Environment,<br />
Department of the Environment, 1994<br />
9 Planning for quality of life in rural England, The Countryside Agency, 1999<br />
10 The Highway Management Reference Book, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, revised<br />
1998<br />
11 Countryside <strong>Design</strong> Summaries, Countryside Commission (now<br />
Countryside Agency), 1996<br />
12 Re-use of Rural Buildings <strong>Design</strong> Guide, Tunbridge Wells Borough<br />
Council, 1999<br />
13 Buildings of England: North East and East <strong>Kent</strong> 3rd ed, J Newman, 1983<br />
14 A Celebration of <strong>Kent</strong>’s Architectural Heritage, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1989<br />
15 Sustainable Settlements; a <strong>guide</strong> for planners, designers and developers,<br />
by H Bar<strong>to</strong>n, G Davis and R Guise; University if the West of<br />
England/Local Government Management Board, 1995<br />
16 Places, People and Movement, Department of the Environment, Transport<br />
and the Regions, 1998<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
59
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 6:<br />
LOCALITY<br />
• Have the principles of permeability,<br />
variety, legibility, robustness, visual<br />
appropriateness, richness and<br />
personalisation been resolved?<br />
• Will the <strong>development</strong> make a positive<br />
contribution <strong>to</strong> the area?<br />
• Has a site appraisal been undertaken?<br />
• Is the scale and type of <strong>development</strong><br />
appropriate?<br />
• Has the his<strong>to</strong>ric character of existing<br />
buildings, particularly listed buildings and<br />
conservation areas, been respected and<br />
enhanced?<br />
• Has the ongoing maintenance of any listed<br />
buildings/conservation areas been ensured?<br />
• Have views of key buildings and<br />
landscapes been retained or framed?<br />
• If the proposal is in a rural area, does it<br />
respond <strong>to</strong> the character and context of<br />
the site?<br />
• Do any features suggest suburbanisation<br />
of <strong>Kent</strong>’s rural environment?<br />
• Has the appropriateness of the materials<br />
<strong>to</strong> the local and <strong>Kent</strong>ish context been<br />
considered?<br />
• Is the quality of the design the best that<br />
can be achieved for the <strong>development</strong>?<br />
• Is the <strong>development</strong> visually interesting<br />
and human in scale at street level?<br />
• Is the degree and type of lighting<br />
appropriate <strong>to</strong> the location and has light<br />
pollution been avoided?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>locality<br />
60<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
safety<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
7<br />
Provide a safe, healthy and secure environment for both people<br />
and property<br />
PERSONAL SAFETY & SECURITY<br />
Principle 7.1: There should be a clear distinction<br />
between public and private space<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
YOUTH SHELTER, MARCHAM, OXFORDSHIRE<br />
PRINCIPLE 7.2<br />
7.1 public / private hierarchy<br />
7.2 Youth Shelter, Marcham<br />
(Thames Valley Police / Marcham Parish Council)<br />
safety<br />
62<br />
7.1.1 Clear definition of space is required so that<br />
residents can have an element of control over their<br />
environment and know who should or should not be<br />
there, thus giving them the means <strong>to</strong> challenge<br />
inappropriate individuals. Open space between buildings<br />
should, as far as possible, be clearly defined as being<br />
either public and open <strong>to</strong> all, or private and defensible.<br />
Public open space, parks, play areas, highways and<br />
adjoining land, should have certain indica<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> show that<br />
it is in the public domain; for example, benches, litterbins<br />
and signs. Private space may be defined by building<br />
enclosures, gates or doors, hedges or fences of various<br />
kinds, or by demarcation between the edge of the<br />
footway and the garden. Semi-private spaces, such as<br />
parking courts or amenity areas in front of buildings, can<br />
be problem areas if there is no clear sense of ownership<br />
or responsibility. Semi-private space should be designed<br />
<strong>to</strong> be overlooked, be well-lit and well maintained <strong>to</strong><br />
maximise the sense of ownership.<br />
Principle 7.2: Schemes should incorporate shared<br />
areas <strong>to</strong> encourage walking, cycling and socialising<br />
and <strong>to</strong> enhance safety and security<br />
7.2.1 Developments that have a high degree of activity<br />
within them such as walkers, cyclists and slow moving<br />
vehicles, are likely <strong>to</strong> deter criminal activity. Well-peopled<br />
streets encourage vehicles <strong>to</strong> travel more slowly, thus<br />
enhancing safety. Lively streets can be achieved by<br />
introducing a mixture of uses, dwelling types and tenures<br />
so that there is a greater spread of activity (see Objective<br />
4). Developments should be permeable and offer a choice<br />
of routes <strong>to</strong> community buildings, shops, schools, and<br />
pubs. A mature <strong>development</strong> will be home <strong>to</strong> people of<br />
all ages and a range of needs should be catered for.<br />
Therefore, open space should offer centrally located play<br />
areas or fitness areas, larger areas for ball games or dog<br />
walking and a sheltered meeting place.<br />
In 1987 the village of Marcham in Oxfordshire<br />
reported the usual problem of youths hanging around<br />
the local shop and causing nuisance. The Parish<br />
Council consulted these young people <strong>to</strong> see what<br />
facility they would like <strong>to</strong> have. The answer was a<br />
place of their own. A concrete shelter was designed<br />
and built and decorated by the youths with a striking<br />
mural design. The shelter is located in a sunny spot<br />
adjacent <strong>to</strong> the local cricket field. It is protected from<br />
wind on two of its six sides, and has seating, lighting<br />
and a litterbin. Every few years the next generation<br />
of users re-decorate with their own designs. The<br />
shelter was carefully designed <strong>to</strong> be fire and vandalproof<br />
but, at the same time, attractive <strong>to</strong> use. Since<br />
its construction the village has reported fewer youth<br />
problems and vandalism has been reduced.<br />
Principle 7.3: <strong>Design</strong> should encourage self-policing<br />
and offer surveillance of property<br />
7.3.1 Section 17 of the 1998 Crime & Disorder Act 1<br />
imposes a duty on each local authority <strong>to</strong> exercise its<br />
functions with due regard <strong>to</strong> the need ‘<strong>to</strong> do all that it<br />
reasonably can <strong>to</strong> prevent crime and disorder in its area’.<br />
The incidence of crime has a close relationship with social<br />
and physical arrangements. The layout of roads, design of<br />
housing and public buildings, and positioning of public<br />
amenities all have an influence on the potential for crime.<br />
Local authorities should give consideration <strong>to</strong> the latest<br />
advice on crime prevention, as they may be held liable if<br />
a design flaw results in a subsequent crime problem.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
Illustration 7.3.1 overlooking enhances safety and security<br />
7.3.2 Burglars will target areas where they feel they have<br />
a clear and direct escape route and will not be observed.<br />
Public open space, particularly when play areas are<br />
included, must be overlooked so that parents can keep an<br />
eye on children and can report inappropriate behaviour.<br />
Paths and cycleways should be well lit and designed <strong>to</strong> be<br />
overlooked by properties. They should not be so densely<br />
planted as <strong>to</strong> provide hiding places. Vulnerable areas, such<br />
as back fences and hidden pockets, may be protected by<br />
the growth of thorny plants.<br />
7.3.3 Parked cars are particularly vulnerable and car<br />
crime accounts for a high percentage of <strong>to</strong>tal crime. It is<br />
very important that parking areas should be open,<br />
overlooked and appropriately lit. Screening parked cars<br />
will allow potential thieves <strong>to</strong> work unobserved.<br />
Courtyard parking should conform <strong>to</strong> this, and be<br />
designed <strong>to</strong> give the message that it is private, defensible<br />
space. ‘On plot’ basement garaging is a safe and practical<br />
alternative <strong>to</strong> ‘at grade’ parking, and can help <strong>to</strong> reduce<br />
the visual dominance of the car. Entrances <strong>to</strong> buildings<br />
should be visible from the street, and gaps between<br />
buildings should be gated or fenced, though these should<br />
be designed <strong>to</strong> be see-through. The design of windows<br />
can maximise surveillance by using bays, oriels or gable<br />
windows and advantage can be taken of corner buildings<br />
<strong>to</strong> provide views in<strong>to</strong> adjacent streets.<br />
7.3.4 Detailed guidance on issues of security and safety in<br />
the public realm can be found in documents such as<br />
Circular 5/94 - ‘Planning Out Crime’ 2 and ‘Secured by<br />
<strong>Design</strong>’ 3 produced by the Police. Advice on more sitespecific<br />
issues can be sought from the Police Architectural<br />
Liaison Officer, preferably at the pre-planning stage.<br />
NEW ASH GREEN<br />
PRINCIPLE 7.3<br />
Conceived in the 1960s by architect Eric Lyons and<br />
developer Span (<strong>Kent</strong>) Ltd., New Ash Green<br />
represents an early example of a <strong>sustainable</strong> mixeduse<br />
urban village. <strong>Design</strong>ed on the principle of<br />
excluding vehicles from the core, mo<strong>to</strong>rised through<br />
traffic is relegated <strong>to</strong> a perimeter ring road. The<br />
internal layout consists of a network of footpaths<br />
linking small neighbourhoods, or collections of<br />
dwellings. Distances are never great, as the<br />
maximum radius of the village is approximately<br />
800m, with community buildings at the core. Soft<br />
landscaping, now mature, is a major feature of the<br />
design, as it is used in various ways: <strong>to</strong> screen,<br />
provide visual and recreational amenity, <strong>to</strong> lend<br />
privacy <strong>to</strong> neighbourhoods and <strong>to</strong> extend the rural<br />
‘feel’ in<strong>to</strong> the local environment.<br />
One of the features of New Ash Green is the use of<br />
interlinking footpaths that permeate the whole village.<br />
Footpaths are designed <strong>to</strong> run past the fronts of<br />
dwellings and are thus well overlooked. The houses<br />
themselves were designed with this surveillance<br />
feature in mind with well-used rooms such as kitchens<br />
and living rooms overlooking the paths.<br />
The design of the neighbourhoods, which limit road<br />
access <strong>to</strong> individual dwellings, encourages walkers<br />
and cyclists <strong>to</strong> use the paths, providing a greater<br />
sense of security and surveillance. Potential thieves<br />
may also be deterred by having <strong>to</strong> leave getaway<br />
vehicles some distance from the dwellings.<br />
Incidence of housebreaking is low in New Ash<br />
Green but vehicle crime is much higher as parking<br />
areas are some distance from properties and<br />
footpaths are well screened, providing privacy for<br />
thieves. More remote play areas have been<br />
vandalised simply because they are not overlooked<br />
and in many cases vegetation has been allowed <strong>to</strong><br />
become very overgrown, adding <strong>to</strong> the screening<br />
effect. With hindsight careful design of parking and<br />
play areas, combined with greater attention <strong>to</strong><br />
landscape maintenance, would have helped<br />
overcome some of the problems.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>safety<br />
Principle 7.4: A sense of ownership should be<br />
encouraged through the quality of the public realm<br />
7.4.1 Areas that are well-kept and litter-free help <strong>to</strong><br />
discourage vandalism, further littering and other<br />
nuisances. Investing in better quality, more durable<br />
materials will pay off in the long-term. Residents should<br />
be encouraged <strong>to</strong> take part in the upkeep of their own<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
63
<strong>Kent</strong>safety<br />
64<br />
<strong>development</strong> through Residents Associations or<br />
Management Companies. The more involvement<br />
residents have the greater their feeling of responsibility<br />
<strong>to</strong>wards their environment. Crime issues will be dealt<br />
with most effectively through a partnership between<br />
residents, local authorities and the police.<br />
Principle 7.5: Building design should conform <strong>to</strong> the<br />
latest safety and security advice<br />
7.5.1 Much can be done <strong>to</strong> deter opportunistic crime by<br />
the use of simple deterrent devices. A key task is <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure that dwellings, commercial premises, schools and<br />
community buildings are made physically secure by<br />
including burglar alarms, sophisticated door and window<br />
locks, padlocks and concealed hinges for outbuildings.<br />
Consideration can be given <strong>to</strong> room layout so that<br />
valuable items such as computers, televisions and videos<br />
are not visible through windows.<br />
7.5.2 Detailed building design guidance can be found in<br />
Secured by <strong>Design</strong> (ACPO) 4 and through the Safer <strong>Kent</strong><br />
Initiative, a partnership between the Police, local<br />
authorities, the Fire Service, and health authorities.<br />
Guidance is given on accesses, extensions, lighting, shop<br />
grilles, locks, bolts and bars and other safety devices.<br />
7.5.3 Adequate provision must be made for access <strong>to</strong><br />
housing areas for the Fire Service and other emergency<br />
services. (Detailed guidance on access for the Fire Service<br />
can be found in <strong>Kent</strong> Fire Brigade Technical Bulletin No.<br />
G18) 5 . Appropriate water provision for the use of the Fire<br />
Service must be made available, and in particular,<br />
adequate hydrant provision for mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
NIGHTINGALE ESTATE, HACKNEY<br />
PRINCIPLE 7.5<br />
The Nightingale Estate is a component of a larger<br />
£300 million project <strong>to</strong> regenerate five Hackney<br />
estates. Around 500 homes will be refurbished and<br />
an additional 360 homes integrated in<strong>to</strong> the scheme.<br />
The main objective is <strong>to</strong> improve the quality of life of<br />
residents by providing a greater sense of physical<br />
security and by improving the quality of the<br />
environment.<br />
The ‘fortress-like’ feel of the estate is eliminated by :<br />
• introducing a plan based on traditional street<br />
patterns<br />
• strengthening the links <strong>to</strong> surrounding areas<br />
• giving buildings clear entrances on<strong>to</strong> street frontages.<br />
Principle 7.6: An appropriate level of lighting should<br />
be provided <strong>to</strong> enhance safety and security<br />
7.6.1 Fear of personal crime often results in people<br />
staying off the streets once darkness falls, and research<br />
shows that certain sec<strong>to</strong>rs of the public are more likely <strong>to</strong><br />
be victims of crime when walking the streets after dark.<br />
Those at risk include women on their own, the elderly,<br />
and young people between the ages of 11 and 17. Studies<br />
have shown that lighting can do much <strong>to</strong> reduce crime<br />
and the perception of crime. To enhance safety, lighting<br />
should be provided for footways and cycleways where<br />
these are segregated from the carriageway. Adequate<br />
access must be allowed for the maintenance of such<br />
lighting. <strong>Design</strong> specifications for lighting are constantly<br />
being updated, and energy efficient and non-intrusive<br />
styles of luminaire are now commonplace (see also<br />
Principle 6.8 and ‘A Guide for Crime & Disorder<br />
Reduction through a Public Lighting Strategy’ 6 .<br />
7.6.2 An appropriate overall level of street lighting for<br />
carriageways, footways and footpaths will help reduce the<br />
need for intrusive and high energy-consuming security<br />
lighting.<br />
7.6.3 Footways and cycleways may best be left unlit<br />
when located in rural or otherwise unlit areas and when<br />
such links cross rural land between urban areas.<br />
Consultation with the parish council at an early stage will<br />
ascertain the desire for lighting in a given locality.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
IMPROVED LIGHTING, DUDLEY & STOKE<br />
PRINCIPLE 7.6<br />
High-pressure sodium lighting was introduced in<strong>to</strong><br />
two residential areas in Dudley & S<strong>to</strong>ke-on-Trent.<br />
Changes in crime, disorder, fear, quality of life and<br />
night-time street use were compared during the<br />
twelve month period before and after the street<br />
lighting improvements. Sample sizes were sufficiently<br />
large <strong>to</strong> have statistical significance, and adjacent and<br />
control areas were similarly compared. In both<br />
projects the improved lighting reduced crime<br />
significantly, pedestrian street use after dark<br />
increased dramatically and the benefits outweighed<br />
the costs of the new lighting. Studies of the control<br />
areas showed no evidence of a shift in crime <strong>to</strong> other<br />
areas. It was concluded that new lighting was a cheap<br />
method of environmental improvement (project<br />
undertaken by Institute of Lighting Engineers).<br />
HIGHWAY SAFETY<br />
Principle 7.7: Highway infrastructure should not<br />
dominate the layout of estates<br />
7.7.1 Generous road space inevitably gives the<br />
psychological message <strong>to</strong> drivers that they have priority<br />
over other road users and encourages habitual car use,<br />
car domination and speeding. Developments should be<br />
designed so that vulnerable road users, such as walkers,<br />
cyclists and people with disabilities, have priority over<br />
mo<strong>to</strong>rised traffic. This can be achieved by keeping vehicle<br />
speeds low by designing road layouts that constrain<br />
drivers (by using short lengths, tight radii and narrow<br />
widths) and by giving greater dominance <strong>to</strong> buildings and<br />
landscaping (see Technical Appendix, section 2).<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
dominance of mo<strong>to</strong>rised traffic and provide pedestrians<br />
and cyclists with a greater sense of security and freedom.<br />
The lower the traffic speeds, the greater the potential for<br />
flexibility of the highway layout - thus improving urban<br />
design and reducing highway ‘dominance’. Speed should,<br />
as far as possible, be controlled by perceptual methods of<br />
road design that lend a feeling of constraint. Drivers will<br />
travel more quickly when there is an open aspect so long,<br />
wide, straight or gently curving roads should be avoided,<br />
especially if housing is set back from the frontage.<br />
7.7.1 highway layout has been designed around a network of linked spaces<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
POUNDBURY<br />
PRINCIPLE 7.7<br />
7.7 Poundbury (HMSO)<br />
Poundbury is an edge-of-<strong>to</strong>wn mixed use<br />
<strong>development</strong> in Dorchester which lies within the<br />
Duchy of Cornwall estate.<br />
7.8.1 natural speed restraint<br />
<strong>Design</strong>ed on the basis of linking neighbourhoods, the<br />
road network consists of a series of linked spaces.<br />
Links are short, and vary in type and usage. On the<br />
larger scale they may serve as principal access for<br />
mo<strong>to</strong>rised traffic or, at the other end of the scale,<br />
merely serve as footpaths. Footpaths are short, fairly<br />
broad and well lit <strong>to</strong> encourage use.<br />
Each space is different in design and lends a distinct<br />
character <strong>to</strong> the neighbourhoods.<br />
Spaces vary in size and function from village square <strong>to</strong><br />
intimate parking court. Dwellings are arranged <strong>to</strong><br />
overlook all of the public realm, both links and squares,<br />
thus providing surveillance and a sense of community.<br />
Principle 7.8: Speed restraint should be an integral<br />
part of road design<br />
7.8.1 Speed restraint should be designed in<strong>to</strong> a<br />
<strong>development</strong> so that artificial traffic calming devices do<br />
not have <strong>to</strong> be bolted on later when the <strong>development</strong><br />
reaches its full potential. Low speeds reduce the<br />
7.8.2 The street pattern can have as significant an impact<br />
on speed restraint as some traffic calming techniques.<br />
Building close <strong>to</strong> the edge of the road and building tall both<br />
help emphasise the ‘narrowness’ of roads. This may be<br />
enhanced by controlled on-street parking in certain areas.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>safety<br />
7.8.3 Road junctions may be incorporated in<strong>to</strong> public<br />
open space in the form of small, urban squares that break<br />
up street lengths.<br />
7.8.4 Planting and differentiated surface textures can be<br />
used <strong>to</strong> achieve speed restraint whilst some streets may<br />
provide a through route only for pedestrians or cyclists.<br />
7.8.5 Raised measures such as road humps and speed<br />
tables (traffic calming) are generally applied <strong>to</strong> existing<br />
roads but are effective in keeping speeds low and have<br />
their place in certain situations. They are unsuitable for<br />
bus routes and have the disadvantage of creating<br />
additional noise, increasing emergency service response<br />
times, and raising pollution levels. (Further guidance on<br />
traffic calming and speed restraint devices can be found in<br />
‘Traffic Calming - a code of practice’ 7 .)<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
65
Principle 7.9: Speed restraint measures should reflect<br />
local character<br />
7.9.1 The design of speed restraints should, as far as<br />
possible, reflect the local context, whether urban,<br />
suburban or rural village. Such measures should<br />
complement rather than detract from the overall design<br />
objectives of the scheme, and should not create additional<br />
noise or inconvenience buses, walkers or cyclists.<br />
7.9.2 An urban, higher density <strong>development</strong> layout may<br />
be based on a traditional grid pattern of streets<br />
incorporating techniques such as short, straight lengths,<br />
varying road width, junction treatments and controlled<br />
car parking. The materials used for speed restraint should<br />
also reflect local character. In the urban situation hard<br />
materials such as tarmac, brick, s<strong>to</strong>ne, cast iron and<br />
concrete might be appropriate.<br />
7.9.3 Suburban layouts may include a mix of street types<br />
from boulevards <strong>to</strong> winding ‘lanes’. These types of layout<br />
may rely more on the use of plants and the incorporation<br />
of features like ‘decorative’ bridges and road deflections,<br />
such as roundabouts, <strong>to</strong> achieve speed reduction. There<br />
are a wide range of materials suitable for suburban speed<br />
restraint. Examples might include; a variety of brick pavors<br />
for surfaces; reconstituted rubber and plastics for bollards;<br />
maintained grass and formal planting for roundabouts or<br />
build-outs; and s<strong>to</strong>ne or concrete for kerbing.<br />
7.10.2 Homezone (Devon <strong>County</strong> Council, ‘Traffic Calming Guidelines’)<br />
7.10.2 ‘Homezones’ are residential streets where drivers<br />
have <strong>to</strong> give way <strong>to</strong> pedestrians and cyclists and are<br />
responsible for any injuries they cause <strong>to</strong> them.<br />
Homezones should be engineered so that traffic speeds<br />
are very low, around 10mph, and may incorporate<br />
grassed areas or play equipment. The benefits of<br />
homezones are various; they provide additional outdoor<br />
leisure space which has health benefits for both children<br />
and adults, they can help prevent crime as well-used<br />
streets contribute <strong>to</strong> surveillance, and they also foster<br />
community links by encouraging social interaction. There<br />
are also significant benefits <strong>to</strong> people with disabilities as<br />
they can safely walk within a homezone (Homezones,<br />
Children’s Play Council, London) 10 .<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>safety<br />
66<br />
7.9.4 Rural village layouts may rely on sharp bends,<br />
limited sight lines, overhanging trees and vegetation and<br />
rough-grassed banks or walls <strong>to</strong> keep the perception of<br />
constraint. The use of s<strong>to</strong>ne, gravel and timber suggests a<br />
rural environment and local materials, such as rags<strong>to</strong>ne or<br />
flint, and other vernacular details incorporated in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
design, would help provide contextual ‘clues’.<br />
Principle 7.10: Priority should be given <strong>to</strong> the safety of<br />
pedestrians and cyclists over cars<br />
7.10.1 Pedestrians, cyclists and wheelchair users should<br />
be provided with a network of linking routes that offer<br />
direct access <strong>to</strong> ‘magnets’: schools, community centres<br />
and leisure areas. These users should, as far as possible,<br />
have the most direct links. Measures <strong>to</strong> help walkers may<br />
include; pedestrian bridges, pedestrian crossings, raised<br />
crossing points, shared surfaces and ‘homezones’.<br />
Measures for cyclists may consist of <strong>to</strong>ucan crossings,<br />
advance s<strong>to</strong>p lines at signals and cyclist priority at junction<br />
mouths and roundabouts. In order <strong>to</strong> speed up journeys<br />
for cyclists, routes may bypass junctions or provide a twoway<br />
route through a one-way system. Care must be<br />
taken <strong>to</strong> ensure that pedestrian paths and cycleways are<br />
not abused by car drivers and mo<strong>to</strong>rcyclists, and that<br />
various types of lockable bollards and mo<strong>to</strong>rbike<br />
deterrent barriers are placed in critical locations. Where<br />
routes for pedestrians and cyclists are away from those<br />
used by mo<strong>to</strong>rised traffic it is important <strong>to</strong> design them so<br />
they are safe and attractive <strong>to</strong> use (<strong>Kent</strong> Walking Strategy 8<br />
and <strong>Kent</strong> Cycling Strategy 9 , 1999).<br />
Principle 7.11: Developments should be designed <strong>to</strong><br />
meet the needs of people with disabilities<br />
7.11.1 As many as one in fifteen people suffer from some<br />
form of disability which affects mobility. This figure may<br />
rise as life expectancy increases. Consideration must be<br />
