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THEME 11: INSIGHTS FROM GENETICS Insights from genetics – the past and future of ancient DNA research Ian Barnes Vertebrates and Anthropology, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD After an initial burst of enthusiasm in the late 1980’s, ancient DNA research spent much of the 1990’s grappling with the technical limitations of the technique, and trying to find a place for itself within a broader range of relevant subjects: archaeology, palaeontology and evolutionary biology. While much of the initial enthusiasm for ancient DNA analysis came from archaeologists, it has been Quaternary palaeontology where some of the most interesting work has been conducted. Despite the far greater age of the material, it is possible to find samples with exceptional DNA preservation, due to the availability of longterm frozen, permafrost-derived specimens. In addition, the types of questions interesting to palaeontologists have been more readily translated into the language of PCR and Sanger sequencing than the complexities of culture, gender and status that were of primary interest to archaeologists at that time. Throughout much of the 1990’s, the application of ancient DNA to Quaternary material was focused on a conceptually straightforward problem; the phylogenetic placement of extinct megafauna. These studies were perhaps most important in maintaining interest in a technique which was struggling with credibility issues stemming from contamination problems, and rejecting the increasingly predominant view of ancient DNA as a technical novelty. By the end of the 1990’s, the importance of permafrost preservation was becoming increasingly obvious to a number of groups. The ability to work with large numbers of individuals was further facilitated by improvements in DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing, and by the wider availability of high-quality radiocarbon dates. This approach enabled the first population surveys, or at least surveys of multiple individuals through time, which enabled us to recognize the exceptionally dynamic nature of populations during the late Pleistocene. The taxonomic focus has until recently stayed on the northern Holarctic, extinct, megafauna - although this initial period of big game hunting seems to be drawing to a close. More recent studies have looked at a broader range of mammalian species, and there is also an increasing interest in placing results within the broader context of late Quaternary climate change. Ongoing development of statistical modeling methods will facilitate this, with the traditional data analysis of choice for ancient DNA datasets – the Bayesian skyline plot – being continually enhanced, and now supplemented by coalescent-based hypothesis simulation tools. The technical requirements of next generation sequencing have driven a renewed interest in working with well-preserved individual samples, but this is likely to change as better enrichment methods become available. Beyond this, it is difficult to predict the future of Quaternary ancient DNA, given the rapidly changing technological basis of DNA sequencing; however certain features seem highly likely. An increasing awareness of the complexities of population genomics will drive the need for genomic-level ancient DNA datasets. At the same time, work on functional genomics in extant species and populations will provide a basis for studies into the long-term history of selection in different fauna. Finally, the potential to work with smaller amounts of highly fragmented DNA may enable us to routinely work with material of much greater age, allowing us to examine the impact of the earlier warm stages on megafaunal populations.
Wiley Quaternary Science Explore, Innovate, Inspire Interdisciplinary research advancing knowledge for a sustainable future Journal of Quaternary Science Celebrating the QRA 50th Anniversary with Journal of Quaternary Science – browse a selection of influential papers Published in association with the Royal Meteorological Society and the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Highlighted topic Paleoclimates and Current Trends Boreas Chronologies and the Quaternary record Special Issue Guest Editors M.D. Bateman and P.J. Reimer The Holocene An Environmental History 3RD EDITION By: Neil Roberts Price: £32.50 £26.00 ISBN: 978-1-118-71257-3 Buy online using the discount code EES13 Visit www.wiley.com Connect with us on our EarthWise social media pages! Take part in our prize draw to win facebook.com/ EarthScienceCommunity @earth_wise Read more on Authors affiliated with an organization which has a Wiley Open Access Account can publish research articles in a hybrid or fully open access journal published by Wiley without directly paying any open access publication charges. To find out if you have an account at your institution visit: www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/funder QuaternaryScienceAdvert_Nov13_6.indd 1 2/12/13 15:30:38
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Page 41 and 42: T2 TRACEing Tephra Horizons in Nort
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Page 77 and 78: T5 Glacial geomorphology of the Inn
Page 79 and 80: T2 Revolution and evolution: 35 yea
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T5 Geomorphology and dynamics of th
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T9 The Anthropogenic Element in the
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Fraser, W.T., Watson, J.S., Sephton
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T10 Human-environment-climate inter
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T9 Island Evolution: a ‘front-lin
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T5 Modelling the water isotope resp
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T9 Biome dynamics in the Ohrid Basi
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T5 The Moffatdale RSF cluster, Sout
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T11 Combining palynology and ecolog
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Figure 1: The palm swamp forest at
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T3 SCOPSCO Lake Ohrid deep drilling
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δ 18 Odiatom); biomarkers; pollen;
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T3 Quaternary revelations: the role
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T8 Late-Middle to Late Pleistocene
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T9 Climate forcing of mammoth range
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T8 Svalbard surging glacier landsys
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T2 Constraining peatland environmen
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T9 Late - glacial/Holocene vegetati
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T10 Developing a Holocene tephrostr
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Roberts, S. J. (1997) The spatial e
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T7 Pleistocene sea-surface and inte
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T10 Man, Megafauna and Mycobacteria
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T5 BRITICE-CHRONO Transect 5: const
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T8 The “Four Ages” of Micromorp
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T3 Continental silicon cycling and
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T5 Reconstructing plateau icefields
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T3 Exploiting multi-proxy analysis
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T3 Tipping Points: Rapid Neo-glacia
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T5 Glacial history of the central n
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T8 Reconstructing Quaternary Rhine-
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T9 When was Europe deforested? Larg
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T9 Long-term vegetation development
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T9 Climate, microtopography and per
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T3 The temperature-δ 18 O relation
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T10 Neolithic land-use change clima
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T5 Assessing existing dating constr
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T10 Assessing the effects of the '2
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Figure 1: Lake ‘Disko 2’ on Dis
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T5 Increased channelization of subg
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T7 Holocene controls on silicic aci
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T8 Tanera Mor: a new stratotype for
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T8 Landscape response to abrupt cli
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T9 Impact of vegetation shifts on i
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T9 Assessing seasonality changes du
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T2 Cryptotephra records as archives
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Westaway, R., Bridgland, D.R., Mish
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T3 Songs from the wood: tales of th
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T9 Lateglacial and Holocene Climate
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