given at the outset <strong>to</strong> the needs of people with disabilities<br />
so that their comfort and mobility is ensured. The Human<br />
Rights Act 11 covers the issue in the general sense whilst<br />
the Approved Document M - ‘Access and Facilities for<br />
Disabled People’,1999 12 covers the design specifics for<br />
buildings and access. ‘Highways suitable for the mobility<br />
impaired’ 13 and ‘Reducing Mobility Handicaps’ 14 cover<br />
highway design aspects.<br />
7.11.1 disabled needs<br />
7.11.2 In some cases, needs for various disabilities can<br />
conflict. Consultation with specific bodies such as KAB<br />
and RNIB can provide information and ideas <strong>to</strong> help <strong>to</strong><br />
overcome any conflict between differing needs.<br />
Consideration of an overall strategy for disabled facilities<br />
and mobility provision within a <strong>development</strong> must be<br />
considered <strong>to</strong> enable design considerations <strong>to</strong> be taken<br />
on board from the outset.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Principle 7.12: New <strong>development</strong>s should be designed<br />
<strong>to</strong> provide a healthy environment<br />
HEALTH (EXTERNAL CONSIDERATIONS)<br />
7.12.1 The Garden City movement was instrumental in<br />
designing estates of well-spaced and airy dwellings, as a<br />
contrast <strong>to</strong> cramped slums, by promoting the notion of<br />
health and vitality for residents. Although this movement<br />
may seem outdated, its ethos was sound, and health<br />
considerations are just as important <strong>to</strong>day. Global<br />
warming and fears about ozone depletion should be<br />
considered. In order <strong>to</strong> minimise risk from skin cancer,<br />
shade should be provided either from trees or structures<br />
within streets and public areas. The design of public<br />
buildings <strong>to</strong> include architectural features such as<br />
overhangs and awnings that provide additional shade,<br />
should be considered. Species of trees and shrubs that are<br />
most efficient in cleaning up ozone pollution should be<br />
promoted.<br />
7.12.2 Cycle-ways, ‘trim trails’ and attractive walking<br />
routes will encourage residents <strong>to</strong> take regular exercise.<br />
A range of play areas from those for small children up <strong>to</strong><br />
skateboard areas and football pitches for older children<br />
should be provided when the scale of <strong>development</strong><br />
demands it. Many <strong>development</strong> sites will include existing<br />
footpaths and bridleways which can be incorporated in<strong>to</strong><br />
more strategic routes for walkers and riders.<br />
standards, ventilation and amenities. <strong>Design</strong>s should avoid<br />
buildings being so close <strong>to</strong>gether that they impede natural<br />
light (BRE). Gardens are important for privacy, relaxation<br />
and recreation. A range of sizes should be provided <strong>to</strong><br />
meet the needs and preferences of individuals. In denser,<br />
more urban situations the inclusion of a garden may not<br />
be practical, but the provision of some growing space, be<br />
it balcony, yard, roof garden or even a window box, can<br />
make a positive contribution <strong>to</strong> health and well being.<br />
Gardens provide a safe place for children <strong>to</strong> play and<br />
gardening itself is a healthy and popular hobby. Both the<br />
use of home-produced compost and the growing of one’s<br />
own food are <strong>sustainable</strong> activities. The provision of<br />
clothes drying areas helps <strong>to</strong> reduce the use of tumble<br />
dryers that consume considerable energy and can<br />
increase condensation. (Further guidance can be found in<br />
‘Saving Lives - Our Healthier Nation’.) 17<br />
HEALTH (INTERNAL CONSIDERATIONS)<br />
7.12.5 Housing design should ensure both internal and<br />
external spaces can accommodate users with disabilities,<br />
or easily be adapted. This might include: ensuring that the<br />
approach <strong>to</strong> entrances is level; that internal spaces are<br />
large enough <strong>to</strong> manoeuvre a wheelchair; passages are an<br />
appropriate width and electric sockets are located at a<br />
convenient height. External ramps and handrails may also<br />
be appropriate. For further reference see ‘<strong>Design</strong>ing<br />
Lifetime Homes’, 1997 18 . A number of changes have been<br />
introduced in the 1999 Document Part M of the Building<br />
Regulations 19 which will also have implications for building<br />
design. These include some of the above points as well as<br />
requirements for the design of the approach and<br />
threshold of a building, and the provision of ground floor<br />
sanitary facilities.<br />
7.12.2 playground<br />
7.12.3 Many devices can be used <strong>to</strong> help people with<br />
disabilities on the highway. These include dropped kerbs<br />
and tactile paving; audible and tactile crossing indica<strong>to</strong>rs;<br />
the use of contrasting street paving and the design of<br />
steps, ramps, handrails and other street furniture. These<br />
are outlined in ‘Guidance on the Use of Tactile Paving<br />
Surfaces’ 15 , and ‘Highways Suitable for the Mobility<br />
Impaired’ 16 .<br />
7.12.4 useful garden<br />
7.12.4 In the interests of health, <strong>development</strong>s should be<br />
carefully designed for the purpose for which they are<br />
intended. They should have good access, adequate space<br />
7.12.6 Building design should conform <strong>to</strong> the latest<br />
standards in respect of ventilation and drainage as set out<br />
in the Building Regulations. Consideration should also be<br />
given <strong>to</strong> standards of fire safety. The use of flammable<br />
and/or <strong>to</strong>xic construction materials should as far as<br />
possible be avoided and sprinkler systems installed in<br />
larger buildings when appropriate. Details on water<br />
provision for various building types are outlined in<br />
‘National Guidance Document on the Provision of Water<br />
for Firefighting’ 20 (see Technical Appendix: Miscellaneous).<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>safety<br />
7.12.7 Ideally, all rooms including bathrooms and kitchens<br />
should have opening windows <strong>to</strong> avoid reliance on less<br />
<strong>sustainable</strong> mechanical ventilation. Smoke alarms and<br />
household sprinkler systems should be installed as<br />
standard practice. While some of these requirements may<br />
fall outside of planning controls it may be appropriate at<br />
the planning stage <strong>to</strong> ensure that no other legislation is<br />
contravened in order <strong>to</strong> avoid the need for subsequent<br />
revisions <strong>to</strong> the design.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
67
<strong>Kent</strong>safety<br />
68<br />
7.12.8 opening window in bathroom<br />
7.12.8 In order <strong>to</strong> raise standards of quality, local<br />
authorities may wish <strong>to</strong> consider developing accreditation<br />
schemes.<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1 Crime & Disorder Act 1998 - Section 17<br />
2 Circular 5/94 - Planning Out Crime<br />
3 Secured by <strong>Design</strong>, Association of Chief Police Officers/Home Office,<br />
1989<br />
4 Secured by <strong>Design</strong> (see above)<br />
5 <strong>Kent</strong> Fire Brigade Technical Bulletin No. G18, <strong>Kent</strong> & Medway Town Fire<br />
Authority, 1994<br />
6 Guide for Crime & Disorder Reduction through a Public Lighting Strategy,<br />
Institute of Lighting Engineers - 1999<br />
7 Traffic Calming - a code of practice, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council 1997<br />
8 <strong>Kent</strong> Walking Strategy (Draft), 1999<br />
9 <strong>Kent</strong> Cycling Strategy (Draft), 1999<br />
10 Home Zones - Reclaiming Residential Streets, Children’s Play Council,<br />
1999<br />
11 The Human Rights Act 2000<br />
12 Building Regulations Approved Document M - Access and Facilities for<br />
Disabled People, 1999<br />
13 Highways Suitable for the Mobility Impaired, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council 1999<br />
14 Reducing Mobility Handicaps - Towards a Barrier Free Environment,<br />
Institute of Highways & Transportation, 1991<br />
15 Guidance on the Use of Tactile Paving Surfaces, Department of the<br />
Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1998<br />
16 Highways Suitable for the Mobility Impaired, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1999<br />
17 Saving Lives - Our Healthier Nation, Department of Health, 1998<br />
18 <strong>Design</strong>ing Lifetime Homes, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1997<br />
19 Document M of the Building regulations - see above<br />
20 National Guidance Document on the Provision of Water for Firefighting,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> and Medway Towns Fire Authority, 1998<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 7:<br />
SAFETY<br />
• Is there a clear distinction between public<br />
and private space?<br />
• Are there sufficient functions in the<br />
scheme <strong>to</strong> ensure street activity during a<br />
large part of the day?<br />
• Has the scheme been designed with due<br />
regard <strong>to</strong> self-policing and surveillance?<br />
• Has the Architectural Liaison Officer been<br />
consulted at the pre-planning stage?<br />
• Has the quality of the public realm been a<br />
major consideration?<br />
• Have partnerships been forged between<br />
various bodies <strong>to</strong> safeguard public areas?<br />
• Has the highway layout been integrated<br />
with the buildings?<br />
• What percentage of land is highway?<br />
• Have perceptual methods of speed<br />
restraint been employed?<br />
• Has the number of bolt-on devices been<br />
reduced or eliminated?<br />
• Do the speed restraint measures reflect<br />
the character of the environment?<br />
• Have measures been taken <strong>to</strong> give<br />
walkers and cyclists priority over cars?<br />
• Have specific measures been provided for<br />
people with disabilities or mobility<br />
problems?<br />
• Have specific measures been provided for<br />
fitness and other health considerations?<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
maximising use<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
8<br />
Maximise the use of land by encouraging the <strong>development</strong> of<br />
recycled land and increasing density<br />
maximising use<br />
70<br />
Principle 8.1: Development should maximise the site’s<br />
potential<br />
8.1.1 Land is a precious resource that needs <strong>to</strong> be used<br />
effectively. In order <strong>to</strong> maximise the use of land and<br />
create attractive environments within built up areas, it is<br />
important <strong>to</strong> take advantage of a site’s innate<br />
characteristics. Natural features such as trees and slopes<br />
can add <strong>to</strong> a sense of place. Topographical assets are often<br />
under-utilised or destroyed for ease of <strong>development</strong> (see<br />
Principle 6.1 on site appraisal). The site’s potential should<br />
engage with its context at every opportunity.<br />
8.1 site characteristics influencing <strong>development</strong> at Yeoman Park, Maids<strong>to</strong>ne.<br />
8.1.2 Setting aside land solely for car parking can limit a<br />
site’s potential. Reducing car parking provision in<br />
appropriate circumstances; providing multi-use space<br />
(e.g. informal parking and public squares) or promoting<br />
home zones where the car is less dominant, can promote<br />
a more effective use of land and create more attractive<br />
environments. A report by Llewellyn Davies (see case<br />
study) offers valuable advice on the effect of car parking<br />
standards in realising the potential of a site.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
LLEWELLYN DAVIES REPORT<br />
‘SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL QUALITY: NEW APPROACHES<br />
TO URBAN LIVING’ REPORT FOR LONDON PLANNING<br />
ADVISORY COMMITTEE/DETR/GOVERNMENT OFFICE FOR<br />
LONDON (1998)<br />
PRINCIPLE 8.1 AND 8.4<br />
The study explored the potential <strong>to</strong> increase both<br />
<strong>development</strong> density and profitability by reducing the<br />
level of parking provision within <strong>development</strong>s. The<br />
study started from the premise that highway standards<br />
can impose a road geometry in isolation from the<br />
residential potential of the individual sites. Requirements<br />
for vehicular access on<strong>to</strong> the wider road network may<br />
make <strong>development</strong> unviable or impractical, especially on<br />
small sites. The study focused on sites within identified<br />
‘ped-sheds’ which are areas within 800m of the <strong>to</strong>wn<br />
centre (approximately 10 minutes walking distance<br />
taking in<strong>to</strong> account the severance effect of busy roads).<br />
The aim of the study was <strong>to</strong> assess the potential of<br />
urban sites <strong>to</strong> absorb <strong>development</strong>. A range of sites<br />
was considered including:<br />
• backlands<br />
• sites constrained by road network<br />
• derelict buildings<br />
• underused allotments<br />
• those constrained by railway noise (requiring single<br />
aspect solutions)<br />
• underused car parks<br />
• corner plots<br />
• sites in temporary use<br />
• ex-industrial sites.<br />
The report identified a number of constraints <strong>to</strong> the<br />
<strong>development</strong> of urban sites including land ownership,<br />
land assembly, ransom strips, speculation, the costs of<br />
demolition, legal issues (for example, covenants,<br />
rights of way) and relocating existing uses. It was<br />
considered that these can be overcome through the<br />
normal workings of the property market, although<br />
some support of other agencies in land assembly and<br />
gap funding may be necessary.<br />
Recommendations for Car Parking<br />
(for latest <strong>Kent</strong> Standards see Technical Appendix)<br />
a) Unitary Development Plan Standards 1-2 spaces<br />
per dwelling<br />
b) Reduced 0.5-1 spaces per dwelling<br />
c) Nil parking.<br />
Off plot parking areas should only be considered if<br />
able <strong>to</strong> meet security requirements.<br />
Illustration 8.1 i Unitary Development Plan (UDP) housing policies and<br />
standards (Llewellyn Davies)<br />
Illustration 8.1 ii reduced parking and enhanced design (Llewellyn Davies)<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Illustration 8.1 iii nil parking (Llewellyn Davies)<br />
The indicative layouts suggested that car parking<br />
could be traded off for enhanced design. Communal<br />
or nil parking allowed more amenity space <strong>to</strong> be<br />
provided and a much stronger building solution,<br />
particularly on prominent corner sites. Dispensing<br />
with the need for on-plot parking allowed buildings<br />
<strong>to</strong> be pulled forward and <strong>to</strong> continue the building<br />
lines created by existing <strong>development</strong>, which in<br />
London are often Vic<strong>to</strong>rian or Georgian terraces.<br />
Communal parking is shown at the rear of buildings<br />
where cars could still be overlooked by occupants<br />
but without dominating the streetscape. The report<br />
concluded that residential <strong>development</strong> value<br />
increases with the intensity of <strong>development</strong>.<br />
The interface between new and existing <strong>development</strong><br />
is important. For example, in backland <strong>development</strong><br />
(areas <strong>to</strong> the rear of existing houses) there is a need<br />
<strong>to</strong> achieve a legible form, avoiding front gardens facing<br />
back gardens, and allowing for adequate sunlight.<br />
Recommended privacy distances of 20m (London)<br />
could be reduced with appropriate design solutions.<br />
Fenestration and layout can be planned <strong>to</strong> increase<br />
natural surveillance within the streetscape.<br />
Conclusions - relaxation of standards could unlock<br />
<strong>development</strong> potential. Proactive urban management<br />
and a site specific design-led approach can also<br />
produce better residential <strong>development</strong> than is<br />
possible under current UDP policies and standards.<br />
Local neighbourhood design strategies and <strong>guide</strong>lines<br />
identifying opportunities for residential <strong>development</strong>;<br />
preparing site specific design briefs and liaising with<br />
land owners and affected occupants allow the<br />
architect <strong>to</strong> respond <strong>to</strong> character and opportunities/<br />
constraints of a site in a creative way.<br />
The study acknowledged that it would only be<br />
practical <strong>to</strong> pursue this philosophy on sites which<br />
were well served by public transport and cycling and<br />
pedestrian facilities.<br />
The report recognised that reducing parking<br />
standards would have implications for nearby<br />
streets. Planning agreements and restrictive<br />
covenants on car ownership of the new occupants<br />
may be required. Alternatives might include offering<br />
residents a nearby local authority car park or<br />
promoting neighbourhood car fleets or car pools.<br />
Residents parking and rearrangement of on-street<br />
parking would require careful control.<br />
The report emphasises that it is important for local<br />
residents <strong>to</strong> recognise the benefits of intensification<br />
of <strong>development</strong> in their area through its quality (e.g.<br />
respecting local identity). ‘Community Chest’ reflects<br />
the idea of supporting community facilities such as<br />
improving local parks and open spaces, play facilities,<br />
crime reduction initiatives, <strong>sustainable</strong> transport<br />
initiatives and investment in the public realm. In some<br />
cases, shared parking between residents and<br />
businesses could be proposed. Pilot projects may be<br />
appropriate <strong>to</strong> test attitudes <strong>to</strong> these solutions.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
REGENERATION USING COMPULSORY PURCHASE POWERS<br />
- ROCHESTER RIVERSIDE<br />
PRINCIPLE 8.1<br />
In September 1998, the Secretary of State confirmed<br />
a Compulsory Purchase Order, made under Section<br />
226 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, for<br />
35 hectares of the Medway Riverside between<br />
Rochester and Chatham in North <strong>Kent</strong>. Rochester-<br />
Upon-Medway City Council (now Medway Council)<br />
made the order <strong>to</strong> regenerate for mixed-use<br />
<strong>development</strong> an area comprising vacant and derelict<br />
land and low value uses, separated from the his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
centre of Rochester by the North <strong>Kent</strong> railway line.<br />
The site had been allocated for housing and<br />
employment <strong>development</strong> in the 1992 Local Plan but<br />
little investment had occurred. The site had poor<br />
access, was contaminated, at risk of flooding and in a<br />
multiplicity of ownerships. A report commissioned<br />
from Chester<strong>to</strong>ns and Llewellyn Davies concluded<br />
that the Local Authority was likely <strong>to</strong> be the only<br />
body able <strong>to</strong> bring about comprehensive re<strong>development</strong><br />
using Compulsory Purchase powers. A<br />
number of fac<strong>to</strong>rs contributed <strong>to</strong> the success of this<br />
process. These included:-<br />
• specific legal and other expertise including<br />
property advisors and negotia<strong>to</strong>rs, steering group<br />
and Member visits <strong>to</strong> other regeneration projects;<br />
• the availability of resources for land acquisition and<br />
legal/consultants fees;<br />
• relocation strategy/consultation regarding available<br />
sites for existing uses;<br />
• broad public support following wide publicity and<br />
consultation;<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
71
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
72<br />
• research in<strong>to</strong> market demand; and<br />
• the ability <strong>to</strong> reassure the Secretary of State that<br />
there would be no planning objections <strong>to</strong> the<br />
scheme. This was achieved by the approval of an<br />
outline planning application for the site for uses<br />
specified in the 1997 consultation draft of the Local<br />
Plan Review. This designated the whole site as an<br />
Action Area within an indicative range of uses.<br />
8.1.3 Development should also respond <strong>to</strong> local land-use<br />
patterns. Within such patterns there should be scope for<br />
<strong>development</strong>s <strong>to</strong> display an appropriate degree of<br />
individuality and innovation.<br />
8.1.4 When considering how <strong>to</strong> make effective use of land,<br />
the following considerations need <strong>to</strong> be taken in<strong>to</strong> account:<br />
• creating and developing identity and local character;<br />
• safeguarding existing local amenity and preventing<br />
nuisance;<br />
• addressing the risk of potential pollution from<br />
<strong>development</strong> by using appropriate techniques;<br />
• minimising the negative impact on vehicles by promoting<br />
alternatives such as rail travel and cycling; and<br />
• minimising negative impacts on surrounding<br />
neighbourhoods.<br />
8.1.5 Land assembly may be necessary in many cases <strong>to</strong><br />
permit a viable scale of <strong>development</strong>. At present this can<br />
be a complex procedure. Compulsory purchase powers<br />
can be used <strong>to</strong> secure comprehensive re-<strong>development</strong>s.<br />
8.1.6 A range of potential funding opportunities can make<br />
successful <strong>development</strong>s possible. The South East<br />
England Development Agency administers a range of<br />
grants and there are other funding regimes such as the<br />
National Lottery, Landfill Tax and European Union which<br />
provide opportunities <strong>to</strong> enhance local environments,<br />
open spaces and features of his<strong>to</strong>ric importance. Public<br />
bodies can also act as underwriters for <strong>development</strong>s,<br />
thus reducing risks for private funders. Specialist advice<br />
may be sought <strong>to</strong> maximise this support.<br />
8.1.7 It is possible <strong>to</strong> secure finance for the<br />
re<strong>development</strong> of contaminated sites although interest<br />
rates may increase in proportion <strong>to</strong> the perceived risk.<br />
Risks can be spread through a syndicated loan. Banks may<br />
take in<strong>to</strong> account the track record, competence and plan<br />
of action for a given scheme.<br />
Principle 8.2: The use of recycled land and re-use of<br />
existing buildings should be encouraged<br />
8.2 examples of re-cycling and re-use.<br />
8.2.1 The government has set a target <strong>to</strong> accommodate<br />
60% of new households on recycled land by 2016. The<br />
re<strong>development</strong> of disused or under-used land usually has<br />
greater inherent potential for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
than greenfield sites. Facilities tend <strong>to</strong> be more accessible<br />
and there is greater scope <strong>to</strong> maximise the potential of<br />
Combined Heat and Power (see Principle 9.3).<br />
8.2.2 Some previously used sites have formed valuable<br />
wildlife habitats which merit protection either in part or in<br />
whole. (see objective 10). Re-use and re-cycling includes:<br />
• change of land use and conversion of existing buildings<br />
• re<strong>development</strong> of obsolete commercial sites <strong>to</strong><br />
residential use<br />
• infill or backland <strong>development</strong><br />
• re<strong>development</strong> of vacant or redundant land<br />
• maximising the use of existing buildings e.g. Living<br />
Over The Shop (LOTS).<br />
8.2.3 Improved construction processes, techniques,<br />
materials and components for refurbishment could help<br />
<strong>to</strong> increase the opportunities for re-use .<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
URBAN SPLASH<br />
PRINCIPLE 8.2<br />
The Urban Splash Company was set up in 1993 <strong>to</strong><br />
provide well-designed, mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s in<br />
Liverpool and Manchester. The idea was <strong>to</strong> develop<br />
the vast s<strong>to</strong>ck of under-used his<strong>to</strong>ric buildings in the<br />
Cities. The Company now has around £100 million<br />
worth of projects. They have always worked closely<br />
with partners <strong>to</strong> take broader regeneration<br />
strategies in<strong>to</strong> account.<br />
A recent project in Liverpool was the conversion of<br />
the Collegiate School in<strong>to</strong> 96 apartments. The<br />
building was owned by the local council who invited<br />
Urban Splash <strong>to</strong> get involved. Funding from the<br />
North Liverpool Partnership and SRB was required<br />
<strong>to</strong> kick-start the process. Of the £12 million costs,<br />
English Partnerships contributed £2.5 million, North<br />
Liverpool Single Regeneration Partnership £245,000<br />
and English Heritage £100,000. The process <strong>to</strong>ok<br />
around four years but the commitment of the<br />
partners saw the scheme through.<br />
Principle 8.3: Contaminated land must be treated in<br />
an appropriate manner prior <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
8.3.1 A potential problem often associated with<br />
previously used land is ground pollution. The three<br />
components used <strong>to</strong> assess the need for remediation of<br />
ground pollution are source (e.g. oil drum), pathway (e.g.<br />
soil) and recep<strong>to</strong>r (e.g. human). Very few sites are so<br />
badly contaminated that they cannot be used at all.<br />
Certain uses are nevertheless compromised and each site<br />
therefore must be considered on its merits. A thorough<br />
analysis of the land must be carried out prior <strong>to</strong> deciding<br />
on the most appropriate form of <strong>development</strong> and the<br />
most effective means of treatment <strong>to</strong> avoid problems of<br />
contamination. An ‘integrated pollution control’ approach<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
should be promoted. This includes:<br />
• dealing with the actual and perceived threats <strong>to</strong><br />
health, safety and the environment;<br />
• keeping or bringing back such land in<strong>to</strong> beneficial use;<br />
and<br />
• minimising pressures on greenfield sites.<br />
Principle 8.4: Principles of increased density and<br />
diversity should be promoted<br />
8.3.2 This will inevitably have cost implications for the<br />
<strong>development</strong> of contaminated sites but the land, surveys<br />
and treatment should be seen as inseparable and taken as<br />
a package when determining viable uses for the land.<br />
Advice on contamination issues is given in the ‘Desk<br />
Reference Guide <strong>to</strong> Potentially Contaminative Land’<br />
produced by ISVA (the Society for Valuers and<br />
Auctioneers) and ‘Model procedures for the Management<br />
of Contaminated Land’ produced by the Environment<br />
Agency. Section 57 of the Environment Act 1995 requires<br />
construction professionals, including developers,<br />
landowners and local authorities, <strong>to</strong> investigate and assess<br />
risks of potentially contaminated sites.<br />
8.3.3 Potential contamination should be investigated at the<br />
earliest stage in the planning process so that requirements<br />
can be identified prior <strong>to</strong> determining applications. The<br />
level of investigation required will depend on:<br />
• the location of the site<br />
• what the site is <strong>to</strong> be used for<br />
• whether it is within an area known for contamination<br />
• the results of any preliminary investigations which may<br />
suggest the need for further survey.<br />
8.3.4 A thorough investigation should identify:<br />
• the level of contamination following desk and site<br />
investigation<br />
• the extent of contamination through a soil survey<br />
• the type of contaminants<br />
• the risk of displacing contaminants and affecting<br />
groundwater<br />
• the measures needed <strong>to</strong> protect users<br />
• the treatment appropriate for the end and future uses<br />
• whether removal and disposal of contaminants or<br />
containment in situ should be adopted<br />
• the appropriate moni<strong>to</strong>ring <strong>to</strong> check these methods<br />
have been effective.<br />
8.3.5 New technology increases the options for dealing<br />
with contaminated land and may help <strong>to</strong> assess risks more<br />
adequately than more traditional methods.<br />
8.3.6 It is important that appropriate conditions are<br />
imposed through planning permissions and that<br />
developers then take these on board. In order <strong>to</strong> give<br />
purchasers confidence, it is important <strong>to</strong> be able <strong>to</strong><br />
demonstrate that contamination has been dealt with<br />
effectively and comprehensively, with adequate<br />
moni<strong>to</strong>ring arrangements put in place.<br />
8.4 notional dense and diverse urban block<br />
8.4.1 The ‘Urban Villages’ movement 1 offers a valuable<br />
<strong>guide</strong> <strong>to</strong> higher density living through the concept of closegrained,<br />
self-sufficient and localised communities (see<br />
Objective 4 - Mixed Use). The main recommendations of<br />
the Urban Village Movement include:<br />
• compactness<br />
• mix of uses and dwelling types<br />
• range of employment, leisure and community facilities<br />
• high standards of urban design<br />
• access <strong>to</strong> public open space and green places<br />
• ready access <strong>to</strong> public transport <strong>to</strong> reduce pressure on<br />
land for highway and parking requirements (see<br />
principle 4.1).<br />
8.4.1 close grained urban form in Canterbury<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
8.4.2 Higher density living will not appeal <strong>to</strong> everyone nor<br />
will it be appropriate <strong>to</strong> every site. However, <strong>to</strong> ensure<br />
<strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> in <strong>Kent</strong>, increased provision of<br />
higher density communities is needed <strong>to</strong> meet future<br />
<strong>development</strong> requirements while protecting <strong>Kent</strong>’s<br />
valuable countryside.<br />
8.4.3 High density does not mean poor quality. Canterbury<br />
is often cited as a high density, yet highly desirable place <strong>to</strong><br />
live and Paris is three times as dense as London yet<br />
provides an attractive living environment. The tradition of<br />
high quality ‘tenements’ in places like Edinburgh also shows<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
73
how high density in the right context can be successful.<br />
Higher densities need not lead <strong>to</strong> overcrowding. Density<br />
deals with number of dwellings or people per acre,<br />
whereas overcrowding deals with number of people per<br />
habitable room. Low-density areas can therefore be<br />
‘overcrowded’ if the houses are over-occupied.<br />
people walking in<strong>to</strong> the <strong>development</strong>. The majority<br />
of the units do not have frontage vehicular access or<br />
on-plot parking. During the negotiations for the<br />
scheme a flexible approach was adopted for the<br />
highway design which has allowed a high quality and<br />
intimate environment <strong>to</strong> be achieved.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
74<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
8.4.2 dense living in Paris.<br />
8.4.4 The disposition of land uses should complement the<br />
benefits of compactness. Providing facilities for work, rest<br />
and play all within walking distance reduces the need <strong>to</strong><br />
travel whilst increasing the sense of locality and community.<br />
The correct balance of diversity is important <strong>to</strong> avoid<br />
uninspiring environments dominated by any one use.<br />
8.4.5 The density of a <strong>development</strong> should respect local<br />
character and respond <strong>to</strong> existing densities in different<br />
locations such as brownfield, greenfield, central, peripheral,<br />
<strong>to</strong>wn and village. This does not mean simply replicating<br />
surrounding layouts but drawing clues from these<br />
surroundings as <strong>to</strong> the range of new densities that may be<br />
appropriate. This range should be defined for each locality.<br />
An appropriate mixture of densities <strong>to</strong> increase legibility and<br />
create choices in an expanding housing market should<br />
be encouraged. The ‘UK Strategy for Sustainable<br />
Development’ comments on density as, ‘a dynamic process,<br />
but the limits and thresholds must be unders<strong>to</strong>od…’<br />
INCREASED DENSITY: WYE, ASHFORD.<br />
PRINCIPLE 8.4<br />
Environ Homes have established a retirement<br />
scheme developed within a previously used site in<br />
the centre of the village of Wye, Ashford. This high<br />
density scheme comprises a mixture of semidetached<br />
and terraced flats and cottages. The<br />
properties are arranged in two quads around formal<br />
gardens. The cottages have small rear courtyard<br />
gardens, and there is also a shared croquet lawn and<br />
club house. Communal parking is provided near the<br />
entrance <strong>to</strong> the site where it can be overlooked by<br />
The <strong>development</strong> is characterised by high quality<br />
materials and finishes and by attractive planting. An<br />
annual maintenance fee is paid by the residents in<br />
order <strong>to</strong> manage all external repairs and landscape<br />
maintenance (see principle 3.4).<br />
Principle 8.5: The <strong>development</strong> should add <strong>to</strong> the<br />
quality of the environment and the surrounding area<br />
8.5.1 The land use of a given site should never be<br />
considered in isolation from its immediate or further<br />
neighbours. Schemes can mutually benefit each other by<br />
complimenting the range of uses within a district. The<br />
uses on a site often directly affect the adjoining property.<br />
This should be seen as a positive aspect and developed <strong>to</strong><br />
full potential creating cross-linkages and connections<br />
between new sites and existing situations.<br />
8.5.2 Good environmental practice is needed on all sites<br />
not only <strong>to</strong> reduce costs but also nuisance. During<br />
construction, the impact of potential disturbance on the<br />
surrounding area should be considered. Examples include:<br />
• equipment and traffic: noise levels and vibration<br />
• mess: dust, spoil, s<strong>to</strong>ck heaps<br />
• waste: burning is generally unacceptable<br />
• time: certain working times for a variety of trades<br />
• lighting: position, direction, glare, intrusion, lightpollution<br />
• management: workers and site processes<br />
• security: plant and <strong>to</strong>ols should be secured <strong>to</strong> avoid<br />
opportunities for crime.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
8.5.2 construction impacts<br />
8.5.3 Formal environmental management systems such as<br />
ISO 140016 are beginning <strong>to</strong> be adopted in construction.<br />
LUTON MILLENNIUM GREEN<br />
PRINCIPLE 8.2 AND 8.5<br />
Lu<strong>to</strong>n Millennium Green is located in a densely built<br />
up residential area near the centre of Chatham. The<br />
Green was created from 7 acres of disused<br />
allotment using a Millennium Green Grant and<br />
funding from a range of sources including English<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Partnerships, Rochester-Upon-Medway City Council<br />
and Medway Housing Society. Groundwork<br />
Medway-Swale led the <strong>development</strong> and<br />
implementation of the scheme.<br />
The site has an active recreational area with seating,<br />
space for events, <strong>to</strong>ddlers play area, a kick-about<br />
area and a conservation area for wildlife. A network<br />
of footpaths lead around the site with the main<br />
routes having a surface suitable for access by people<br />
with disabilities. Community involvement has been<br />
an important component of the project and indeed<br />
the original impetus for the project came from local<br />
residents.<br />
The project demonstrates the potential <strong>to</strong> reuse<br />
urban land in a positive way for the benefit of the<br />
local community and <strong>to</strong> enhance the local urban<br />
environment. It also demonstrates the scope <strong>to</strong><br />
secure funding for environmental improvements that<br />
will be necessary <strong>to</strong> ensure the holistic regeneration<br />
of urban areas.<br />
Principle 8.6: Developments must ensure the<br />
protection of privacy and amenity for a variety of new<br />
and existing occupiers<br />
8.6.1 Many of our most attractive and sought after homes<br />
in <strong>to</strong>wns and villages were built in close proximity <strong>to</strong> one<br />
another, providing a human scale and intimacy which<br />
many people find sociable, comfortable and private.<br />
8.6.2 Most modern housing estates, often built <strong>to</strong> ‘privacy<br />
standards’, nevertheless fail <strong>to</strong> ameliorate feelings of<br />
overlooking and visual intrusion, demonstrating that<br />
distance alone is a very crude measure of privacy. In new<br />
<strong>development</strong>, the aim should be <strong>to</strong> achieve the qualities<br />
that people find attractive in traditional settlements, using<br />
variation of form, space, ancillary buildings, garages,<br />
planting and boundary walls <strong>to</strong> create high quality<br />
environments and <strong>to</strong> achieve a more efficient and<br />
<strong>sustainable</strong> use of land.<br />
8.6.3 This is not <strong>to</strong> promote uniformly high densities. The<br />
context of the <strong>development</strong> is a critical fac<strong>to</strong>r, as<br />
demonstrated below:<br />
8.6.3 some existing densities in <strong>Kent</strong><br />
VILLAGE VILLAGE TOWN TOWN<br />
EDGE CENTRE EDGE CENTRE<br />
Milstead: Smarden: Maids<strong>to</strong>ne: Dartford:<br />
E.g.: 28m E.g.: 12m E.g.: 16m E.g.: 10m<br />
A range of contextual examples showing the variation in sample ‘privacy<br />
distances’ from spacious rural <strong>to</strong> dense urban situations (distances between<br />
windows of rear facing habitable rooms of neighbouring dwellings).<br />
8.6.4 Local context will help determine the appropriate<br />
form and density of <strong>development</strong>. It is important,<br />
however, <strong>to</strong> ensure that the privacy of existing residents<br />
is safeguarded when assessing the impact of new<br />
<strong>development</strong>. As a <strong>guide</strong>, a distance of 21 metres<br />
between the unobstructed windows of habitable rooms<br />
in the private rear facades of dwellings has been found <strong>to</strong><br />
be generally acceptable. This dimension may, however,<br />
vary according <strong>to</strong> the surrounding context.<br />
8.6.4 minimum separation distance between new and existing properties<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
8.6.5 In finely grained <strong>development</strong>s it may be necessary<br />
<strong>to</strong> group certain activities <strong>to</strong> avoid nuisance. Potentially<br />
noisy activities will need <strong>to</strong> be carefully designed and<br />
noise attenuation measures may need <strong>to</strong> be introduced <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure that the risk of nuisance is minimised. There<br />
should be an onus on developers and occupiers <strong>to</strong> comply<br />
with these conditions.<br />
8.6.6 Within new <strong>development</strong> visual privacy can be<br />
achieved by a range of methods other than simply the<br />
distance between buildings or spaces. Individual units<br />
should be designed <strong>to</strong> prevent overlooking neighbouring<br />
private spaces and windows by employing the following<br />
methods where appropriate:<br />
8.6.6 i position<br />
adjoining units can be staggered, extensions or<br />
protrusions placed <strong>to</strong> block overlooking views<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
75
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
76<br />
8.6.6 ii orientation<br />
adjoining blank gable walls facing private space offer<br />
enclosure without overlooking problems<br />
8.6.6 iii elevational treatment<br />
views out of buildings are important but need not be<br />
uniformly applied. Upper s<strong>to</strong>rey windows may be used <strong>to</strong><br />
allow daylight <strong>to</strong> enter yet have restricted views outward<br />
8.6.6 iv location and detailing of openings relative <strong>to</strong> space<br />
placing public external spaces (like the footpaths in the<br />
diagram) away from private internal spaces increases the<br />
cone of vision and so the area in which overlooking can<br />
occur. The size of window opening and pane size should<br />
respond <strong>to</strong> the potential of being overlooked.<br />
8.6.6 v screening<br />
Three fac<strong>to</strong>rs interrelated in good screening are the<br />
relative position of the onlooker, the screening device and<br />
the element being screened. Screening devices could be<br />
trees and foliage, fencing, walls etc.<br />
8.6.6 vi changes in ground level<br />
when combined with solid built forms like a roof, level<br />
changes can allow views and light without overlooking<br />
and consequent lack of privacy<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
NOAK BRIDGE, ESSEX<br />
PRINCIPLE 8.6<br />
8.6 Noak Bridge high density area<br />
Noak Bridge is a village north of Basildon which was<br />
developed <strong>to</strong> a relatively high density during the<br />
1970’s. It is based on traditional Essex vernacular<br />
with the following key features:-<br />
• network of pedestrian routes;<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
• connected housing, often abutting the footpaths<br />
and sometimes served only by such footpaths;<br />
• relaxed parking standards (with scope for<br />
additional parking at the rear);<br />
• high quality design;<br />
• small rear gardens;<br />
• flats placed on corner sites <strong>to</strong> allow double<br />
fronted elevations and smaller gardens;<br />
• social as well as private housing; and<br />
• extensive landscaping and distinctive central open<br />
space.<br />
An Article 4 Direction has been established <strong>to</strong> avoid<br />
insensitive future changes being made.<br />
The <strong>development</strong> provides an attractive<br />
environment for residents where the car does not<br />
dominate the street scene and residents can walk<br />
safely between neighbourhoods. Noak Bridge is a<br />
popular area suggesting that people are prepared <strong>to</strong><br />
make trade-offs between their individual<br />
requirements relating <strong>to</strong> parking or private amenity<br />
space and the overall quality of a <strong>development</strong>.<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1. Urban Villages Forum Annual Review 1996-97, Urban Villages Forum, 1997<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 8:<br />
MAXIMISING USE<br />
• Have the site’s innate characteristics<br />
been fully utilised <strong>to</strong> maximise <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
benefits?<br />
• Do all areas within the site have a<br />
designated primary use?<br />
• Are cars appropriately incorporated <strong>to</strong><br />
avoid excessive use of land for car parking<br />
only?<br />
• Does the scheme respond positively <strong>to</strong><br />
local land-use patterns by connecting and<br />
integrating as appropriate?<br />
• Does the scheme make effective use of<br />
land in that location?<br />
• Do existing buildings form part of the<br />
proposals? If so, is their re-use<br />
appropriate?<br />
• Has the site been appropriately checked<br />
for contamination? If so, how is the<br />
contamination <strong>to</strong> be dealt with?<br />
• Is the density of the scheme appropriate<br />
<strong>to</strong> the location?<br />
• Do the land uses encourage diversity<br />
within localities?<br />
• Have potential disturbances during and<br />
after construction been fully resolved?<br />
• Do the land uses complement all other<br />
appropriate objectives?<br />
• Does each unit within the <strong>development</strong><br />
have an appropriate amount of protected<br />
private space?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>maximising use<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
77
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
esources<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
9<br />
Conserve natural resources and minimise pollution in the layout,<br />
construction and ongoing use of <strong>development</strong><br />
Principle 9.1: The environmental sustainability of all construction materials should be considered<br />
resources<br />
80<br />
9.1.1 Sustainability is concerned with the conservation of<br />
the earth’s resources. The construction industry, by its<br />
nature, consumes large quantities of materials and sends<br />
a considerable amount of material <strong>to</strong> landfill. The<br />
extraction of raw materials can cause irreversible damage<br />
<strong>to</strong> the landscape, natural habitats and ecosystems. Most<br />
materials use a significant amount of energy in their<br />
production and transportation and may cause pollution<br />
and secondary damage which demands remedial action.<br />
9.1.1 <strong>sustainable</strong> materials in good design<br />
9.1.2 The lifecycle environmental cost of all construction<br />
materials must be considered, including the costs of<br />
extracting raw materials, the renewable nature of raw<br />
materials, energy costs in the manufacture of materials<br />
and the environmental costs of transportation <strong>to</strong> site.<br />
There is an increasing amount of research available on the<br />
9.1 <strong>sustainable</strong> building features<br />
specific environmental properties, energy costs and<br />
longevity of materials. ‘Sustainable Settlements: a <strong>guide</strong><br />
for planners, designers and developers’ 1 offers a good<br />
basic evaluation. The Building Research Establishment and<br />
CIRIA can also provide more detailed data on the<br />
environmental sustainability of construction materials and<br />
components, and organisations such as the Forestry<br />
Stewardship Council can provide information on<br />
<strong>sustainable</strong> sources of timber.<br />
Principle 9.2: Proposals should prevent the inefficient<br />
use of materials and energy on site by adopting the<br />
pro<strong>to</strong>col of the ‘3 'R's’: reduce, re-use and recycle<br />
REDUCTION OF WASTE<br />
9.2.1 The amount of wasted materials on site can be<br />
reduced by introducing regular audits <strong>to</strong> moni<strong>to</strong>r and<br />
control site activities more closely, for example reviewing<br />
materials ordering and site practices <strong>to</strong> prevent damage<br />
and cross-contamination. Surveys have found that<br />
detailed attention <strong>to</strong> the quantity of materials purchased<br />
and the way that these are off-loaded, labelled and s<strong>to</strong>red<br />
then subsequently handled on site, can significantly<br />
reduce the amount of materials wasted. Wherever<br />
possible the use of packaging and non-returnable pallets<br />
should be avoided, recycled or re-used.<br />
RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FOR RE-USE<br />
9.2.2 Where any site clearance or demolition is involved,<br />
recovery of materials can be maximised by separating out<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
those of similar type <strong>to</strong> prevent cross-contamination.<br />
Using disassembly processes that prevent damage enables<br />
any useable materials <strong>to</strong> be salvaged and re-used where<br />
they are of sufficient quality.<br />
9.2.3 In road construction, acceptable materials may<br />
include granular materials arising from the site and asphalt<br />
planings. Suitable salvaged materials which are of<br />
equivalent specification, in good order and appropriate<br />
for the location include kerbs, channels, gully grates and<br />
pots, manhole and inspection covers. In building<br />
construction, aggregate may be formed from the<br />
demolition of existing buildings on the same site for most<br />
effective re-use (see also Technical Appendix Section 1).<br />
or become contaminated. This will be particularly<br />
important in the case of commercial operations that can<br />
generate a lot of waste. Provision should be made in the<br />
design of homes for adequate refuse s<strong>to</strong>rage not only for<br />
disposal containers used by the relevant local authority<br />
but preferably allowing for separation of waste for<br />
recycling. The s<strong>to</strong>rage area should be no more than 25m<br />
from the point of collection.<br />
RE-USE AND RECYCLING OF MATERIALS<br />
9.2.4 recycling bins integrated in<strong>to</strong> the building<br />
9.2.4 The availability of local facilities for receiving and<br />
processing recyclable construction materials should be<br />
investigated and such materials used wherever practicable.<br />
Processing on-site or locally off-site, such as hot<br />
processing of bituminous materials and aggregates, can be<br />
carried out on natural materials, demolition materials or<br />
planings <strong>to</strong> reduce imported materials. In-situ processing<br />
techniques reduce transportation requirements. This can<br />
also improve progress on site and reduce local traffic<br />
congestion. Asphalt planings from roads may be sent <strong>to</strong> an<br />
asphalt plant for incorporation in<strong>to</strong> new products.<br />
9.2.5 Developers, designers, suppliers and subcontrac<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
should take positive steps <strong>to</strong> maximise<br />
<strong>sustainable</strong> practices in design, construction and usage.<br />
For example audits of the distances materials are hauled,<br />
the amount of materials used and re-used on-site, recycled<br />
or taken <strong>to</strong> land fill off-site and the efficiency in the<br />
organisation of the work on-site, could be assessed.<br />
9.2.6 New <strong>development</strong> should also offer facilities <strong>to</strong><br />
encourage those using or occupying buildings <strong>to</strong> reuse<br />
and recycle. Recycling facilities should be provided on site<br />
or close <strong>to</strong> new <strong>development</strong>s in a manner which does<br />
not cause nuisance. Provision should be made for the<br />
s<strong>to</strong>rage of recyclable waste so that it does not deteriorate<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
9.2.6 recycling points<br />
9.2.7 The provision of allotments and gardens that allow<br />
for the composting and growing of food produce should<br />
be encouraged. Public awareness campaigns should also<br />
be promoted <strong>to</strong> increase understanding of the need <strong>to</strong><br />
recycle. Whilst it is recognised that holistic re-use and<br />
recycling of construction and household materials<br />
requires a change in the public perception of resource<br />
recycling, this should remain a long term objective<br />
achieved through education and shared good practice<br />
from local authorities.<br />
COMMUNITY COMPOSTING<br />
PRINCIPLE 9.2<br />
Composting kitchen and green waste instead of<br />
dumping it in a landfill site has been the response of<br />
a small east <strong>Kent</strong> parish over the past two years.<br />
Some 1,700 kilos are being collected weekly by a<br />
mobile composting scheme run in the area of Herne<br />
Hill, near Whitstable. The scheme, which is part<br />
funded by the Landfill Tax, collects bins of kitchen<br />
waste from 80 households each Monday. This is<br />
mixed with shredded garden waste and then<br />
composted at a farm in the neighbourhood. Herne<br />
Hill Composting believe strongly in small scale<br />
composting below 1,000 <strong>to</strong>nnes, which is often<br />
exempt from licensing. It would like <strong>to</strong> see waste<br />
being processed on farms and then used <strong>to</strong> enhance<br />
the farms' soil and thus avoid unnecessary lorry<br />
movements. By using the putrescible kitchen waste,<br />
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which produces dangerous methane gas in landfill<br />
sites, this scheme is providing a valuable<br />
environmental service. It is one of 115 throughout<br />
the UK. <strong>Kent</strong>'s biggest scheme is at Wye in <strong>Kent</strong>,<br />
which collects waste from 700 households weekly.<br />
Principle 9.3: Proposals should incorporate energy<br />
conservation features<br />
9.3.1 Energy conservation in new <strong>development</strong> can range<br />
from simple planning and design principles (such as<br />
maximising and retaining natural heat and light) <strong>to</strong><br />
sophisticated technologies that can generate sufficient<br />
power <strong>to</strong> transfer electricity back in<strong>to</strong> the National Grid.<br />
Energy conservation reduces the demand for precious<br />
fossil fuels and reduces the release of environmentally<br />
polluting carbon dioxide and methane gases.<br />
9.3.2 Insulation can significantly reduce fuel bills for any<br />
building. Protection from heat loss through walls, floor,<br />
and roof and the prevention of drafts through windows<br />
and doors are most effectively included in the initial design<br />
stages. Building Regulations now lay down more rigorous<br />
demands for insulation, safety for occupants and energy<br />
conservation. They are being continuously updated with a<br />
view <strong>to</strong> improving the thermal quality and sustainability of<br />
the built fabric. The most up <strong>to</strong> date Regulations should be<br />
referred <strong>to</strong> for any proposed built <strong>development</strong>.<br />
9.3.2 insulation in a breathing wall<br />
9.3.3 Timers and thermostats <strong>to</strong> control heat, hot water<br />
and light are an inexpensive way of saving energy. Building<br />
management systems in larger buildings operate on<br />
similar principles and can result in significant cost savings.<br />
9.3.4 A source of information and advice is the<br />
DETR/Building Research Establishment's Energy<br />
Efficiency Office, who also illustrate the potential financial<br />
savings <strong>to</strong> businesses and householders of adopting<br />
energy saving practices in both new and existing buildings<br />
(Environment and Energy Helpline 0800 585794).<br />
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN<br />
9.3.5 Passive solar design takes advantage of natural light<br />
and heat from the sun and uses air movement for<br />
ventilation. This reduces or negates the need for artificial<br />
light, heat, cooling or ventilation. It can be achieved with<br />
no additional cost <strong>to</strong> a <strong>development</strong> and can result in<br />
considerable cost savings 2 .<br />
9.3.5 sculptural passive solar design in Bluewater<br />
9.3.6 Layouts should maximise east-west building<br />
alignments and orientate most of the glazing <strong>to</strong> within 30 o<br />
of due south. Plans should also be designed <strong>to</strong> avoid<br />
overshadowing and minimise shading from obstructions<br />
<strong>to</strong> sunlight (such as other dwellings and coniferous trees).<br />
Other measures can include:-<br />
• locating taller buildings <strong>to</strong> the north of a site;<br />
• locating car parking and garages <strong>to</strong> the north of<br />
housing; and<br />
• using building form or landscaping as buffering from<br />
wind and designing out potential ‘wind tunnels’<br />
between buildings.<br />
9.3.7 In residential <strong>development</strong> the actual form of<br />
housing can have a substantial impact on energy efficiency.<br />
Detached houses, particularly bungalows, tend <strong>to</strong> be less<br />
energy efficient, with the greatest surface area exposed <strong>to</strong><br />
the elements. Assuming the same floor area and<br />
orientation, bulkier forms of <strong>development</strong> such as flats,<br />
retain heat better, while terraces provide some crossinsulation<br />
at a lower density.<br />
9.3.8 <strong>Design</strong>ers will have several fac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> consider in<br />
the layout of the <strong>development</strong>, many of which are<br />
discussed in this Guide. Solar gain should complement<br />
these. It is important however that buildings relate <strong>to</strong><br />
each other as a cohesive whole avoiding mono<strong>to</strong>ny in the<br />
orientation of the buildings.<br />
9.3.9 Buildings designed <strong>to</strong>day dictate the pattern of<br />
energy consumption of the future. It is important <strong>to</strong> invest<br />
in energy-saving technology now in order <strong>to</strong> reduce this<br />
demand. It is easier and more economical <strong>to</strong> consider this<br />
within the initial design process than as an add-on. A<br />
number of recent individual houses and small<br />
<strong>development</strong>s with zero or low energy use offer<br />
examples of good practice often within a limited budget,<br />
such as the Hocker<strong>to</strong>n Housing project described below.<br />
To improve the thermal efficiency of an individual building,<br />
the design may include:<br />
• a south-facing conserva<strong>to</strong>ry or atrium buffer zone <strong>to</strong><br />
trap heat;<br />
• insulation <strong>to</strong> the north elevation through reduced glazing<br />
location of lower occupancy rooms such as bathrooms<br />
or garages or setting the building partially in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
ground;<br />
• a compact plan form <strong>to</strong> reduce the external wall surface;<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
• glazing part of the roof, particularly on very tight sites<br />
with limited natural light;<br />
• well-insulated roof and walls, and good quality double<br />
glazing; and<br />
• high thermal mass <strong>to</strong> retain heat, if this is appropriate<br />
for the use pattern of the building.<br />
9.3.10 Mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning and lighting<br />
can incur major energy loads in commercial buildings.<br />
Overheating may be a particular problem, but can be<br />
overcome with screens or shutters, overhanging eaves<br />
and windows which open. These features allow occupants<br />
<strong>to</strong> control their internal environment rather than through<br />
a centrally controlled heating or air conditioning system.<br />
Buildings which are shallow in plan or provide atria offer<br />
greater use of natural ventilation and light.<br />
9.3.11 Speculative developers may disregard the energy<br />
use of a commercial building as they will not be the eventual<br />
occupiers responsible for future costs. The building user,<br />
who will have a vested interest in the durability and running<br />
cost of the building, should be consulted early in the design<br />
process 3 . Offices designed for the Charities Aid Foundation<br />
under a pre-lease arrangement with developer Rouse at<br />
King’s Hill involved all parties in a series of meetings and<br />
allowed the requirements such as low running costs <strong>to</strong> be<br />
designed-in early on. The building gained a ‘very good’<br />
rating from its ‘BREEAM for Offices’ evaluation.<br />
9.3.8 individual building<br />
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ACTIVE SOLAR TECHNOLOGY<br />
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9.3.11 Acclaimed design for Charities Aid Foundation, King’s Hill by Nicholas<br />
Hare Architects<br />
An alternative form of energy generation which may be<br />
viable for new <strong>development</strong>s is the use of wind turbines,<br />
as at Hocker<strong>to</strong>n Housing (see case study).<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
SEVENOAKS FIRE STATION<br />
OBJECTIVE 9<br />
The proposal by the <strong>Kent</strong> and Medway Towns Fire<br />
Authority <strong>to</strong> build a first floor extension above a<br />
single s<strong>to</strong>rey brick wing for occupation by the Fire<br />
Safety Office provided an ideal opportunity <strong>to</strong> use<br />
many ‘green’ techniques and materials. A strict<br />
deadline was in operation in order that the works<br />
would be completed before the end of the financial<br />
year so a speedy construction method was called for.<br />
The fire station extension provides a super-insulated,<br />
lightweight construction with minimal running costs<br />
<strong>to</strong> the client and makes use of:<br />
• masonite beams and roof and floor boarding<br />
produced from waste wood materials;<br />
• wall insulation giving U value of just under 0.2w/m 2<br />
and ‘breathing wall’ construction;<br />
• timber framed, argon filled thermally efficient<br />
double glazing;<br />
• organic stains and paints; and<br />
• six litre flushing <strong>to</strong>ilets (lowest available at the time<br />
in UK).<br />
9.3 Sevenoaks Fire Station<br />
9.3.12 Zen Aquasol duo solar panels (Construction Resources)<br />
9.3.12 Active solar technology involves the use of<br />
collec<strong>to</strong>r panels <strong>to</strong> capture the sun's heat and then<br />
transfer it <strong>to</strong> either water or oil for heating (solar panels)<br />
or <strong>to</strong> generate electricity (pho<strong>to</strong>voltaic panels). PPG Note<br />
22, 1994 states that even the UK has enough sunlight for<br />
solar heating <strong>to</strong> be viable. Grouped solar heating systems<br />
have the advantage of levelling out demand, as low use at<br />
a particular time from one occupier can compensate for<br />
the use of another. Solar panels located directly next <strong>to</strong><br />
the area they are serving suffer less from heat loss and are<br />
therefore more efficient. Outdoor swimming pools often<br />
follow this principle.<br />
9.3.13 There are many examples of single dwellings which<br />
have been designed according <strong>to</strong> sustainability principles,<br />
but these ideas have not yet been translated <strong>to</strong> a mass<br />
housebuilding market. The <strong>development</strong> of the BRE’s<br />
Integer House (‘Intelligent Green’) is set <strong>to</strong> challenge that<br />
as it is intended as a pro<strong>to</strong>type for the <strong>sustainable</strong> house of<br />
the future. It maximises use of prefabrication, which is a<br />
particularly <strong>sustainable</strong> form of construction, and forms<br />
the basis of larger scale Integer housing <strong>development</strong><br />
currently under construction in Sandwell.<br />
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS<br />
9.3.13 ‘ ES solar’ pho<strong>to</strong>voltaic panels (Construction Resources)<br />
9.3.14 Pho<strong>to</strong>voltaic panels can be placed on the ground<br />
or attached <strong>to</strong> walls or roofs. Costs are gradually falling<br />
but are still some way from being cost-effective for the<br />
mass market. A large number of panels are likely <strong>to</strong> be<br />
necessary <strong>to</strong> fully power a house and so should be taken<br />
in<strong>to</strong> account at the design stage. Surplus electricity can be<br />
sold back <strong>to</strong> the National Grid.<br />
COMPUTER OPERATED SYSTEMS<br />
9.3.14 Computer systems can be installed <strong>to</strong> moni<strong>to</strong>r,<br />
operate and indicate consumption of energy, water and<br />
other resources and thereby save the occupier money.<br />
They may also adjust heating controls and blinds<br />
according <strong>to</strong> the weather.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
BOUNDARY HOUSE<br />
OBJECTIVE 9<br />
9.3 Boundary House<br />
At ‘Boundary House’, architect Michael Winter has<br />
risen <strong>to</strong> the challenge of designing a contemporary,<br />
attractive and environmentally friendly home. The<br />
house was designed <strong>to</strong> fell as few trees as possible<br />
with a plan form that navigates its way through its<br />
wooded site in Tunbridge Wells.<br />
In selecting materials for the house, Winter considered<br />
cost as a fac<strong>to</strong>r alongside the environmental impact of<br />
the materials, such as energy used in their<br />
manufacture and scarcity. The structure and cladding<br />
are timber, with second-hand timber flooring used<br />
internally. No preservatives were used, and organic<br />
stains and paints were chosen wherever possible. The<br />
rainwater collection and s<strong>to</strong>rage system is one of the<br />
many resource-saving features.<br />
The house is raised above ground <strong>to</strong> minimise the<br />
impact of the foundations and <strong>to</strong> allow it <strong>to</strong> ‘<strong>to</strong>uch<br />
the ground lightly’.<br />
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP)<br />
9.3.15 CHP uses the heat created in the generation of<br />
electricity <strong>to</strong> provide heat for another building or even an<br />
entire community. This is particularly effective when<br />
building uses are balanced between daytime and evening<br />
use (for example housing and offices) or within hospitals.<br />
CHP is a highly efficient and affordable means of<br />
producing heat, but ideally should be planned in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
<strong>development</strong> early on. Its incorporation should increase<br />
as a greater number of mixed-use, higher density<br />
<strong>development</strong>s emerge. Proposed schemes should be the<br />
subject of an environmental impact assessment with a<br />
view <strong>to</strong> addressing any impact on local air quality.<br />
HOCKERTON HOUSING PROJECT<br />
OBJECTIVE 9<br />
9.3 a (Hocker<strong>to</strong>n Housing Project)<br />
The Hocker<strong>to</strong>n Housing Project illustrates that<br />
ecological housing can also be affordable. The<br />
terrace of five earth-sheltered dwellings was<br />
designed by eco-architects Brenda and Robert Vale,<br />
and is run by a co-operative formed by the<br />
residents. The houses are self-sufficient in their use<br />
of resources and release no CO2 or atmospheric<br />
pollution. <strong>Design</strong> features include:<br />
• high quality insulation<br />
• a solar conserva<strong>to</strong>ry on the southern aspect <strong>to</strong><br />
maximise solar gain;<br />
• earth-sheltering <strong>to</strong> the north <strong>to</strong> prevent radiant<br />
heat loss and limit exposure <strong>to</strong> wind;<br />
• an internal temperature year-round of 19-21 o C<br />
without need for a heating system;<br />
• plans for all electrical energy <strong>to</strong> come from a<br />
renewable, non-polluting source located on site<br />
(wind turbine) and pho<strong>to</strong>voltaic panels;<br />
• water demand <strong>to</strong> be met on site, and a floating<br />
reed-bed system used for sewage treatment ;<br />
• recycling of organic waste products through<br />
composting facilities on site;<br />
• car-sharing/pooling system; and<br />
• encouragement of a diversity of plant and animal life.<br />
9.3 b (Hocker<strong>to</strong>n Housing Project)<br />
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Principle 9.4: Proposals should be supported by a<br />
sustainability statement<br />
9.4.1 A sustainability statement indicates how resource<br />
management and other principles have been taken in<strong>to</strong><br />
account in the design and implementation of a proposed<br />
<strong>development</strong>. Sustainable practices should, as far as<br />
possible, minimise the use of scarce resources (including<br />
water and energy-intensive materials), facilitate recycling<br />
and re-use, ensure safe disposal and future low<br />
maintenance. In addition <strong>to</strong> submitting sustainability<br />
statements developers should consider appointing a suitably<br />
qualified person <strong>to</strong> implement and moni<strong>to</strong>r the actions set<br />
out in the sustainability statement and <strong>to</strong> audit activities<br />
throughout the design and implementation phases.<br />
9.4.2 Whilst sustainability statements will become a more<br />
important <strong>to</strong>ol as the size of the <strong>development</strong> and/or its<br />
likely environmental impact increases, some criteria will<br />
be valid for any <strong>development</strong>. The DETR’s document<br />
‘UK Strategy for Sustainable Development (1999)’<br />
presents Government’s strategy for <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
construction for the UK.<br />
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Principle 9.5: An evaluation of the environmental<br />
performance of a <strong>development</strong> (such as BREEAM)<br />
should be considered as part of the design process<br />
9.5.1 A comprehensive assessment of the environmental<br />
performance of a building should go beyond the more<br />
conventional evaluation of energy efficiency. One of the<br />
objectives of BREEAM (Building Research Establishment<br />
Environmental Assessment Method) is <strong>to</strong> encourage a<br />
reduction in the environmental impact of a building<br />
through a recognition of the commercial benefits of such<br />
considerations. This can be applied <strong>to</strong> houses, shops,<br />
offices and industrial units. The approach is holistic,<br />
looking at greenhouse gas emissions, <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
transport, water usage, noise pollution and waste<br />
recycling <strong>to</strong> name but a few considerations. BREEAM also<br />
encourages the use of local labour <strong>to</strong> help boost the local<br />
economy and reduce the need <strong>to</strong> travel.<br />
9.5.2 In 1996 government ministers agreed that BREEAM /<br />
BREEAM for Offices 1998 should be undertaken on all new<br />
government buildings and major refurbishment. The DETR<br />
has also produced extensive <strong>guide</strong>lines in ‘Towards More<br />
Sustainable Construction: Green Guide for Managers on<br />
the Government Estate’ including everything from assessing<br />
the whole life cost of the building, such as its running and<br />
maintenance costs, recyclability and eventual demolition, <strong>to</strong><br />
its lighting specifications. This initiative runs alongside the<br />
Egan report on ‘Rethinking Construction’ (1998).<br />
Principle 9.6: <strong>Design</strong> should demonstrate flexibility <strong>to</strong><br />
allow for re-use and adaptation of buildings over time<br />
9.6.1 The Building Research Establishment (BRE) is<br />
updating its environmental evaluation <strong>to</strong> encourage<br />
flexibility in design so that buildings can be adapted <strong>to</strong><br />
changing uses and users as well as alternative sources of<br />
energy and new resource-saving technologies. These are<br />
likely <strong>to</strong> become more financially viable as their use and<br />
understanding of their properties grow.<br />
9.6.2 The challenge of creating adaptable buildings at a<br />
higher density has inspired a renewed interest in housing<br />
design, illustrated by some of the <strong>development</strong> at the<br />
Greenwich Millennium Village and exhibitions and<br />
competitions, such as the RIBA’s ‘Concept House’.<br />
<strong>Design</strong>s illustrated open plan spaces which occupiers can<br />
adapt <strong>to</strong> their own needs, and isolated rooms or even<br />
temporary structures which could be used for office,<br />
s<strong>to</strong>rage or extra bedroom accommodation.<br />
9.6.3 Many older buildings illustrate the potential for<br />
adaptability that reflects the dynamics of social and<br />
commercial change. Houses in urban areas have often<br />
been used successfully as offices and shops and then<br />
res<strong>to</strong>red back <strong>to</strong> their original use.<br />
9.6.4 Large scale, deep plan offices and commercial<br />
buildings can present more of a problem of re-use when<br />
the original use becomes redundant. Buildings should be<br />
designed <strong>to</strong> allow for future expansion rather than provide<br />
unnecessary accommodation at the start. This may be<br />
particularly appropriate in the case of schools, where<br />
there may be a real possibility that demand will increase<br />
over time. Buildings which are broken up in<strong>to</strong> smaller units<br />
and which have a shallow floor plan allow for easier<br />
subdivision <strong>to</strong> accommodate changes of use or occupier.<br />
Principle 9.7: All redundant buildings, regardless of<br />
their architectural quality, should be considered as a<br />
valuable resource for potential re-use<br />
9.7.1 There are many examples of his<strong>to</strong>ric buildings that<br />
have been successfully converted <strong>to</strong> new uses. Buildings<br />
which are listed or in a conservation area are granted a<br />
degree of protection from demolition but any existing<br />
building could be seen as a valuable material resource.<br />
Buildings of no perceived heritage value have the<br />
advantage of allowing more radical and unconstrained<br />
alteration. Less glamorous uses such as small industrial<br />
units, mechanical and s<strong>to</strong>rage facilities still require<br />
accommodation <strong>to</strong> which a building may well be suited.<br />
However, the designer will need <strong>to</strong> weigh up whether<br />
adaptation may actually consume more resources than a<br />
new building and whether there are other constraints<br />
such as the impact of associated works or access<br />
arrangements. UWE/LGMB ‘Sustainable Settlements’<br />
offers guidance on appropriateness of certain building<br />
types for new uses (p166-7). Re-use of buildings in a rural<br />
environment may be inappropriate or un<strong>sustainable</strong> in<br />
other respects, and applicants will need <strong>to</strong> have regard <strong>to</strong><br />
relevant Structure Plan and Local Plan policies.<br />
9.7.2 There may also be means of improving the energy<br />
efficiency of the building, as some older properties can be<br />
thermally inefficient.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
SUNLIGHT CENTRE, GILLINGHAM<br />
PRINCIPLE 9.7<br />
9.7 Sunlight Centre (Chris Tubbs)<br />
“Competitions create possibilities for ‘nowhere sites’<br />
<strong>to</strong> be given a new lease of life…”<br />
(Rev Andrew Mawson, competition panel member).<br />
The conversion of the Sunlight Laundry has provided<br />
Gillingham with an exciting new building and a much<br />
needed community facility. It was the result of an<br />
architectural competition run by the <strong>Kent</strong> Architecture<br />
Centre and Gillingham Borough Council (now<br />
Medway Council). The winning design by Morrison<br />
Brink Architecture offers “a flexible, adaptable and<br />
innovative approach …[which]… succeeded in<br />
conserving and enhancing the existing qualities while<br />
skilfully improving the presence on the street”.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
The project was part of a regeneration initiative for<br />
North Gillingham. The significance of the Sunlight<br />
Centre was that the brief which outlined the<br />
proposed function of the building, its design and how<br />
it might be run was based on a one day community<br />
workshop in which 700 people <strong>to</strong>ok part, including<br />
school children. Emphasis was placed on ensuring<br />
low maintenance and running costs and promoting<br />
the concept of <strong>sustainable</strong> lifestyles. The building’s<br />
core functions are:<br />
• One S<strong>to</strong>p Shop/information point<br />
• Community Centre<br />
• Health Centre (and associated facilities).<br />
south-east 6 . Water abstraction may not be apparent<br />
close <strong>to</strong> the site, but will have an impact elsewhere<br />
in the region that cannot be ignored. Water<br />
companies now produce Water Resource Plans <strong>to</strong><br />
address the issue of forward planning.<br />
Conversely, serious flooding in some areas is<br />
predicted. As more land is developed, impermeable<br />
concrete and tarmac surfaces can direct large<br />
volumes of rainwater in<strong>to</strong> drains and rivers that can<br />
no longer cope with the flow, as opposed <strong>to</strong> draining<br />
away naturally in<strong>to</strong> the soil 7 . The Environment<br />
Agency has also stressed the importance of avoiding<br />
<strong>development</strong> on flood plains 8 .<br />
The building provides flexible spaces <strong>to</strong><br />
accommodate a wide variety of facilities such as<br />
training, education and economic welfare, and has<br />
the capacity <strong>to</strong> adapt over time <strong>to</strong> the changing<br />
needs of the community.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
CAPSTONE OAST YOUTH HOSTEL<br />
PRINCIPLE 9.7<br />
9.7.1 Caps<strong>to</strong>ne Oast Youth Hostel (Medway Council)<br />
The neglected Caps<strong>to</strong>ne oasthouse was in use as a hay<br />
s<strong>to</strong>re when Rochester-upon-Medway Council (now<br />
Medway Council) decided <strong>to</strong> res<strong>to</strong>re it and put it <strong>to</strong><br />
better use. Its location halfway along the scenic Pilgrims<br />
Way in an area popular for walking and cycling made it<br />
an ideal site for a youth hostel. The Youth Hostel<br />
Association now leases the building from the Council.<br />
WATER<br />
The demand for water in the UK as elsewhere, has<br />
increased substantially over the last 40 years.<br />
Household water consumption alone has nearly<br />
doubled since 1961. The greater the volume of<br />
water abstracted from rivers, lakes and<br />
underground aquifers 4 , the less is available <strong>to</strong> dilute<br />
pollution and <strong>to</strong> protect essential wildlife and<br />
ecological habitats.<br />
Although efficiency has improved over recent years<br />
due <strong>to</strong> leakage control and water savings, the<br />
National Rivers Authority (now part of the<br />
Environment Agency) forecast in 1994 that<br />
increased demand could lead <strong>to</strong> a serious shortfall<br />
in water supply <strong>to</strong> some areas, including <strong>Kent</strong> 5 . This<br />
problem will become a significant issue with the<br />
increased number of households anticipated in the<br />
Principle 9.8: Sustainable water management<br />
techniques should be incorporated in<strong>to</strong> design and<br />
infrastructure proposals<br />
9.8.1 Developers should take a long-term view of the<br />
impact of their proposals on future water consumption<br />
and how changes <strong>to</strong> the water table will affect the local<br />
landscape and natural habitats. They should consult with<br />
water companies and the local authority.<br />
9.8.2 Water companies have been instructed <strong>to</strong> put in place<br />
water efficiency plans, which include leakage control<br />
policies, metering of supplies <strong>to</strong> encourage water-saving and<br />
the provision of advice <strong>to</strong> the public. These are measures <strong>to</strong><br />
which developers should also respond. According <strong>to</strong> PPG<br />
12, water availability should be a consideration for the local<br />
authority in its <strong>development</strong> plan.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>resources<br />
9.8.3 New <strong>development</strong> should allow sufficient natural<br />
drainage <strong>to</strong> prevent depletion of the water table in the<br />
locality. The use of block paving and other permeable<br />
surfaces should be encouraged for large areas such as car<br />
parks. S<strong>to</strong>rm water control systems can be included in<br />
these areas by providing a sub-system below the surface<br />
which captures and slowly releases rainfall in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
ground, or it can be pumped out for re-use in garden<br />
irrigation or for flushing <strong>to</strong>ilets.<br />
9.8.4 Construction sites use a vast quantity of water.<br />
Developers can make a direct contribution <strong>to</strong> water<br />
conservation by preventing wasteful use of water on-site<br />
and re-using water wherever possible.<br />
Principle 9.9: Proposals should provide opportunities<br />
for the protection of water supplies by harnessing<br />
rainfall<br />
9.9.1 Rainwater utilisation systems collect rainwater from<br />
the roof of a building for use in flushing <strong>to</strong>ilets or garden<br />
irrigation. This reduces water consumption by at least<br />
35% and helps reduce s<strong>to</strong>rm water run-off <strong>to</strong> sewers.<br />
While water for gardening requires only filtering before<br />
use, it would usually be treated using ultra-violet or other<br />
methods <strong>to</strong> eliminate contaminants for use in <strong>to</strong>ilets. The<br />
required water s<strong>to</strong>rage facilities can readily be included in<br />
the design of a new building.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
87
Principle 9.10: Development should provide a range of<br />
water-efficient appliances and systems <strong>to</strong> reduce<br />
water usage<br />
9.10.1 There are many simple measures that can be<br />
incorporated in<strong>to</strong> new homes, commercial and public<br />
buildings <strong>to</strong> significantly reduce water consumption and<br />
save money. Approximately a third of domestic water<br />
supply is used for flushing <strong>to</strong>ilets, yet there are several<br />
water-saving options available. Water Supply (Water<br />
Fittings) Regulations (July 1999) state <strong>to</strong>ilets in the UK<br />
must not exceed 6 litres per flush, but there are numerous<br />
existing <strong>to</strong>ilets which can hold far more than that. Dual<br />
flush systems can also be introduced <strong>to</strong> older cysterns.<br />
investment <strong>to</strong> reduce water use. Recent <strong>development</strong>s in<br />
washing machine technology are proving increasingly<br />
marketable, and new houses that include fitted kitchens<br />
could incorporate such appliances. The 1999 Regulations<br />
place maximum water usage volumes on new washing<br />
machines and dishwashers.<br />
9.10.9 Greywater utilisation systems require a secondary<br />
plumbing system <strong>to</strong> collect water from handbasins, baths and<br />
showers for use in garden watering and <strong>to</strong>ilet flushing. There<br />
are several systems on the market. Water use in swimming<br />
pools and garden sprinklers should also be controlled.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>resources<br />
88<br />
9.10.2 Cistern dams can be placed in the cistern <strong>to</strong><br />
reduce the amount of water used per flush by 1-3 litres.<br />
9.10.3 Low flush <strong>to</strong>ilets as low as 5 litres are more<br />
common in Europe and the USA.<br />
9.10.4 Waterless and composting <strong>to</strong>ilets are more frequently<br />
used in rural locations with no main sewer, but have been<br />
successfully installed in several new dwellings in the UK,<br />
including the Hocker<strong>to</strong>n Community (see Case Study).<br />
9.10.5 Waterless urinals can offer a substantial cost saving<br />
in offices and commercial buildings especially those that<br />
have a metered water supply, as approximately 20% of<br />
water supplied <strong>to</strong> offices is drained through flushing urinals.<br />
Waterless urinals are suitable in all types of building, and<br />
come in the form of deodorising pads which can be fitted<br />
<strong>to</strong> existing urinals, or through siphonic traps which contain<br />
a barrier fluid. Estimated savings are between £100 and<br />
£250 per urinal per year. Worldwide Washrooms Ltd,<br />
based in Clif<strong>to</strong>nville, <strong>Kent</strong> won the Environmental<br />
Innovation Category in the Environment Awards for <strong>Kent</strong><br />
Business in 1997 with its waterless urinal system.<br />
9.10.6 Water tap controls are an inexpensive and<br />
effective means of reducing water consumption, and<br />
saving energy through reducing hot water use. A dripping<br />
tap can cost up <strong>to</strong> £40 annually. Spray taps produce a<br />
spray or mist which can more than halve water flow. Push<br />
<strong>to</strong>p taps switch off au<strong>to</strong>matically after a pre-set time<br />
delay. These are already widely used. Electronic sensor<br />
taps work on the same principle.<br />
9.10.6 Aqua water-saving taps (Construction Resources)<br />
9.10.7 Shower restric<strong>to</strong>rs can halve water use by adding<br />
a flow valve <strong>to</strong> the shower hose. It should be noted that<br />
power showers are particularly water intensive.<br />
9.10.8 Water-economic domestic appliances such as<br />
washing machines and dishwashers, which account for on<br />
average 16% of water consumption, offer a simple<br />
9.10.9 The WISY Filter Collec<strong>to</strong>r filters rainwater run-off from roofs directly<br />
<strong>to</strong> the downpipe for piping <strong>to</strong> a s<strong>to</strong>rage tank (Construction Resources)<br />
9.10.9 Water companies can take the lead in<br />
demonstrating the benefits of water-efficient <strong>development</strong><br />
by providing advice and support <strong>to</strong> developers and<br />
occupiers. Much of the potential for saving water cannot<br />
be realised without behavioural changes on the part of the<br />
consumer. Metering of water supplies provides a financial<br />
incentive for this and has proved successful in pilot studies<br />
by reducing demand, although there are the social issues<br />
of financial hardship and health <strong>to</strong> consider. The UK is one<br />
of the few countries in Europe that does not practise<br />
water metering universally, although water authorities are<br />
now equipping all new houses with meters, and it is likely<br />
that from April 2000 all household cus<strong>to</strong>mers will have the<br />
right <strong>to</strong> opt for a free meter.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
CREST HOMES WATER CONSERVATION INITIATIVE<br />
PRINCIPLE 9.10<br />
Crest Homes teamed up with a <strong>Kent</strong> company, Water<br />
Dynamics, for new homes in Shenley, Hertfordshire<br />
where cus<strong>to</strong>mers were offered a special plumbing<br />
package with a greywater recycling system.<br />
Crest also aim <strong>to</strong> educate householders about the<br />
importance of water conservation through<br />
information on reducing consumption and new<br />
water saving devices and technology. Their<br />
showhouse gardens are designed <strong>to</strong> be water<br />
efficient, with drought <strong>to</strong>lerant plants and turf, and<br />
include a micro irrigation system.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Principle 9.11: Development should protect the<br />
quality of water resources by appropriate treatment<br />
of sewage and run-off, and through use of reed beds<br />
where practical<br />
9.11.1 New <strong>development</strong> should promote the use of<br />
reed beds where appropriate <strong>to</strong> treat domestic sewage.<br />
Reed beds are a proven and effective means of treatment<br />
which comprise of water, gravel and aquatic plants that<br />
produce bacteria which breakdown household sewage.<br />
They require little maintenance, and are particularly<br />
useful where there are constraints <strong>to</strong> the use of<br />
conventional sewage systems. ICI are amongst the<br />
companies that have used reed beds <strong>to</strong> purify waste.<br />
Other means of on-site sewerage treatment may also be<br />
appropriate, particularly for large commercial operations.<br />
Principle 9.12: New <strong>development</strong> should minimise<br />
negative impacts on air quality and the release of CO2<br />
9.12.1 Air pollution affects us all causing significant health<br />
and social costs. The energy consumed in buildings<br />
produces about 50% of the UK’s carbon dioxide<br />
emissions. The Government is committed <strong>to</strong> the target set<br />
by the United Nations for the reduction of CO2 emissions<br />
by 5.2% by 2013. New <strong>development</strong> can contribute <strong>to</strong><br />
the achievement of this goal through enabling reduced<br />
usage of the private car and by maximising energy<br />
conservation. It is important <strong>to</strong> ensure that appliances,<br />
particularly gas appliances, are operating efficiently and are<br />
properly maintained <strong>to</strong> reduce emissions, particularly of<br />
carbon monoxide, which is highly <strong>to</strong>xic.<br />
9.12.2 Whilst CO2 makes up the largest volume of gas<br />
which has a detrimental impact on air quality and ozone<br />
depletion, there are several others, for example nitrogen<br />
dioxide, sulphur dioxide and radon, which can cause<br />
serious damage not just <strong>to</strong> air quality but <strong>to</strong> water supplies.<br />
Methane, resulting from burning of fossil fuels, is another<br />
contribu<strong>to</strong>r <strong>to</strong> ozone depletion. Data from the Institute of<br />
Terrestrial Ecology shows that <strong>Kent</strong> often experiences<br />
ozone levels amongst the highest in the country.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
THE KENT AIR QUALITY PARTNERSHIP<br />
PRINCIPLE 9.12<br />
The 1995 Environment Act placed a duty upon<br />
district councils <strong>to</strong> undertake air quality reviews and<br />
assessments and <strong>to</strong> moni<strong>to</strong>r local air quality and,<br />
where necessary, <strong>to</strong> prepare action plans <strong>to</strong> meet<br />
new air quality targets. <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council (KCC)<br />
and the district councils have participated in the <strong>Kent</strong><br />
Air Quality Partnership (KAQP) since 1992, <strong>to</strong>gether<br />
with the Environment Agency, Health Authorities<br />
and the University of Greenwich. <strong>Kent</strong> is in the<br />
unique position of having the <strong>Kent</strong> Air Quality<br />
Management System (KAQMS), which includes an<br />
emission inven<strong>to</strong>ry, an air quality model and a<br />
moni<strong>to</strong>ring network, with 19 continuous moni<strong>to</strong>ring<br />
sites recording data on key pollutants such as<br />
nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur<br />
dioxide and particulate matter.<br />
Moni<strong>to</strong>ring information along with weekly and annual<br />
reports can be accessed through an Internet website<br />
(http://www.Seiph.umds.ac.uk/envhealth/kaqmn.html).<br />
This is currently being updated <strong>to</strong> include additional<br />
information from the KAQP. The data from the<br />
KAQMS provides the basis for informed decisionmaking<br />
and has been used <strong>to</strong> assess over 20 major<br />
<strong>development</strong> proposals. It has also helped <strong>to</strong> raise<br />
awareness about a significant environmental problem.<br />
9.12.3 The air quality of the interior of buildings should<br />
also be considered. Sick Building Syndrome is a<br />
recognised problem that is particularly associated with<br />
artificially ventilated buildings. Materials such as solvents,<br />
paints, glues, preservatives and formaldehydes can<br />
release Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) that<br />
adversely affect the health of occupants. The use of these<br />
products should be avoided if possible, or reduced<br />
through the specification of low-emission formaldehyde<br />
products, organic or low-VOC paints, sealing or painting<br />
problem materials and by ensuring adequate ventilation.<br />
Developers should ensure that visual and other<br />
implications of pollution attenuation measures are<br />
addressed at an early stage of any project.<br />
Principle 9.13: Measures should be taken <strong>to</strong> minimise<br />
the risk of soil pollution<br />
9.13.1 The construction of buildings, roads and other<br />
infrastructure can have a destructive and often<br />
unnecessary impact on the soil and land surface. This can<br />
be minimised by:<br />
• preventing unnecessary disturbance of soils which<br />
have a particular ecological or agricultural/foodproducing<br />
function;<br />
• minimising the removal of <strong>to</strong>psoil and retaining that<br />
which has <strong>to</strong> be stripped for re-use once the<br />
<strong>development</strong> is completed, or for export <strong>to</strong> another site;<br />
• preventing cross-contamination of weeds and other<br />
undesirable imports by the moni<strong>to</strong>ring of new soil;<br />
• preventing unnecessary or careless use of earthmoving<br />
equipment which can irrevocably erode or<br />
compact soil;<br />
• using geotextile mats, planting or more<br />
environmentally-friendly forms of land engineering;<br />
• treating soils which have been damaged previously; and<br />
• using plants which are suited <strong>to</strong> specific site conditions<br />
and considering their ongoing maintenance.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>resources<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1 Sustainable Settlements: a <strong>guide</strong> for planners, designers and developers,<br />
by H Bar<strong>to</strong>n, G Davis and R Guise for University of the West of England<br />
and Local Government Management Board, 1995<br />
2 Planning for Passive Solar <strong>Design</strong>, Department of the Environment,<br />
Transport and the Regions/Department of Trade & Industry, Energy<br />
Efficiency Best Practice Programme, 1998<br />
3 Reviving the City, Friends of the Earth, 1991<br />
4 Aquifer Protection Policy, Environment Agency, 1998<br />
5 Water, Nature’s Precious Resource, National Rivers Authority, 1994<br />
6 Household Growth: where shall we live?, Department of the Environment,<br />
1996<br />
7 Introduction of the Groundwater Regulations, Environment Agency, 2/99<br />
8 Flood Plains, Environment Agency, 1/97<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
89
<strong>Kent</strong>resources<br />
90<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 9:<br />
RESOURCES<br />
• Has the longevity, scarcity and energy of<br />
manufacture of materials been assessed?<br />
• Which of the raw materials used in the<br />
<strong>development</strong> come from renewable<br />
sources?<br />
• Are the materials locally-sourced <strong>to</strong><br />
minimise transportation?<br />
• Does the proposal make use of recycled<br />
materials and follow the principles of the<br />
‘3 R’s’?<br />
• Do the buildings maximise solar gain?<br />
• Have other energy saving features and<br />
high quality insulation been included?<br />
• Have efforts been made <strong>to</strong> reduce energy<br />
and water use on site?<br />
• Has a sustainability statement or<br />
environmental evaluation such as<br />
BREEAM been undertaken?<br />
• Have the buildings been designed for<br />
potential re-use or adaptation for<br />
different uses and occupiers over time?<br />
• Are there buildings on site that could<br />
potentially be re-used?<br />
• For those buildings which are not being<br />
re-used, are their materials being re-used<br />
in the construction process?<br />
• Has a water management statement<br />
been submitted detailing measures <strong>to</strong><br />
reduce water consumption?<br />
• What proportion of hard surfaces, such as<br />
car parking areas, are permeable?<br />
• Have water-efficient appliances or grey<br />
water systems been incorporated in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
proposals?<br />
• For larger <strong>development</strong>s, has the use of<br />
reed beds for treating domestic sewage<br />
been considered?<br />
• Has an evaluation of impact on air quality<br />
been undertaken?<br />
• Have measures been taken <strong>to</strong> reduce the<br />
release of CO2 and other greenhouse<br />
gases?<br />
• Has the disturbance of soil been<br />
minimised and undeveloped land been<br />
suitably res<strong>to</strong>red or maintained?<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
green space<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
O B J E C T I V E<br />
10<br />
Conserve, create and integrate open space, landscape and natural<br />
habitats as part of <strong>development</strong><br />
green space<br />
92<br />
Principle 10.1: The value of open space, landscape and<br />
nature conservation should be recognised within<br />
<strong>development</strong> proposals<br />
10.1.1 The implications of <strong>development</strong> on open space,<br />
landscape and nature conservation resources need <strong>to</strong> be<br />
fully unders<strong>to</strong>od as part of the design and decision-making<br />
process. Such resources can fulfil a number of different<br />
and complementary functions. All contribute <strong>to</strong> the<br />
quality of a locality by providing:<br />
OPEN SPACE<br />
• an enhanced quality of life promoting social and<br />
physical well being<br />
• places <strong>to</strong> meet, relax and exercise<br />
• space <strong>to</strong> hold events<br />
• facilities tailored <strong>to</strong> meeting local needs<br />
• locally-based facilities that reduce the need <strong>to</strong> travel<br />
• the creation of links between built up areas and the<br />
countryside.<br />
LANDSCAPE<br />
• an attractive environment for users and occupiers<br />
• a positive environment with wide economic benefits<br />
• a sense of enclosure<br />
• a sense of space<br />
• a pleasant setting for <strong>development</strong><br />
• shade from the sun<br />
• softening of hard building lines<br />
• architectural benefits - contribution <strong>to</strong> the overall<br />
urban design of an area by helping <strong>to</strong> integrate the<br />
visual impact of built environment with nature<br />
• environmental benefits - micro-climate creation,<br />
pollution attenuation (vegetation absorbs pollution and<br />
dust), and by influencing water and energy consumption<br />
• noise and visual screening.<br />
NATURE CONSERVATION<br />
• an opportunity for retaining and encouraging local<br />
biodiversity<br />
• educational benefits - wildlife areas can provide<br />
informal or formal field labora<strong>to</strong>ries for biological,<br />
geographical and environmental sciences<br />
• plants and animals that keep people in <strong>to</strong>uch with<br />
their natural environment<br />
• the opportunity for local residents <strong>to</strong> manage their<br />
local environment, reinforcing a sense of community<br />
• a sense of tranquillity and place<br />
• the retention of cultural associations with the natural<br />
environment.<br />
10.1.2 There is a wide range of different landscape and<br />
nature conservation designations that may be affected by<br />
a <strong>development</strong> proposal. They include Areas of<br />
Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), Special Protection<br />
Areas (SPA), Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), Special<br />
Landscape Areas (SLA), Sites of Special Scientific Interest<br />
(SSSI), Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI),<br />
Local Nature Reserves (LNR), Tree Preservation Orders<br />
(TPO), Hedgerow Protection Orders (HPO), Protected<br />
Species, Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS) and<br />
His<strong>to</strong>ric Landscapes. Policies dealing with such<br />
designations are covered by national, regional or local<br />
plans (see Policy section). Information on designations<br />
should be sought in order <strong>to</strong> inform the design process<br />
and ensure that the special characteristics of such areas<br />
are given due attention.<br />
10.1.3 The following methods exist <strong>to</strong> help provide an<br />
objective assessment of the value of open space,<br />
landscape and nature conservation:<br />
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENTS<br />
10.1.4 The Countryside Agency has produced a<br />
Landscape Character Map for England which has been<br />
refined for <strong>Kent</strong> by analysing regional landscape character<br />
units (see Greensand Ridge case study). District wide<br />
assessments are encouraged at a local level. Character<br />
areas are a combination of physical features of the<br />
landscape (landforms, soils etc.), ecological profiles and<br />
cultural associations. Landscape Character Assessments<br />
analyse the condition and sensitivity of an area and<br />
describe landscape patterns. Guidance is given on the<br />
type of change that may be appropriate <strong>to</strong> the area, for<br />
example res<strong>to</strong>ration, conservation or improvement.<br />
10.1.5 The assessments describe characteristic features<br />
such as field boundaries, land use, highways, tree cover,<br />
form and type of hedges, ditches and building materials.<br />
The information provided may need <strong>to</strong> be fine-tuned on<br />
a site-by-site basis as specific projects come forward.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
GREENSAND BELT LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT 1<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.1<br />
The purpose of this study was <strong>to</strong> understand the<br />
bio-geopraphic character of the Greensand Ridge.<br />
It examined landscape conditions and the issues that<br />
currently affect landscape change as a starting point<br />
for producing an overall landscape policy and<br />
<strong>guide</strong>lines for each character area. These parameters<br />
will inform the drafting of landscape policies in the<br />
4th Review of the <strong>Kent</strong> Structure Plan and Local<br />
Plans review.<br />
The study describes geology and soils, landform,<br />
rivers, ecology, local landscape and heritage features.<br />
It also provides an insight in<strong>to</strong> what makes the area<br />
distinctive and which features are vulnerable and in<br />
need of particular attention or protection. In<br />
particular its recommendations include:<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
• conserving remaining orchards;<br />
• res<strong>to</strong>ring the his<strong>to</strong>ric parkland character of rolling<br />
grazing land and re-plant parkland trees;<br />
• minimising suburbanisation of the rural landscape<br />
when undertaking future road improvements along<br />
the A26 and A28; and<br />
• ensuring <strong>development</strong> respects the wooded<br />
silhouette of the Greensand Ridge and avoids<br />
erosion of the character of rural views.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
ROMNEY MARSH NATURAL AREA PROFILE<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.1<br />
The key findings in respect of the sub-area described<br />
as the Medway Valley Upper, were that:<br />
• <strong>development</strong> should maximise opportunities that<br />
allow the river <strong>to</strong> be naturally recharged by<br />
limiting hard surfacing which excessively discharges<br />
water <strong>to</strong> the sewer system;<br />
• the structures and settings of the his<strong>to</strong>ric bridges,<br />
locks and associated buildings should be conserved;<br />
• strategic shelterbelts and hedgerows in the<br />
surrounding landscape should be replanted <strong>to</strong><br />
enhance the enclosed rural character of the<br />
riverside. The suburbs of Maids<strong>to</strong>ne, notably<br />
those at Barming, should be screened;<br />
• issues of water and bankside quality should be<br />
addressed; and<br />
• any further <strong>development</strong> visible from the Medway<br />
Valley Upper (Nettlestead <strong>to</strong> Tovil) should be resisted.<br />
NATURAL AREAS<br />
10.1 Vintners park, Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
10.1.6 Natural Areas are defined in the UK Biodiversity<br />
Action Plan 2 as ‘biogeographic zones’ which reflect the<br />
geological foundation, the natural systems and processes<br />
and the native wildlife in different parts of the country. They<br />
are intended <strong>to</strong> provide a framework for an integrated<br />
approach <strong>to</strong> nature conservation. Profiles have been<br />
produced for all 10 Natural Areas in <strong>Kent</strong> by English Nature.<br />
10.1 Romney Marsh (<strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council)<br />
This study identifies the his<strong>to</strong>rical influences on the<br />
Marsh including the impact of human settlement,<br />
water abstraction and mineral extraction. Current<br />
impacts relate <strong>to</strong> leisure activities, the spread of built<br />
<strong>development</strong> and military activity (for example the<br />
use of vehicles and explosives causing damage).<br />
Principal Objective - complete protection of the<br />
remaining shingle and sand dune areas including<br />
associated pools, marshes and other habitats that<br />
have evolved by natural coastal processes.<br />
Subsidiary Objectives<br />
• res<strong>to</strong>re more natural conditions of beach<br />
<strong>development</strong><br />
• protect water levels in the shingle area<br />
• minimise damage from extraction areas<br />
• locate damaging activities elsewhere.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
CLIFFE POOLS MANAGEMENT PLAN 3<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.1<br />
10.1 Cliffe Pools<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
93
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
94<br />
Cliffe Pools, which are managed by the Royal Society<br />
for the Protection of Birds, constitute 10% of the<br />
UK saline resource and are nationally important<br />
waterfowl feeding and roosting site. The pits were<br />
created from clay extraction but permission for infill<br />
with river dredgings was granted. In 1997 a<br />
management agreement was reached with the<br />
support of the owners and opera<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>to</strong> allow the<br />
dredgings <strong>to</strong> be deployed sensitively for the benefit<br />
of nature conservation while still disposing of the<br />
original volume of dredgings.<br />
The aim of the project was <strong>to</strong> provide a range of<br />
habitats including reed swamp saline lagoons,<br />
relatively fresh pools and lowland wet grassland. The<br />
project also manages unauthorised and undesirable<br />
activities while still providing low-key visi<strong>to</strong>r facilities<br />
<strong>to</strong> cater for up <strong>to</strong> 40,000 visi<strong>to</strong>rs per year. The<br />
project demonstrates how wildlife initiatives need not<br />
necessarily work against commercial objectives and<br />
that wild life facilities can be an important<br />
recreational resource for the local community.<br />
BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLANS<br />
10.1.7 These provide a framework for the action that<br />
needs <strong>to</strong> be taken <strong>to</strong> implement national and local targets<br />
for habitats and species <strong>to</strong>gether with appropriate<br />
delivery mechanisms. The use of <strong>Kent</strong>’s Biodiversity<br />
Action Plan 4 can assist in identifying those habitats and<br />
species that are of importance and any appropriate action<br />
required <strong>to</strong> help ensure their long term survival.<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL<br />
10.1.8 The Environmental Capital Approach 5 focuses on<br />
why natural features and characteristics matter from a<br />
sustainability perspective by identifying the attributes or<br />
services these features can provide for society such as<br />
biodiversity, his<strong>to</strong>rical character and recreation. These<br />
are evaluated in both the local and global context by<br />
considering: at what scale is this attribute important; how<br />
important is it (at this scale); is enough of this resource<br />
anticipated in the future; and what if anything could<br />
replace or substitute for this attribute.<br />
10.1.9 The Approach defines the character of an area and<br />
identifies its environmental benefits and dis-benefits and<br />
projects proposed within it. It considers how important<br />
each benefit is and <strong>to</strong> whom and why. It may reveal that<br />
in some locations the Environmental Capital is so valuable<br />
and irreplaceable that no <strong>development</strong> should take place.<br />
Ancient woodland, for example, cannot be recreated<br />
except over hundreds of years. Other sites may have<br />
attributes that warrant substitution. The approach can<br />
inform decisions about the provisions <strong>to</strong> be made in a<br />
<strong>development</strong> <strong>to</strong> ensure sustainability and suggest solutions<br />
based on compensa<strong>to</strong>ry action and enhancement.<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS<br />
10.1.10 Environmental assessment, which is compulsory<br />
for certain categories of <strong>development</strong>, involves describing<br />
the existing baseline environment, predicting proposed<br />
environmental impacts of a <strong>development</strong> and attempting <strong>to</strong><br />
eliminate, minimise or mitigate any negative effects.<br />
Further information on Environmental Assessments is given<br />
in Circular 2/99, Assessment of Environmental Regulation.<br />
10.1.11 Adopting appropriate methods of survey and<br />
appraisal for all proposals promotes good practice and<br />
ensures that the optimum solution for a site is found.<br />
10.1.12 Landscape, open space, physical surveys and<br />
ecological surveys should be carried out as appropriate and<br />
submitted with <strong>development</strong> proposals showing clear links<br />
between the survey results and the design. Physical<br />
surveys should include information on <strong>to</strong>pography, geology,<br />
soils, water flows (catchment areas, position of aquifers,<br />
streams and ponds), water quality (nutrient status, acidic or<br />
neutral) and the orientation of the site. Landscape surveys<br />
should include information on growing conditions, existing<br />
vegetation and trees (including their condition) and those<br />
species which are appropriate <strong>to</strong> the area. Ecological<br />
surveys should identify habitats, features and species<br />
affected either directly or indirectly by the <strong>development</strong>.<br />
They should evaluate the importance of the features<br />
identified, determine the type, duration and significance of<br />
potential effects arising from the <strong>development</strong> and assess<br />
the overall balance of losses and gains, taking any proposed<br />
mitigation measures in<strong>to</strong> account.<br />
Principle 10.2: New <strong>development</strong> should respond <strong>to</strong><br />
site characteristics and context; this should include<br />
protecting sensitive sites and minimising any impacts<br />
10.2.1 Account should be taken of the need <strong>to</strong> draw<br />
from, conserve or enhance existing natural features,<br />
including locality, pattern, scale and materials and the<br />
need <strong>to</strong> protect sensitive sites and minimising impacts.<br />
(See Objective 6.)<br />
10.2.2 Features of landscape importance or nature<br />
conservation value should be retained and consideration<br />
should be given <strong>to</strong> re-creating or res<strong>to</strong>ring habitats that<br />
have been lost or are found <strong>to</strong> be in poor condition. (see<br />
also 10.1)<br />
10.2.3 Protecting and enhancing existing flora and fauna<br />
can avoid the need <strong>to</strong> re-plant and establish new<br />
landscapes. The suitability of plants and trees chosen for<br />
retention or planting is important, with native plants<br />
generally more appropriate than non-native species.<br />
Planting should be appropriate <strong>to</strong> local ground conditions<br />
and consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> its long-term growth<br />
characteristics and maintenance requirements <strong>to</strong> ensure<br />
its survival and <strong>to</strong> avoid damage <strong>to</strong> other features.<br />
10.2.4 Landscape and nature conservation design can<br />
also be used <strong>to</strong> reinforce or create local identity. There<br />
may be opportunities <strong>to</strong> introduce new water features or<br />
woodlands and link existing habitats <strong>to</strong> create wildlife<br />
corridors, for example, by joining two woodland areas<br />
with a new hedgerow.<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
PRINCES CHRISTIAN SCHOOL, HILDENBOROUGH<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.2<br />
10.2 Princes Christian School<br />
This scheme comprised the re<strong>development</strong> of an<br />
institutional site within the green belt. The site<br />
contained a Grade II listed building (Glen House) and<br />
associated land <strong>to</strong>gether with farmstead buildings in a<br />
courtyard format. A series of utilitarian outbuildings<br />
were demolished and replaced by new buildings of a<br />
similar footprint but in less prominent positions.<br />
This arrangement was intended <strong>to</strong> reduce the overall<br />
impact on the green belt and improve the setting of<br />
the listed building. The listed building and farmstead<br />
were then converted <strong>to</strong> residential use.<br />
Principle 10.3: Proposals should identify appropriate<br />
mitigation measures <strong>to</strong> address the impact of a<br />
<strong>development</strong> and <strong>to</strong> compensate for lost habitats and<br />
landscape features; opportunities should also be taken<br />
<strong>to</strong> enhance the existing and planned environment<br />
10.3.1 It will be inevitable in some schemes that features<br />
of value will be lost. Therefore it is important <strong>to</strong> identify<br />
measures <strong>to</strong> mitigate or compensate for that loss at the<br />
outset. Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the creation,<br />
res<strong>to</strong>ration and enhancement of habitats. Mitigation<br />
measures might include providing planting <strong>to</strong> screen or<br />
enhance the appearance of a <strong>development</strong>, the creation<br />
of new habitats or open spaces or the enhancement of a<br />
feature that is <strong>to</strong> be retained. They may also involve the<br />
provision of landscaped footpaths <strong>to</strong> improve<br />
opportunities for walking, cycling or <strong>to</strong> provide links<br />
between existing or proposed green spaces, including<br />
access for the less mobile. Appropriate surveys <strong>to</strong>gether<br />
with the character appraisals referred <strong>to</strong> above should<br />
help <strong>to</strong> identify what mitigation measures are suitable.<br />
10.3.2 Mitigation and compensation measures should<br />
themselves be assessed <strong>to</strong> ensure they do not cause<br />
adverse impacts.<br />
10.3.3 Measures should be moni<strong>to</strong>red, particularly where<br />
outcomes are uncertain, and management may need <strong>to</strong> be<br />
adjusted in the light of further information. For example,<br />
moni<strong>to</strong>ring of mitigation measures by Christchurch<br />
College, Canterbury 6 showed that successful species<br />
translocation (slowworm) was difficult <strong>to</strong> achieve and<br />
should only be considered if no alternative options exist.<br />
Principle 10.4: Proposals should contribute <strong>to</strong>wards<br />
the creation of a network of open space and promote<br />
accessibility from residential and commercial areas <strong>to</strong><br />
green space<br />
10.4.1 Convenient access <strong>to</strong> open space is important for<br />
quality of life and personal well being. Children,<br />
adolescents and adults need open space <strong>to</strong> relax, play,<br />
socialise and exercise. In many areas, informal green space<br />
provides the only opportunity for contact with the natural<br />
environment. There should be an appropriate range of<br />
open space provision made within <strong>development</strong>s <strong>to</strong> meet<br />
the needs of different age groups. Sites should then be laid<br />
out in a manner appropriate for the designated purpose<br />
and be available as and when potential users require them.<br />
Occupiers of <strong>development</strong>s where limited private space is<br />
proposed will have different needs <strong>to</strong> those in more<br />
suburban housing situations. Green links from within <strong>to</strong>wn<br />
centres <strong>to</strong> the outer countryside might be a valuable<br />
resource for local residents.<br />
10.4 access <strong>to</strong> natural areas<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
10.4.2 It is important that spaces which are created are<br />
attractive and of high quality <strong>to</strong> encourage their use.<br />
Consideration should be given <strong>to</strong> the existing patterns of<br />
use and potential circulation through and <strong>to</strong> new and<br />
existing open space. A well-used space often forms an<br />
identifiable route from one place <strong>to</strong> another and can<br />
contribute <strong>to</strong> more <strong>sustainable</strong> transport patterns, such as<br />
walking and cycling.<br />
RESEARCH<br />
Research conducted by Thames Valley Police in 1999 7<br />
identified a number of examples of facilities provided for<br />
teenagers that led <strong>to</strong> reductions in vandalism and other<br />
anti-social behaviour. The types of facilities provided<br />
included youth shelters and seating, basketball courts,<br />
cricket stumps and football walls. Ideally, facilities should<br />
combine different features and provide flexible spaces that<br />
can be used for a variety of uses. The research also found<br />
that investment in such facilities led <strong>to</strong> a reduction in repair<br />
costs at nearby play areas. They gave young people a place<br />
<strong>to</strong> socialise and thus reduced boredom, a key reason why<br />
youngsters take a first step <strong>to</strong> crime. (See objective 7.)<br />
The research concluded that care needs <strong>to</strong> be taken over<br />
access, lighting and the relationship <strong>to</strong> nearby houses. It<br />
recommended that a range of interest groups, such as<br />
local residents and business, should be involved in the<br />
design of facilities <strong>to</strong> ensure they are of value, safe for<br />
users and do not give rise <strong>to</strong> nuisance. It also advocates<br />
that schools and young people should be involved in the<br />
design, implementation and maintenance of facilities.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
95
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
VICTORIA PARK, DEAL<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.4<br />
An initial proposal for a basketball court was<br />
modified, following representations from youngsters<br />
at a public meeting, <strong>to</strong> include other facilities. The<br />
project was promoted jointly by Dover District<br />
Council and Deal Town Council. It comprises<br />
basketball, soccer and netball courts <strong>to</strong>gether with a<br />
wide range of skate and skate board facilities. The<br />
project was part-sponsored by the National Lottery<br />
and the Sports Council.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
function with the intention of providing a well-used and<br />
well-managed space. There may be scope <strong>to</strong> draw on<br />
local cultural, his<strong>to</strong>ric or environmental references in<br />
their design <strong>to</strong> provide a sense of local distinctiveness<br />
perhaps through public art.<br />
10.4.5 Local Plans normally set out the specific criteria for<br />
open space provision having regard <strong>to</strong> local assessments of<br />
need. Policies are often linked <strong>to</strong> National Playing Field<br />
standards and generally include reference <strong>to</strong> the need for:<br />
• equipped play areas<br />
• casual play space<br />
• areas for formal sports (pitches, courts, greens, etc.)<br />
• informal recreation (parkland, country parks, nature<br />
conservation facilities, riverside walks).<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
96<br />
DARENTH COUNTRY PARK DARTFORD 8<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.4<br />
10.4 Darenth Park Country Park<br />
As part of a scheme for 300 new homes and a new<br />
hospital on the site of the Darenth Park Mental<br />
Hospital, 60 hectares of land was transferred <strong>to</strong> the<br />
local authority <strong>to</strong> create a country park, <strong>to</strong>gether<br />
with a lump sum for its management for 21 years.<br />
An associated scheme involved the creation of a<br />
village green and playing fields, enhancement of an<br />
SSSI, improved public access with new footpaths,<br />
cycle routes and bridle way, establishment of new<br />
riding centre for the disabled in refurbished farm<br />
buildings and new tree planting. The site was<br />
originally identified in the Dartford Local Plan and a<br />
masterplan was produced identifying the proposed<br />
mix of uses. The country park was also identified in<br />
the <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side Green Grid Strategy (see<br />
Green-Grid case study). The Millennium<br />
Commission “Changing Places Fund” has provided<br />
other funding for the project and Groundwork <strong>Kent</strong><br />
Thames-side is involved in facilitating the proposal.<br />
10.4.3 Occupiers and cus<strong>to</strong>mers of commercial<br />
<strong>development</strong>s will benefit from the provision of high<br />
quality green space. Such spaces can improve the<br />
appearance and functioning of <strong>development</strong>s. They can<br />
also enhance the quality of the working environment and<br />
help <strong>to</strong> promote well being of staff and other users.<br />
Possibilities might include providing play facilities in retail<br />
<strong>development</strong>s and rest areas or other recreation facilities<br />
for employees. The scope <strong>to</strong> share existing or new<br />
facilities may also need <strong>to</strong> be considered.<br />
10.4.4 Open spaces should draw on local character<br />
assessments and create visual diversity within the<br />
environment. They should have a clear identity and<br />
10.4.6 English Nature also promote <strong>guide</strong>lines for the<br />
provision of accessible green space, a primary aim being<br />
<strong>to</strong> provide the opportunity for everyday contact with<br />
nature in a safe environment without the need <strong>to</strong> make<br />
extensive journeys.<br />
10.4.7 In making open space provision, consideration<br />
should be given <strong>to</strong> access by pedestrians and cyclists and<br />
the less mobile. Safety must also be considered,<br />
particularly play equipment standards, and the need for<br />
shade and a good quality environment. The availability<br />
and quality of existing public open space, and any<br />
opportunities <strong>to</strong> enhance this, should also be considered.<br />
10.4.8 In considering play provision the need for informal<br />
supervision is important. Where appropriate, play areas<br />
should be overlooked either by footpaths or properties.<br />
Children of different ages require different facilities but may<br />
still require supervision by the same guardian. It will also be<br />
important <strong>to</strong> ensure that the space is located and designed <strong>to</strong><br />
avoid nuisance <strong>to</strong> nearby residents. It may be appropriate <strong>to</strong><br />
test this issue through consultation (see objective 7).<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
LOCAL PLAN OPEN SPACE POLICIES<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.4<br />
10.4 Dane John Gardens, Canterbury.<br />
Canterbury City Council Local Plan Policy D49<br />
Appendix 2 (1998) 9<br />
• 3 sq. m per child bed space with additional local<br />
play area per 100 dwellings<br />
• one doorstep play space (primarily for <strong>to</strong>ddlers)<br />
per 30 dwellings <strong>to</strong> comprise of minimum 100 sq.<br />
m grassed and 100 sq. m hard surface with 1-2<br />
pieces of play equipment<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
• local play area with kickabout area of 500 sq. m,<br />
four or more pieces of play equipment and a<br />
grassed amenity area of 300 - 500 sq. metres<br />
• main play areas <strong>to</strong> be located in existing parks and<br />
recreation grounds.<br />
Commuted payments based on 20 times the annual<br />
maintenance cost (estimated by the Direc<strong>to</strong>r of Works<br />
(Council's legal charges <strong>to</strong> be met) or residents'<br />
maintenance company). Successive houseowners would<br />
be bound in title by a covenant under S33 of Local<br />
Government and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1992 <strong>to</strong><br />
make an annual payment <strong>to</strong> cover maintenance.<br />
Shepway District Council Local Plan 1997 Policy LR13 10<br />
13m 2 of space per child bed space.<br />
2 Areas should be set out and located so as <strong>to</strong><br />
minimise annoyance <strong>to</strong> nearby occupiers,<br />
maximise children's safety and be visible from<br />
neighbouring properties. Play areas should be<br />
within walking distance of all dwellings containing<br />
child bed spaces.<br />
i Local Area for Play<br />
Small areas <strong>to</strong> cater mainly for 4-6 year-olds<br />
within one minute walking time of homes<br />
(approximately 100m).<br />
ii Local Equipped Area for Play<br />
Equipped areas <strong>to</strong> cater mainly for accompanied<br />
4-8 year-olds, and unaccompanied children<br />
slightly older than 8, within five minutes walking<br />
time of home (approximately 400m).<br />
iii Neighbourhood Equipped Area for Play<br />
Equipped areas <strong>to</strong> cater mainly for<br />
unaccompanied 8-14 year-olds with<br />
consideration for older children and slightly<br />
younger supervised or accompanied children,<br />
within 15 minutes walking time of home<br />
(approximately 1,000m).<br />
Note: Child bed spaces are calculated by<br />
subtracting all bed spaces in old people's dwellings,<br />
all bed spaces in one or two person dwellings and<br />
two bed spaces in family dwellings, from the <strong>to</strong>tal<br />
number of bed spaces in the scheme.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
GREEN SPACE IN KENT THAMES-SIDE 11<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.4<br />
The Green Grid is a fundamental component of the<br />
vision for the economic, physical and social<br />
regeneration of the <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side area which will<br />
undergo substantial change and growth in the<br />
next quarter century. It proposes the creation and<br />
retention of an interlinking web of high quality<br />
landscape - a framework of green spaces, areas of open<br />
land and green corridors. As well as being of strategic<br />
importance <strong>to</strong> the image and attractiveness of the area,<br />
the concept has individual and collective importance <strong>to</strong><br />
the local community for landscape and visual quality,<br />
ecological and wildlife value, access and recreation.<br />
Initial survey work focused on identifying, classifying and<br />
mapping existing green space within the area and<br />
analysing this using a Geographic Information System<br />
(GIS) <strong>to</strong> highlight areas of deficiency. A strategic<br />
framework has been prepared which will serve as<br />
guidance for local <strong>development</strong> plans and define the<br />
context within which site specific planning can take place.<br />
Principle 10.5: Strategies should be submitted which<br />
address the long-term maintenance of proposed open<br />
space, landscape and nature conservation areas<br />
10.5.1 Landscape and nature conservation proposals<br />
should be accompanied by management plans and<br />
sources of funding for future management should be<br />
identified. Local stakeholders, such as parish councils and<br />
community groups, should be encouraged <strong>to</strong> contribute<br />
<strong>to</strong> management plans and agree their objectives and the<br />
rights and responsibilities of all parties. The long-term<br />
ownership and management of any landscaping or nature<br />
conservation areas should be explicitly addressed.<br />
Options include the parish council, district council, a<br />
management company, or trust. Asset management plans<br />
covering short and long-term maintenance should be<br />
provided as a condition of planning permission.<br />
Management proposals should allow flexibility, as the<br />
needs of the users changes over time.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
10.5.1 Landscapes should be maintained for the entire life of a <strong>development</strong><br />
(<strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council)<br />
10.5.2 Proposals should outline in a management plan<br />
how maintenance and enhancement of habitats, new<br />
landscaping and open space will be addressed. Moni<strong>to</strong>ring<br />
should occur after completion of the <strong>development</strong> <strong>to</strong><br />
ascertain the effectiveness and achievement of objectives<br />
relating <strong>to</strong> landscape, open space and nature conservation.<br />
10.5.3 Management and maintenance arrangements<br />
should be simple, cost effective and promote <strong>sustainable</strong><br />
after-care of landscape, habitats and species. They should<br />
also promote a sense of ownership amongst local<br />
residents and other stakeholders. While tidiness is often<br />
equated with maintenance there are schemes which<br />
require less intensive maintenance regimes such as<br />
meadow grass, naturalised landscape and woodlands and<br />
this may need <strong>to</strong> be emphasised <strong>to</strong> prospective occupiers<br />
(see Objective 3 on Life cycle).<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
97
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
98<br />
Principle 10.6: Plans should be submitted <strong>to</strong> address<br />
the implementation of open space, nature<br />
conservation and landscaping proposals including<br />
adequate measures <strong>to</strong> safeguard features of<br />
landscape and nature conservation interest during<br />
construction<br />
10.6.1 Poor scheduling of works and inappropriate<br />
methods can damage features that are already present or<br />
even jeopardise the successful creation of proposed new<br />
features. A well thought out staged programme should be<br />
produced. The implementation of works and compliance<br />
with any conditions or obligations imposed should be<br />
moni<strong>to</strong>red at every stage <strong>to</strong> ensure a successful outcome.<br />
After-care management should maintain or enhance the<br />
open space, landscape and habitats present or proposed<br />
on site. This is referred <strong>to</strong> in Objective 3 on Life cycle and<br />
in this section under principle 10.5.<br />
10.6.2 Implementation proposals should ensure that the<br />
following are avoided:<br />
• Properties being occupied before the necessary<br />
facilities are in place<br />
• Compaction and damage during construction - create<br />
precautionary areas and protective zones<br />
• Unnecessary s<strong>to</strong>rage on site; locate s<strong>to</strong>rage areas for<br />
materials and plants away from existing and<br />
developing features of interest<br />
• The misuse of chemicals and hazardous substances<br />
• Contaminated run off <strong>to</strong> neighbouring water courses<br />
• Damage <strong>to</strong> trees and vegetation <strong>to</strong> be retained<br />
• Damage <strong>to</strong> trees and vegetation on adjoining land<br />
• Damage <strong>to</strong> utilities (for example by checking records)<br />
• Sensitive seasonal periods<br />
Principle 10.7: Green space proposals should be used<br />
<strong>to</strong> achieve other design objectives such as biodiversity,<br />
resource minimisation and community safety<br />
10.7.1 In all <strong>development</strong>s it should be demonstrated<br />
that open space, landscaping and nature conservation<br />
proposals would achieve a wise use of resources both<br />
during implementation and throughout the long-term<br />
management of the landscape. Water resources, in<br />
particular, should be conserved by using plants which do<br />
not require supplementary watering or which help <strong>to</strong><br />
clean run-off before it enters the water table. The<br />
retention of existing vegetation and careful selection<br />
process for new plants and trees should minimise the<br />
impact on the water table.<br />
10.7.2 As well as their recreational and ecological value,<br />
trees and plants are fundamental <strong>to</strong> our well being by<br />
absorbing pollution and releasing oxygen in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
atmosphere. Landscape schemes can provide an<br />
opportunity <strong>to</strong> increase biodiversity and achieve targets<br />
as identified in <strong>County</strong> and District Biodiversity Action<br />
Plans. Planting schemes can provide shade <strong>to</strong> give<br />
protection from the sun, particularly in areas used by<br />
children such as parks or school grounds. Landscape<br />
design can also be used in road design <strong>to</strong> enclose spaces<br />
and therefore help reduce vehicle speeds. It is important,<br />
however, that it does not itself create a nuisance, for<br />
example, by causing problems of overgrowth by plants<br />
such as leylandii.<br />
10.7.3 Landscape schemes can contribute <strong>to</strong> energy<br />
consumption within a <strong>development</strong>, for example by<br />
providing shelter belts. Zones of vegetation can also be used<br />
<strong>to</strong> soften or screen the urban edges <strong>to</strong> <strong>development</strong> and, if<br />
of a sufficient scale, these zones can serve other functions<br />
such as providing recreational space or wildlife corridors.<br />
10.7.4 Other fac<strong>to</strong>rs which could promote sustainability<br />
within landscape, open space or nature conservation<br />
design include:<br />
• ensuring moisture can reach planted areas and by<br />
planting in places where moisture is sufficient for the<br />
selected species. This will minimise the need for<br />
artificial watering;<br />
• promoting safety; for example of pedestrians and<br />
children using footpaths and play areas;<br />
• considering the impact of hard surfacing on<br />
groundwater; for example pavements and roads;<br />
• avoiding the need for intensive maintenance regimes<br />
which require excessive use of resources; for<br />
example, energy for mowing and water consumption;<br />
• exploring the use of short rotation coppicing in<br />
appropriate locations <strong>to</strong> provide an energy resource;<br />
• involving stakeholders in all stages of the <strong>development</strong><br />
process <strong>to</strong> promote local ownership and long term<br />
commitment <strong>to</strong> maintenance; for example parish,<br />
community, and interest groups; and<br />
• using landscape features <strong>to</strong> enhance the appearance of<br />
roads and pedestrian routes providing focal points,<br />
sense of place and changes in scale and character of<br />
external spaces.<br />
C A S E S T U D I E S<br />
THE EARTH CENTRE, DONCASTER 12<br />
PRINCIPLE 10.7.<br />
10.7 The Earth Centre recognises the importance<br />
of water and its conservation<br />
The Earth Centre in Doncaster seeks <strong>to</strong> promote an<br />
understanding of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and <strong>to</strong><br />
help people become involved in the process of<br />
achieving it within their own lives as well as<br />
addressing more global concerns. It has been<br />
developed on a derelict colliery site. Landscape is<br />
intended <strong>to</strong> be a key attraction with opportunities<br />
for play, production of crops, education and general<br />
appreciation of the natural environment. The<br />
landscape strategy seeks <strong>to</strong> manage basic natural<br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
esources of soils, water, waste and energy. It is<br />
intended <strong>to</strong> present everyday features in a new light<br />
and <strong>to</strong> make people reconsider issues that affect<br />
them at home. A range of soil profiles has been<br />
incorporated <strong>to</strong> demonstrate a variety of planting<br />
and management techniques.<br />
Water is a fundamental element of the scheme. A<br />
system has been devised <strong>to</strong> collect, s<strong>to</strong>re, clean<br />
(through reed beds) and recycle water. Localised<br />
landforms have been used <strong>to</strong> create shelter and varied<br />
character areas. Excavations have created<br />
opportunities for new wetlands and damp hollows<br />
that create new habitats for threatened species in the<br />
locality. Terraced gardens from the river edge <strong>to</strong> the<br />
crest of the old spoil tip are based around the<br />
principles of organic gardening with the emphasis on<br />
gardens that produce fruit, vegetables, herbs, flowers,<br />
medicines and dyes. There are forest gardens,<br />
drought-<strong>to</strong>lerant gardens and conservation gardens.<br />
It is intended that recycled water, including treated<br />
effluent, will be used <strong>to</strong> irrigate some of these. Water<br />
is also used as a theme of the park - there is an array<br />
of spaces where the aesthetic, sensory and spiritual<br />
value of water can be expressed.<br />
REFERENCES:<br />
1 Greensand Belt Landscape Assessment, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1998<br />
2 UK Biodiversity Action Plan, Report of Steering Group <strong>to</strong> Government,<br />
1995<br />
3 Cliffe Pools Management Plan, Royal Society For the Protection of Birds,<br />
1997<br />
4 <strong>Kent</strong> Biodiversity Action Plan, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council, 1997<br />
5 Environmental Capital - A New Approach, CAG Consultants for the<br />
Countryside Commission, English Heritage, English Nature and the<br />
Environment Agency, 1997<br />
6 Translocation of Slow Worms as a Mitigation Strategy, Platenburg R.J. &<br />
Griffiths, R.A, 1999<br />
7 Youth Shelters and Supports Systems, Thames Valley Police, 1999<br />
8 Countryside Benefits from Developer Contributions: A report for the<br />
Countryside Agency, Oxford Brookes University, 1999<br />
9 Canterbury City Council Local Plan, Canterbury City Council, 1998<br />
10 Shepway District Council Local Plan, Shepway District Council, 1997<br />
11 Green space in <strong>Kent</strong> Thames-side, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council on behalf of the<br />
Thames-side Partnership, 1998<br />
12 Life on Earth, Andrew Grant, Landscape <strong>Design</strong>, May 1998<br />
CHECKLIST FOR OBJECTIVE 10:<br />
LANDSCAPE<br />
• Have relevant landscape or character<br />
assessments been taken in<strong>to</strong> account?<br />
• Have existing attributes been<br />
safeguarded?<br />
• Have appropriate mitigation measures<br />
been included?<br />
• Has the impact of any proposed<br />
mitigation measures been assessed?<br />
• Do the occupiers have access <strong>to</strong> open<br />
space?<br />
• Do the landscape, nature conservation<br />
and open space proposals embrace<br />
sustainability principles?<br />
• Have maintenance strategies been<br />
submitted?<br />
• Are maintenance schemes <strong>sustainable</strong> in<br />
terms of resource use?<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>green space<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
99
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
general appendix<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
policy context<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
policy context<br />
102<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE (PPG) 1 GENERAL<br />
POLICY AND PRINCIPLES, 1997<br />
PPG1 sets out the Government’s approach <strong>to</strong> planning<br />
and recognises the important role of the planning system<br />
in delivering <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>. It promotes high<br />
quality mixed-use <strong>development</strong>s, recognising that local<br />
planning authorities may need <strong>to</strong> adopt a flexible<br />
approach <strong>to</strong> planning standards <strong>to</strong> achieve this. The Note<br />
suggests that this might include reducing the level of<br />
parking provision and allowing increased densities, while<br />
having regard <strong>to</strong> the availability of alternative modes of<br />
transport, residential amenity and the needs of business.<br />
It specifically mentions the potential role of urban villages.<br />
PPG1 also encourages local authorities <strong>to</strong> include design<br />
policies in <strong>development</strong> plans and these plans may refer<br />
<strong>to</strong> supplementary design guidance. It states that applicants<br />
should, as a minimum, provide a short written statement<br />
setting out the design principles adopted.<br />
DRAFT PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 3 HOUSING, 1999<br />
PPG3 emphasises the need <strong>to</strong> promote high quality<br />
residential and mixed use <strong>development</strong>s <strong>to</strong> raise the<br />
density of <strong>development</strong> in and around centres and other<br />
areas with good public transport links. The guidance<br />
suggests that providing off-street parking adds significantly<br />
<strong>to</strong> the amount of land needed. It also states that local<br />
authorities should revise their parking standards <strong>to</strong> allow<br />
significantly lower levels of parking provision in all housing<br />
<strong>development</strong>s and allow for the variation in car<br />
ownership relative <strong>to</strong> income, age and household type.<br />
PPG3 states that local authorities should set both a<br />
minimum and a range of densities <strong>to</strong> reflect local<br />
character. It advises that low density <strong>development</strong> should<br />
be avoided. It advocates using previously developed sites<br />
within urban areas <strong>to</strong> make best use of existing physical<br />
and social infrastructure. Compulsory purchase powers<br />
should be used where necessary. It promotes the use of<br />
positive policies <strong>to</strong> encourage the conversion of buildings<br />
<strong>to</strong> residential use.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 6 TOWN CENTRES AND<br />
RETAIL DEVELOPMENT, 1996<br />
PPG6 promotes mixed uses within <strong>to</strong>wn centres as a means<br />
of encouraging new investment and additional housing within<br />
urban areas. It acknowledges that the vitality and viability of<br />
<strong>to</strong>wn centres depends on retaining and developing a wide<br />
range of attractions and amenities, creating and maintaining<br />
an attractive environment, ensuring good accessibility and<br />
encouraging high quality design.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 7 THE COUNTRYSIDE -<br />
ENVIRONMENT QUALITY AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL<br />
DEVELOPMENT, 1997<br />
The guiding principle in the countryside is that<br />
<strong>development</strong> should benefit economic activity and<br />
maintain or enhance the environment. Rural areas can<br />
accommodate many forms of <strong>development</strong> without<br />
detriment if the location and design of <strong>development</strong> is<br />
handled with sensitivity. New <strong>development</strong> should be<br />
sensitively related <strong>to</strong> existing settlement patterns and <strong>to</strong><br />
his<strong>to</strong>ric, wildlife and landscape resources. Building in the<br />
open countryside, away from existing settlements or from<br />
areas allocated for <strong>development</strong> in <strong>development</strong> plans,<br />
should be strictly controlled. In areas statu<strong>to</strong>rily<br />
designated for their landscape, wildlife or his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
qualities, policies should give greater priority <strong>to</strong> restraint.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 9 NATURE<br />
CONSERVATION, 1994<br />
This recognises that the wildlife of Britain is an integral<br />
part of its <strong>to</strong>wns, countryside and coasts and is not<br />
confined <strong>to</strong> the various statu<strong>to</strong>rily designated sites. It also<br />
recognises that many urban sites for nature conservation<br />
have an enhanced local importance as a consequence of<br />
the relative lack of wildlife sites in built-up areas.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 13 TRANSPORT<br />
(CONSULTATION DRAFT), 1999<br />
The objectives of this guidance are <strong>to</strong> integrate planning<br />
and transport at the national, regional and local level <strong>to</strong><br />
promote more <strong>sustainable</strong> transport choices, and reduce<br />
the need <strong>to</strong> travel, especially by car. This will help <strong>to</strong><br />
ensure that the planning system plays its part in the<br />
Government’s strategy on <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong>,<br />
including promoting social inclusion in both urban and<br />
rural areas and revitalising <strong>to</strong>wns and cities as places <strong>to</strong><br />
live and work.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 15 PLANNING AND THE<br />
HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT, 1994<br />
Some of the key points set out in the guidance are:<br />
Para 1.5 states conservation can play a key part in<br />
promoting economic prosperity by ensuring an area<br />
offers attractive living and working conditions.<br />
Para 1.6 urges local authorities <strong>to</strong> maintain and strengthen<br />
their commitment <strong>to</strong> stewardship of the his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
environment advocating that it is important for planning<br />
authorities <strong>to</strong> adopt suitable policies in their <strong>development</strong><br />
plans and give practical effect <strong>to</strong> them through their<br />
<strong>development</strong> control decisions.<br />
Para 2.18 suggests that new uses may often be the key <strong>to</strong><br />
a building’s or area’s preservation. Controls over land use,<br />
density, plot ratio, day lighting and other planning matters<br />
should be exercised sympathetically where this would<br />
enable a building <strong>to</strong> be given a new lease of life.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 16 ARCHAEOLOGY AND<br />
PLANNING, 1990<br />
In summary, some of the key points set out in the<br />
guidance are:<br />
Para 6 states archaeological remains should be seen as a<br />
finite and non-renewable resource, in many cases highly<br />
fragile and vulnerable <strong>to</strong> damage and destruction. They<br />
are part of our sense of national identity and are valuable<br />
both for their own sake and for their role in education,<br />
leisure and <strong>to</strong>urism.<br />
Para 12 points out that the key <strong>to</strong> informed decisions is<br />
for consideration <strong>to</strong> be given <strong>to</strong> whether archaeological<br />
remains exist on a site before formal planning applications<br />
are made and how these might impact on the<br />
<strong>development</strong> proposal. Developers should prepare<br />
sympathetic designs which avoid disturbing the remains<br />
by; careful choice of foundation type; minimising damage<br />
by raising ground levels under a proposed new structure,<br />
or by careful siting of landscape and open space areas.<br />
Depending on the importance of the remains,<br />
arrangements may be needed for preservation in situ or<br />
excavation and recording.<br />
Para 19 suggests that, in their own interests, developers<br />
should in all cases include as part of their research in<strong>to</strong> the<br />
<strong>development</strong> potential of a site an initial assessment of<br />
whether the site is known or likely <strong>to</strong> contain<br />
archaeological remains. It suggests consultation with the<br />
<strong>County</strong> Archaeological Officer and, where appropriate,<br />
English Heritage. Assessment normally involves a deskbased<br />
evaluation of existing information including his<strong>to</strong>ric<br />
maps and records. Where early discussions indicate that<br />
important remains may exist, field investigations through<br />
ground surveys or trial trenching are suggested.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 17 SPORT AND<br />
RECREATION, 1991<br />
Some of the key points in this guidance are:<br />
Para 17 suggests the extent <strong>to</strong> which particular standards<br />
are applicable in a specific area is a matter for the local<br />
planning authority’s judgement. In considering possible<br />
standards, ease of access <strong>to</strong> public open space,<br />
particularly on foot, should be an important consideration<br />
in plan preparation.<br />
Para 20 suggests that in highly built up areas<br />
re<strong>development</strong> schemes may provide opportunities for<br />
creating new public open space. Sport and recreation<br />
facilities can form an important component of new<br />
housing, major office schemes and retail <strong>development</strong>. It<br />
may be appropriate <strong>to</strong> secure sports and recreation<br />
provision as part of larger mixed-use <strong>development</strong>,<br />
including on-site and off-site facilities. In the case of<br />
smaller <strong>development</strong>s a contribution <strong>to</strong> nearby sport and<br />
recreation or open space may be appropriate.<br />
Para 25 states that open space is important <strong>to</strong> the quality<br />
of urban life.<br />
Paras 52-53 identify the need <strong>to</strong> have regard <strong>to</strong> issues of<br />
nuisance associated with some sporting activities.<br />
Para 27 states that local planning authorities should seek<br />
<strong>to</strong> achieve a reasonable balance between the need <strong>to</strong><br />
make adequate provision for <strong>development</strong> in urban areas<br />
and the need <strong>to</strong> protect open space.<br />
Local plans should address in consultation with leisure and<br />
other departments:- the need for main stream and<br />
specialist sports facilities and the particular recreational<br />
needs of the elderly and disabled people. They should<br />
assess local needs, identify deficiencies and ensure<br />
provision is properly co-ordinated with other forms of<br />
<strong>development</strong>.<br />
PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE NOTE 23 PLANNING AND<br />
POLLUTION CONTROL, 1994<br />
In summary, some of the key points set out in the<br />
guidance are:<br />
Para 1.31 states that the planning system has an important<br />
role <strong>to</strong> play in determining the location of <strong>development</strong><br />
which may give rise <strong>to</strong> pollution.<br />
Para 1.32 states that the planning system should control<br />
other <strong>development</strong> in proximity <strong>to</strong> potential sources of<br />
pollution.<br />
Para 1.33 states that “the role of the planning system<br />
focuses on whether the <strong>development</strong> itself is an<br />
acceptable use of the land rather than the control of the<br />
processes themselves”. Material considerations that may<br />
have an effect on the use of land might include the risk<br />
and impact of pollution from the <strong>development</strong> and the<br />
need and feasibility of res<strong>to</strong>ring the land <strong>to</strong> standards<br />
sufficient for appropriate after use. Planning can therefore<br />
complement the pollution control regime, recognising<br />
that the dividing line is not always clear cut.<br />
Para 1.34 states that planning authorities will need <strong>to</strong><br />
consult pollution control authorities in order that they can<br />
take account of the scope and requirements of the<br />
relevant pollution controls. They should work on the<br />
assumption that the pollution control regimes will be<br />
properly applied and enforced.<br />
Para 1.35 In some cases the scope of the planning system<br />
in protecting the environment will go wider than that of<br />
the pollution control regime.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
policy context<br />
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103
Para 1.36 Planning authorities must be satisfied that<br />
concerns about potential releases can be left for the<br />
pollution control authority <strong>to</strong> take in<strong>to</strong> account in<br />
considering the application for the authorisation or licence.<br />
Alternatively, they may conclude that the wider impact of<br />
a potential release on the <strong>development</strong> or use of land is<br />
unacceptable on planning grounds despite the potential<br />
grant of a pollution control authorisation or licence.<br />
prevention measures will have been lost. The Circular<br />
encourages consultation with Police Architectural Liaison<br />
Officers. The advice contained in the Circular includes:<br />
• landscaping adjoining footpaths <strong>to</strong> avoid hidden areas<br />
• creating defensible terri<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
• avoiding unrestricted rear access<br />
• ensuring appropriate surveillance and lighting of car<br />
parks<br />
policy context<br />
104<br />
Part of PPG 23 will be supported by PPG 10 Planning and<br />
Waste Management (September 1999) with regard <strong>to</strong><br />
waste management issues.<br />
A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE<br />
UNITED KINGDOM 1999<br />
This strategy for <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> is a catalyst for<br />
change. It identifies priority areas for action in the<br />
sustainability sphere, and indica<strong>to</strong>rs and targets <strong>to</strong><br />
measure progress, against which the Government will<br />
expect <strong>to</strong> be judged. It sets out action that the<br />
Government has already taken and further initiatives that<br />
are planned, and highlights what others can do. The<br />
Government will use the Strategy as a framework <strong>to</strong> <strong>guide</strong><br />
its policies and will encourage others <strong>to</strong> do the same.<br />
URBAN TASK FORCE REPORT ‘TOWARDS AN URBAN<br />
RENAISSANCE’ 1999<br />
The main thrust of the Urban Task Force’s Report is <strong>to</strong> limit<br />
greenfield land releases and channel <strong>development</strong> in<strong>to</strong><br />
urban brownfield sites. A range of fiscal measures and<br />
incentives are proposed in support of this, targeted at<br />
landowners, housebuilders and developers, owner<br />
occupiers, tenants and inves<strong>to</strong>rs. The Report argues that<br />
only through the creation of <strong>sustainable</strong> city living can future<br />
household demand be met and building on greenfield sites<br />
minimised. The Report aims <strong>to</strong> achieve a new equilibrium<br />
between cities, societies and nature which is both realistic<br />
and achievable. It emphasises the need for our <strong>to</strong>wns and<br />
cities <strong>to</strong> be made more attractive as places <strong>to</strong> live, work and<br />
visit, if targets for new housing <strong>development</strong> <strong>to</strong> be located<br />
on urban, recycled land are <strong>to</strong> be achieved. It also<br />
recognises that key components of making urban living<br />
more desirable will be the quality of schools, health services<br />
and low levels of pollution and crime.<br />
QUALITY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY 1994<br />
This document is aimed <strong>to</strong> stimulate the debate and<br />
encourage best practice in good design.<br />
CIRCULAR 5/94 PLANNING OUT CRIME 1994<br />
Circular 5/94 states that crime prevention can become a<br />
material consideration when planning applications are<br />
being considered. It recognises that the cause of crime<br />
and vandalism are complex, but it is widely accepted that<br />
environmental fac<strong>to</strong>rs can play a part. Used sensitively,<br />
the planning system can be instrumental in producing an<br />
attractive and well-managed environment that helps <strong>to</strong><br />
discourage antisocial behaviour. The Circular points out<br />
that adopting a range of uses can create livelier and more<br />
attractive environments but once a <strong>development</strong> is<br />
completed the main opportunity <strong>to</strong> incorporate crime<br />
THE CRIME AND DISORDER ACT 1998<br />
The Crime and Disorder Act requires the creation of<br />
multi-agency partnerships <strong>to</strong> cut crime in their local areas.<br />
These partnerships seek <strong>to</strong> create a broad framework <strong>to</strong><br />
enhance the quality of life for the communities they serve.<br />
The police, <strong>to</strong>gether with the local authority, are required<br />
<strong>to</strong> undertake a crime and disorder audit in the district,<br />
borough or unitary authority area, in consultation with<br />
other agencies and the wider community. They will then<br />
have <strong>to</strong> develop a local strategy <strong>to</strong> tackle crime and<br />
disorder identified in the audit. The work of the partners<br />
includes setting clear targets and involves action at a local<br />
level within the local authority area.<br />
It is important that contrac<strong>to</strong>rs and developers<br />
understand that the local authorities now have a statu<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
obligation <strong>to</strong> consider this legislation in the <strong>development</strong><br />
and refurbishment of land within its boundaries.<br />
BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN 1994<br />
In 1992 the UK Government signed the Biodiversity<br />
Convention at the UN Conference on the Environment<br />
and Development in Rio. This was followed in 1994 by<br />
the publication of ‘Biodiversity: the UK Action Plan’ which<br />
sets out the UK's agenda and action for nature<br />
conservation.<br />
At county level this was translated in<strong>to</strong> targets and actions<br />
by a partnership of interested organisations, including the<br />
county and district authorities <strong>to</strong>gether with the statu<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
and non-statu<strong>to</strong>ry wildlife and farming bodies. The<br />
process was launched with the publication of the <strong>Kent</strong><br />
Biodiversity Action Plan in 1997.<br />
The recent ‘Making Biodiversity Happen’ supplementary<br />
consultation paper <strong>to</strong> ‘Opportunities for Change’<br />
prepared by DETR, recognises that biodiversity is a crosscutting<br />
theme - an aspect of <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong> and<br />
an element of its success rather than a sec<strong>to</strong>ral activity<br />
which needs <strong>to</strong> be influenced by <strong>sustainable</strong> <strong>development</strong><br />
at a practical level. It also clearly recognises that<br />
biodiversity is related <strong>to</strong> quality of life and that there is a<br />
need <strong>to</strong> integrate it in<strong>to</strong> policies and programmes.<br />
DESIGNATED SITES<br />
Sites with SPA (Special Protection Area) and SAC (Special<br />
Area of Conservation) status are of European importance<br />
and contribute <strong>to</strong> the Natura 2000 network. Natura 2000<br />
is a complex of sites protecting the full range of important<br />
habitats and species found throughout the continent.<br />
Ramsar (wetland sites named under the Ramsar<br />
Convention) have even wider international importance.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
The EC Habitats Directive seeks <strong>to</strong> maintain the diversity<br />
of European wildlife and <strong>to</strong> protect rare and threatened<br />
species (English Nature). One of the most important<br />
measures is <strong>to</strong> designate a series of key sites. This has and<br />
is still being done by the Government and designated sites<br />
are referred <strong>to</strong> as SAC or Special Areas of Conservation.<br />
The EC Habitats Directive also requires member states<br />
<strong>to</strong> endeavour <strong>to</strong> encourage the management of features<br />
of the landscape which are of major significance for wild<br />
flora and fauna. These features are those which, because<br />
of the linear and continuous structure of their function as<br />
stepping s<strong>to</strong>nes, are essential for migration, dispersal and<br />
genetic exchange, e.g. rivers, field boundaries, ponds and<br />
small woodlands. These features can often be closely<br />
associated with developed areas and in many cases are<br />
remnants of the open countryside. Development<br />
proposals need <strong>to</strong> consider potential impacts on such<br />
features, as well as opportunities <strong>to</strong> enhance these<br />
networks.<br />
The Birds Directive requires the Government <strong>to</strong><br />
conserve the habitats of certain species of birds by<br />
classifying areas of most suitable habitat for them as SPAs.<br />
The Ramsar Convention requires the Government <strong>to</strong><br />
protect wetland sites of international importance<br />
including those of importance for waterfowl. All SAC,<br />
SPAs and Ramsar sites are based on the existing SSSI<br />
network.<br />
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) are of national<br />
importance and represent only a selection of the best<br />
examples of wildlife habitats, geological features and<br />
landforms. There are many areas of high heritage value<br />
that remain undesignated as SSSI. However other<br />
designated or selected areas exist (usually those<br />
designated by local authorities and wildlife trusts) such as<br />
Sites of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI) and<br />
Local Nature Reserves (LNRs).<br />
Some species of plants and animals outside of designated<br />
areas are also protected in their own right under three<br />
main Acts of Parliament, that is The Wildlife and<br />
Countryside Act, The Protection of Badgers Act and The<br />
Conservation (Natural Habitats) Regulations.<br />
THE TRANSPORT WHITE PAPER 1998<br />
This sets the framework intended <strong>to</strong>:<br />
• reduce pollution from transport<br />
• improve air quality<br />
• encourage healthy lifestyles by reducing dependence<br />
on the car and making it easier <strong>to</strong> walk and cycle<br />
• promote better public transport<br />
• reduce noise and vibration from transport<br />
• improve safety for walkers.<br />
Taxation is identified as one means of encouraging fuel<br />
efficient vehicles. The White Paper also outlines some<br />
issues <strong>to</strong> be considered in regional planning guidance<br />
including traffic management issues, road user charging,<br />
guidance on parking standards and parking levies.<br />
PLACES STREETS AND MOVEMENT - A COMPANION GUIDE TO<br />
DESIGN BULLETIN 32 (RESIDENTIAL ROADS AND FOOTPATHS),<br />
1998<br />
This Guide encourages a greater emphasis on place,<br />
community and context in the design of housing layouts.<br />
It seeks <strong>to</strong> promote a flexible interpretation of <strong>Design</strong><br />
Bulletin 32 away from prescriptive standards in order <strong>to</strong><br />
reduce car useage and avoid the dominance of the car.<br />
The <strong>guide</strong> explains how the layout of areas can contribute<br />
<strong>to</strong> the promotion of walking, cycling and public transport.<br />
SECURED BY DESIGN 1989<br />
This is a police initiative with the objective of encouraging<br />
the building industry <strong>to</strong> adopt recommended crime<br />
prevention <strong>guide</strong>lines in both housing and estate design.<br />
Since the launch a series of <strong>guide</strong>lines have been<br />
produced in relation <strong>to</strong> car parks, housing and<br />
commercial premises.<br />
KENT TOWNS SAFETY AND SECURITY GUIDE 1997<br />
The Safer <strong>Kent</strong> Initiative was launched in 1994 and is a<br />
partnership including the Police, <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council,<br />
district councils and other organisations with an interest<br />
in crime prevention. In 1997 the initiative produced this<br />
Guide drawing on expertise from <strong>Kent</strong> Town Centre<br />
Managers and other with expertise in this field. It contains<br />
information and advice on issues such as: retail crime<br />
prevention; emergency access; safety in car parks and<br />
public transport facilities; facilities for the young; street<br />
environment and activities.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
policy context<br />
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<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
contacts<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
Address:<br />
ASHFORD<br />
Ashford Borough Council<br />
The Civic Centre<br />
Tannery Lane<br />
Ashford<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> TN23 1PL<br />
Telephone Number: 01223 637311<br />
Address:<br />
CANTERBURY<br />
Canterbury City Council<br />
Military Road<br />
Canterbury<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
CT1 1YW<br />
Telephone Number: 01227 862000<br />
Address:<br />
DARTFORD<br />
Dartford Borough Council<br />
Civic Centre<br />
Home Gardens<br />
Dartford<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> DA1 1DR<br />
Telephone Number: 01322 343434<br />
Address:<br />
DOVER<br />
Dover District Council<br />
White Cliffs Business Park<br />
Dover<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> CT16 3PG<br />
Telephone Number: 01304 821199<br />
Address:<br />
MEDWAY<br />
Compass Centre<br />
Chatham Maritime<br />
Chatham<br />
<strong>Kent</strong>, ME4 4YH<br />
Telephone Number: 01634 306000<br />
Address:<br />
SEVENOAKS<br />
Sevenoaks District Council<br />
Council Offices<br />
Argyle Road<br />
Sevenoaks<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> TN13 1HG<br />
Telephone Number: 01732 741222<br />
Address:<br />
SHEPWAY<br />
Shepway District Council<br />
Civic Centre<br />
Castle Hill Avenue<br />
Folkes<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> CT20 2QY<br />
Telephone Number: 01303 850388<br />
Address:<br />
SWALE<br />
Swale Borough Council<br />
Swale House<br />
East Street<br />
Sittingbourne<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> ME10 3HT<br />
Telephone Number: 01795 424341<br />
contacts<br />
108<br />
Address:<br />
GRAVESHAM<br />
Gravesham Borough Council<br />
Cygnet House<br />
Windmill Street<br />
Gravesend<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> DA12 1BQ<br />
Telephone Number: 01474 564422<br />
Address:<br />
MAIDSTONE<br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council<br />
13 Tonbridge Road<br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> ME15 8HG<br />
Telephone Number: 01622 602000<br />
Address:<br />
THANET<br />
Thanet District Council<br />
Council Offices<br />
Cecil Street<br />
Margate<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> CT10 1XZ<br />
Telephone Number: 01843 225511<br />
Address:<br />
TONBRIDGE & MALLING<br />
Tonbridge & Malling Borough<br />
Council<br />
Council Offices<br />
The Air Station<br />
West Malling<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> ME19 6LZ<br />
Telephone Number: 01732 844522<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Address:<br />
TUNBRIDGE WELLS<br />
Tunbridge Wells Borough<br />
Council<br />
Town Hall<br />
Royal Tunbridge Wells<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> TN1 1RS<br />
Telephone Number: 01892 526121<br />
KENT COUNTY COUNCIL<br />
Strategic Planning Direc<strong>to</strong>r<br />
Invicta House<br />
<strong>County</strong> Hall<br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
ME14 1XX<br />
Telephone Number: 01622 671411<br />
Transport Client Services,<br />
Invicta House,<br />
<strong>County</strong> Hall,<br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
ME14 1XX.<br />
FURTHER COPIES OF THIS DOCUMENT CAN BE OBTAINED<br />
FROM:<br />
Environmental Management Publications<br />
Strategic Planning<br />
Invicta House<br />
<strong>County</strong> Hall<br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
ME14 1XX<br />
Telephone Number: 01622 221526<br />
Fax Number: 01622 221636<br />
E-mail: env.publications@kent.gov.uk<br />
FURTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM:<br />
http://www.kent.gov.uk/kent_design/<br />
or<br />
E-mail: urban_design@kent.gov.uk<br />
Area Offices -<br />
(Transport Planning and Project Management):<br />
West <strong>Kent</strong> Area Office,<br />
Mid <strong>Kent</strong> Area Office,<br />
Doubleday House,<br />
Aylesford,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
ME20 7BU<br />
St Michael’s Close,<br />
Aylesford,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
ME20 7TZ<br />
North East <strong>Kent</strong> Area Office,<br />
2 Beer Cart Lane,<br />
Canterbury,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
CT1 2NN<br />
Babtie Group - Engineering Consultants<br />
Sandling Block,<br />
Springfield,<br />
Maids<strong>to</strong>ne,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
ME14 2LQ<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
contacts<br />
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glossary<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
accessibility -<br />
adoption -<br />
a sense of place -<br />
amenity -<br />
axis -<br />
backlands -<br />
best practice -<br />
biodiversity -<br />
The ease with which people can<br />
travel <strong>to</strong> a site by different modes<br />
of transport.<br />
The process by which land for<br />
open space, landscaping or<br />
highway land is transferred <strong>to</strong> a<br />
local authority <strong>to</strong> maintain.<br />
The overall impression of a<br />
collection of environmental<br />
elements combining <strong>to</strong> make a<br />
distinctive space.<br />
A pleasant or useful feature or<br />
facility. It can also relate <strong>to</strong> the<br />
quality of life enjoyed by<br />
occupants, for example the<br />
quietness of their environment.<br />
A line of vision or access between<br />
key nodes or points of visual<br />
interest.<br />
Areas of land behind existing<br />
<strong>development</strong>s including gardens<br />
and garage space.<br />
To pursue the best approach.<br />
A term referred <strong>to</strong> in the Concise<br />
Oxford Dictionary of Ecology<br />
(1994) as “…. All aspects of<br />
biological diversity especially<br />
including species richness,<br />
ecosystem complexity and<br />
genetic variation.”<br />
and <strong>to</strong> allow passengers <strong>to</strong> enter<br />
and leave the bus on the level.<br />
car-free <strong>development</strong>s -<br />
Schemes with no provision for<br />
parking cars on site. Often placed<br />
within close proximity of good<br />
public transport.<br />
close/fine grained streets -<br />
Dense streets with a high diversity<br />
of detail at a human scale.<br />
collaboration -<br />
To co-operate and work jointly<br />
within a team structure.<br />
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) -<br />
A system which, in contrast <strong>to</strong><br />
conventional electricity production,<br />
utilises the waste heat of electricity<br />
production <strong>to</strong> provide hot water<br />
that is distributed widely for space<br />
heating between buildings or<br />
within an urban district.<br />
commuted sum -<br />
Payments made at the outset <strong>to</strong><br />
cover the costs of infrastructure<br />
provision or maintenance.<br />
contaminated land - Pollution grading term used <strong>to</strong><br />
describe land that contains<br />
concentrations of substances that<br />
are likely <strong>to</strong> be harmful, directly<br />
or indirectly <strong>to</strong> humans and the<br />
environment.<br />
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide<br />
glossary<br />
112<br />
bolt-on devices -<br />
boulevard -<br />
breathing wall -<br />
brownfield sites -<br />
bus-boarders -<br />
Traffic calming - usually refers <strong>to</strong><br />
raised features such as speed<br />
humps, but includes changes <strong>to</strong><br />
kerb lines on existing roads.<br />
A broad main street which is<br />
usually lined with trees and can be<br />
dedicated <strong>to</strong> a range of different<br />
users.<br />
Constructed <strong>to</strong> allow airflow<br />
through the fabric of the wall.<br />
Land previously used for urban or<br />
industrial <strong>development</strong>.<br />
Alterations in kerb line <strong>to</strong> allow<br />
buses <strong>to</strong> access kerbs more easily<br />
context -<br />
covenants -<br />
The surroundings in<strong>to</strong> which a<br />
<strong>development</strong> is situated.<br />
Legal restrictions on land that<br />
control the use or <strong>development</strong><br />
of a site.<br />
cycleways (combined) -<br />
A footway which has been<br />
designated by a sign for the use of<br />
both cyclists and pedestrians.<br />
cycleways (segregated) -<br />
Cycleways can be segregated in<br />
two ways; either the footway next<br />
<strong>to</strong> the carriageway is divided<br />
(usually by a white line) so that<br />
cyclists can use one side, or they are<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
separated from the carriageway<br />
and follow a different route.<br />
defensible space - An exterior space usually<br />
adjoining a private internal space<br />
<strong>to</strong> provide a buffer capable of<br />
conveying the message of privacy.<br />
density -<br />
The degree of closeness and<br />
proximity of one <strong>to</strong> another.<br />
grey-water -<br />
holistic -<br />
home-zone -<br />
Rain water and waste water from<br />
washing.<br />
The whole system combining a<br />
series of sub-elements.<br />
A dominantly residential and<br />
pedestrian area where speeds are<br />
kept <strong>to</strong> around 10mph - making<br />
streets in<strong>to</strong> multi-use spaces.<br />
<strong>development</strong> brief -<br />
<strong>development</strong> team -<br />
dumb roundabout -<br />
eco-system -<br />
Document which sets out the key<br />
issues which need <strong>to</strong> be taken in<strong>to</strong><br />
consideration when producing<br />
detailed proposals for a site. The<br />
can give an indication of potential<br />
uses for a site and detailed design<br />
matters including identifying<br />
relevant constraints.<br />
This includes all those individuals or<br />
organisations who have a potential<br />
involvement in the processing of a<br />
planning application.<br />
Roundabout island sited in length<br />
of road away from junctions.<br />
Defined in the Concise Oxford<br />
Dictionary of Ecology (1994) as<br />
“…. biological community of<br />
interacting organisms and their<br />
physical environment”.<br />
human-scale -<br />
infrastructure -<br />
In proportion with the dimensions<br />
of the average person.<br />
Basic equipment or structure on<br />
which other systems can be<br />
operated e.g. roads, railway lines,<br />
schools or open spaces.<br />
integrated transport - Various forms of movement<br />
brought <strong>to</strong>gether <strong>to</strong> form a<br />
combined network of inter-linking<br />
systems allowing easy movement<br />
e.g. from bus <strong>to</strong> cycle or bus <strong>to</strong><br />
rail. It can include synchronised<br />
timetabling and through ticketing.<br />
KAB -<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> Association for the Blind.<br />
landmark features - A conspicuous and usually<br />
important element in the<br />
environment set within a backdrop<br />
of more mundane elements.<br />
embodied energy -<br />
The amount of energy consumed<br />
in the extraction, manufacture,<br />
transport, assembly on site and<br />
eventual removal/demolition of<br />
building materials.<br />
Environmental Impact Assessment -<br />
A comprehensive method of<br />
assessing the relevant<br />
environmental fac<strong>to</strong>rs in a<br />
systematic manner so as <strong>to</strong> advise<br />
on appropriate action.<br />
foyer - Centre for information,<br />
accommodation and socialising<br />
for young people with specific<br />
problems such as homelesness<br />
and unemployment.<br />
green commuter plans -<br />
Measures <strong>to</strong> reduce peak-time<br />
travel by car.<br />
landmark shelter -<br />
lifecycle analysis -<br />
Covered structure such as a<br />
bandstand or other gathering area<br />
which forms a focal point in an<br />
area of public open space.<br />
The assessment of energy costs<br />
over the long term in the<br />
construction and final building<br />
form, taking account of the<br />
extraction, processing, use,<br />
maintenance and disposal of the<br />
materials involved.<br />
legible environment - An easily understandable and<br />
navigable place.<br />
local agenda 21 -<br />
An agreement signed at the Rio<br />
Earth Summit in 1992 <strong>to</strong> ensure a<br />
good quality of life for people while<br />
safeguarding the environment. LA<br />
21 Strategies are agendas for local<br />
action <strong>to</strong> promote sustainability.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
glossary<br />
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113
local-distinctiveness - The particular characteristics of a<br />
locality that distinguishes one local<br />
area from another.<br />
luminaire -<br />
Lamp-holder.<br />
public art -<br />
public realm -<br />
Art objects or processes displayed<br />
in the public realm usually externally.<br />
All space accessible <strong>to</strong> the general<br />
public.<br />
magnets -<br />
Developments that draw the public<br />
in - they would include community<br />
centres, cinemas, leisure facilities<br />
and transport nodes.<br />
rapid light transit -<br />
Covers a variety of frequent<br />
service systems which include<br />
trams, <strong>guide</strong>d buses and light<br />
railway/mono-rail.<br />
micro-climate - Localised climatic conditions<br />
within a site or a part of a site.<br />
mitigation -<br />
An alternative solution through<br />
the trading of an undesirable<br />
aspect for another facet in the<br />
design or <strong>development</strong>.<br />
reedbed technology - An alternative system <strong>to</strong><br />
conventional sewage treatment<br />
that uses ponds and reed beds <strong>to</strong><br />
treat waste water.<br />
RNIB -<br />
Royal National Institute for the<br />
Blind<br />
mixed-use -<br />
Different, usually complimentary,<br />
uses within various scales from a<br />
building <strong>to</strong> a street <strong>to</strong> a<br />
neighbourhood.<br />
self-policing -<br />
Casual surveillance carried out by<br />
residents in their day <strong>to</strong> day<br />
activities which serves <strong>to</strong><br />
discourage criminal behaviour.<br />
neighbourhood -<br />
A district of distinct character<br />
usually predominantly residential.<br />
sense of place -<br />
Local characteristics which give a<br />
place identity.<br />
glossary<br />
114<br />
nodes -<br />
Points at which routes for public<br />
transport and other modes of<br />
movement intersect.<br />
nuisance - The source of trouble or<br />
annoyance.<br />
passive solar design - The collection of solar radiation<br />
<strong>to</strong> meet a building’s heating load<br />
using the fabric of the building<br />
rather than solar panels which are<br />
active solar systems.<br />
ped-sheds -<br />
perceptual -<br />
A pedestrian catchment area<br />
defined by a radius of 400m which<br />
is approximately a 5 minute walk.<br />
Observation and understanding<br />
through the use of the senses.<br />
permeable surfaces - Surfaces which allow the passage<br />
of rainwater through their fabric.<br />
permeability -<br />
pho<strong>to</strong>voltaics -<br />
privacy distance -<br />
The degree of accessibility and ease<br />
of passage of people through space.<br />
The use of special cells which<br />
generate electricity using energy<br />
from the sun.<br />
A defined unit of measurement<br />
for separation between two<br />
inhabitable private spaces.<br />
SERPLAN -<br />
Plan devised by Local authority<br />
elected planning representatives<br />
<strong>to</strong> which determines regional<br />
housing, transport and economic<br />
planning for the south east.<br />
Sick Building Syndrome -<br />
Recognised problem when the<br />
health of occupants is adversely<br />
affected by elements of the<br />
building such as air conditioning<br />
systems and plastics, adhesives<br />
and synthetic building products.<br />
speed restraints -<br />
sustainability -<br />
template -<br />
traffic calming -<br />
three ‘R’s -<br />
<strong>Design</strong> features applied <strong>to</strong> new<br />
streets and roads <strong>to</strong> keep traffic<br />
speeds low.<br />
The maintenance of the health of<br />
the biosphere and the husbanding<br />
of key resources of air, water, land<br />
and minerals.<br />
A standard highway solution <strong>to</strong><br />
the design of a site.<br />
Measures applied <strong>to</strong> existing<br />
roads <strong>to</strong> keep traffic speeds low.<br />
Reduce, Re-use and Re-cycle<br />
refers <strong>to</strong> minimising the excessive<br />
use of resources, in the order of<br />
their degree of sustainability.<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
trim-trail - A set of public exercise<br />
equipment usually along an<br />
external route.<br />
urban design -<br />
urban grain -<br />
A broad term encompassing the<br />
form, purpose and nature of manmade<br />
built environments and the<br />
interaction of their users.<br />
Layout, scale and massing of<br />
buildings that suggest an urban<br />
setting.<br />
urban village - A traffic-calmed, mixed-use<br />
neighbourhood maximising<br />
community involvement.<br />
whole-life - The overall impact of a<br />
<strong>development</strong> from sourcing of<br />
materials <strong>to</strong> the end of the<br />
buildings life-span.<br />
zero impact building - (1) Building which over the course<br />
of a year takes no more power<br />
than it returns <strong>to</strong> the National Grid<br />
(2) Building whose components<br />
can be dismantled and removed<br />
from a site without trace.<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
glossary<br />
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credits<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong>
credits<br />
118<br />
STEERING GROUP MEMBERS<br />
Tony Every-Brown - <strong>Kent</strong> Developers’ Group<br />
(Chairman)<br />
Margaret Anderson - Soroptimists International<br />
Nicholas Antram - English Heritage<br />
Timothy Baker - <strong>Kent</strong> Institute of Art & <strong>Design</strong><br />
Peter Court - House Builders Federation<br />
Jerry Crossley - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
Peter Day - Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors<br />
Ralph Dickens - Government Office for the South East<br />
Anne Griffiths - Womens’ Institute<br />
Trevor Hall - <strong>Kent</strong> Police<br />
Stuart Higham - Institution of Civil Engineers<br />
Tony Hillier - Hillreed Homes Ltd<br />
Steve Humphrey - Medway Council<br />
Nicholas Lee-Evans - Royal Institue of British Architects<br />
Frank Linden - University of Greenwich<br />
Hilary Moorby - Council for the Protection of Rural<br />
England<br />
Keith Nicholson - Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council<br />
Ian Parker - <strong>Kent</strong> Property Services<br />
David Petford - Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council<br />
Bob Ratcliffe - <strong>Kent</strong> Federation of Amenity Societies<br />
Barry Shaw - The <strong>Kent</strong> Architecture Centre<br />
Jeff Stack - Shepway District Council<br />
Cliff Thurlow - Royal Town Planning Institute<br />
John Wale - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council (<strong>to</strong> April 1998)<br />
Stephen Walker - Learning & Business Link Co. Ltd.<br />
(Construction Sec<strong>to</strong>r Group)<br />
Rob White - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council (from April 1998)<br />
WORKING GROUP MEMBERS<br />
Mary Adams - Weald of <strong>Kent</strong> Preservation Society<br />
Nick Antram - English Heritage (Chairman, Achieving<br />
Good <strong>Design</strong> Group)<br />
John Arnold - Dartford Borough Council<br />
Timothy Baker - <strong>Kent</strong> Institute of Art and <strong>Design</strong><br />
Keith Bothwell - Royal Institute of British Architects<br />
Douglas Brown - Thanet District Council<br />
Barry Chapman - <strong>Kent</strong> Police<br />
Peter Cobley - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Heritage<br />
Conservation<br />
Richard Cole - Architect<br />
Anthony Dance - Canterbury City Council<br />
Annette Hards - The Hards Partnership<br />
Jane Farmer - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Landscape Services<br />
Sheila Farmer - Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council<br />
Dick Feasey - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Land Use and<br />
Transportation<br />
Richard Harbord - Shepway District Council<br />
Annette Hards - The Hards Partnership<br />
Neil Hewitt - Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council<br />
Steve Hewlett - Medway Council<br />
Mike Higgins - Sevenoaks District Council<br />
Tony Hillier - Hillreed Homes<br />
Betty Johnson - Womens’ Institute<br />
David Joyner - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Transportation<br />
David Lerew - Dartford Borough Council<br />
Jan Loveless - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Social Services<br />
Gilian MacInnes - Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council<br />
Martin McKay - Gravesham Borough Council<br />
Brian Morgan - Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council (Chairman,<br />
Sustainability Group)<br />
Helen Mullin - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Landscape<br />
Services<br />
Martin Northern - Maids<strong>to</strong>ne Borough Council<br />
Graham Nor<strong>to</strong>n - Wimpey Homes<br />
Martin Oman - Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council<br />
Geoff Pearson - Shepway District Council<br />
Keith Pye - House Builders Federation<br />
Mike Rushman - Berkeley Homes<br />
Nassar Sarrafan - Thanet District Council<br />
Robin Smith - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Property Services<br />
Pauline S<strong>to</strong>ckwell - Weald of <strong>Kent</strong> Preservation Society<br />
Theresa Trussell - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Transport<br />
(Chairman, Innovation Group)<br />
Ray Wilkinson - Ashford Borough Council<br />
OTHER CONTRIBUTORS<br />
Jonathon Atkinson - Environment Agency<br />
Kim Bennett - Canterbury City Council<br />
Teresa Bennett - English Nature<br />
Stuart Black - Urban Villages Forum<br />
Peter Braithwaite - Ove Arup & partners<br />
John Byer - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - <strong>Kent</strong> Property<br />
Services<br />
Andy Cameron - Alan Baxter Associates<br />
George Chandler - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Transport<br />
Planning<br />
Pip Chapelard - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Environmental<br />
Management<br />
Patrick Clarke - Llewellyn Davies<br />
Richard Davison - Edenbridge Town Council<br />
Mick Drury - Ward Homes<br />
Suzy Edwards - Building Research Establishment<br />
Daniel Everitt - Environment Agency<br />
John Farmer - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Transportation<br />
Client Services<br />
Sheila Framp<strong>to</strong>n - Crest Homes, South east<br />
Andrew Grant - Consultant for the Earth Centre<br />
Nikki Greenleaf - Urban Villages Forum<br />
Adrian Griffiths - Chapman Taylor<br />
Rob Hancock - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
Peter Herbertson - Environment Agency<br />
Nigel Hepworth - Environment Agency<br />
Peter Johns - Formpave<br />
Andrew Jones - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Countryside<br />
Ruth Kay - The <strong>Kent</strong> Architecture Centre<br />
Gary Kennison - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Countryside<br />
Tom LaDell - Tom LaDell Associates<br />
Matthew Lally - Llewellyn Davies<br />
Mike Lowe - Ove Arup<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Debbie Morgan - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
Keith Mumford - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
John Payne - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council - Land Use &<br />
Transportation<br />
Alan Pett - New Ash Green Village Association<br />
Graham Phillips - <strong>Kent</strong> <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
Simon Pugh - David Lock Associates<br />
Lucy Robinson - Hyde Housing<br />
Steve Robinson - Folkes<strong>to</strong>ne & Dover Water<br />
Rob Scott - Dartford Borough Council<br />
Alan S<strong>to</strong>ne - Essex <strong>County</strong> Council<br />
Louise Thomas - David Lock Associates<br />
Andrew Warnock - Consultant<br />
Paul Williams - Water Dynamics<br />
Michael Winter - Architect<br />
PROJECT MANAGEMENT GROUP<br />
Steve Humphrey; Keith Nicolson, David Petford, Jeff<br />
Stack, Rob White.<br />
PROJECT TEAM<br />
Tony Wimble; Mark Brightburn, Gary Fitch, Ashley<br />
Ralph, Abigail Raymond, Theresa Trussell, Julia Wallace.<br />
Special thanks <strong>to</strong> Anne Griffiths for kindly helping <strong>to</strong> edit<br />
this document and <strong>to</strong> Trudy Fabian for assistance with<br />
pho<strong>to</strong>graphy.<br />
Graphic <strong>Design</strong> by:<br />
Pollett & Cole Creative Marketing Limited,<br />
The Old Warehouse, 1 Albert Street,<br />
Whitstable, <strong>Kent</strong> CT5 1HP<br />
Telephone number: 01227 770790<br />
Fax number: 01227 770924<br />
E-mail: design@polcol.co.uk<br />
Printed by:<br />
Thanet Press Limited,<br />
Union Crescent, Margate,<br />
<strong>Kent</strong> CT9 1NU<br />
Telephone number: 01843 234800<br />
Fax number: 01843 228831<br />
E-mail: enquiries@thanet-press.co.uk<br />
A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T<br />
credits<br />
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong><br />
119
<strong>Kent</strong><br />
<strong>Design</strong> A G U I D E T O S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
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