foot and mouth disease interview (PDF) - Royal Geographical Society
foot and mouth disease interview (PDF) - Royal Geographical Society
foot and mouth disease interview (PDF) - Royal Geographical Society
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Ask the Experts<br />
Jessica Sellick answers questions on Foot <strong>and</strong> Mouth Disease<br />
(FMD) <strong>and</strong> the impact of the recession in the Countryside<br />
1. What is Foot <strong>and</strong> Mouth Disease (FMD)?<br />
Foot <strong>and</strong> Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in animals in many parts of the world including Asia, Africa, the<br />
Middle East <strong>and</strong> South America. It affects cloven-hoofed animals, in particular cattle, sheep, pigs, goats<br />
<strong>and</strong> deer, causing fever <strong>and</strong> blisters (predominantly in the <strong>mouth</strong> <strong>and</strong> on feet). Other animals that can be<br />
infected include llamas <strong>and</strong> alpacas, <strong>and</strong> some wild animals including hedgehogs <strong>and</strong> elephants! Very few<br />
human cases of the <strong>disease</strong> have ever been recorded.<br />
The most serious outbreak of FMD in Britain (<strong>and</strong> one of the largest in global history) was recorded in<br />
2001. This outbreak involved 2030 cases, spread across the country, <strong>and</strong> resulted in the culling of 6 million<br />
animals (4.9 million sheep, 0.7 million cattle <strong>and</strong> 0.4 million pigs), <strong>and</strong> losses of some £3.1 billion to<br />
agriculture <strong>and</strong> the food chain. Some £2.5 billion was paid by the Government in compensation for<br />
slaughtered animals <strong>and</strong> payments for disposal <strong>and</strong> clean-up costs. In August/September 2007, eight<br />
confirmed cases of FMD were recorded in a localised area in the South East of Engl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
FMD matters because the outbreaks in 2001 <strong>and</strong> 2007 demonstrate the disruptions to the food, farming,<br />
to visitors to the countryside, to rural communities <strong>and</strong> the wider economy that the <strong>disease</strong> can cause.<br />
2. What role did geography play in influencing the spread <strong>and</strong> impact of the <strong>disease</strong>?<br />
Once present in the fluid from blisters, saliva, milk <strong>and</strong> dung, the Foot <strong>and</strong> Mouth virus can contaminate<br />
objects (e.g. wellington boots, vehicle tyres, clothing) <strong>and</strong> spread for several miles. Favourable climatic<br />
conditions (e.g. the cold <strong>and</strong> dark) enable the <strong>disease</strong> to survive for long periods of time.<br />
During the 2001 outbreak, it is thought that several conditions contributed to the origin <strong>and</strong> spread of the<br />
<strong>disease</strong>, including:<br />
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The inclusion of infected meat in swill (i.e., catering waste, possibly including the use of meat<br />
imported illegally);
Ask the Experts<br />
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The feeding of untreated swill to pigs;<br />
A delay in diagnosis of infected pigs;<br />
The infection of sheep by a virus plume;<br />
The undetected <strong>disease</strong> in sheep for weeks; <strong>and</strong><br />
Large numbers of sheep movements.<br />
The first case of FMD was detected at Cheale Meats abattoir in Little Warley, Essex on pigs from<br />
Buckinghamshire <strong>and</strong> the Isle of Wight. Over the next four days, several more cases were recorded in<br />
Essex. On 23 February 2001, a case<br />
was confirmed in Heddon-on-the-<br />
Wall, Northumberl<strong>and</strong>, from where<br />
the pig in the first case had come<br />
from; this farm was later confirmed<br />
as the source of the outbreak. In the<br />
weeks <strong>and</strong> months that followed<br />
cases were confirmed across the<br />
country. The map below shows the<br />
location of premises infected by<br />
FMD. Cumbria was the worst<br />
affected area of the country, with<br />
843 recorded cases.<br />
The rapid geographical spread of the<br />
<strong>disease</strong> highlighted two changes in<br />
farming practices.<br />
Firstly, the delay in detecting the<br />
outbreak in Northumberl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> the<br />
considerable movement of animals<br />
that occurred in the three week<br />
intervening period – 2 million sheep<br />
were moved around the country<br />
during this time with some animals<br />
being bought <strong>and</strong> resold though<br />
markets in different regions of the<br />
UK over very short time periods.<br />
Secondly, it highlighted the<br />
centralisation of animal slaughtering<br />
<strong>and</strong> processing which involved<br />
animals travelling long distances to a<br />
small number of large abattoirs<br />
determined by major supermarkets
Ask the Experts<br />
rather than being taken to a local abattoir.<br />
Interestingly, the 2007 outbreak was caused by a completely different combination of factors. Then, the<br />
virus escaped from the government funded ‘Institute of Animal Health’ (IAH) <strong>and</strong> pharmaceutical company<br />
‘Merial’ laboratories in Pirbright. The virus entered the drainage system which combined with heavy rain,<br />
building work <strong>and</strong> vehicles moving to <strong>and</strong> from the site led it to spread <strong>and</strong> infect animals on nearby farms.<br />
3. What were the immediate effects of the <strong>disease</strong> on different sectors of the rural<br />
economy?<br />
When the first case of FMD was detected in 2001 the Government introduced a range of measures to<br />
control <strong>and</strong> eradicate the <strong>disease</strong>. These measures included:<br />
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A ban on meat <strong>and</strong> live animal exports;<br />
Restrictions on the movement of animals (including a total ban on livestock movement for ten<br />
days); <strong>and</strong><br />
Granting additional powers to local authorities to close public rights of way.<br />
Farmers with animals thought to be infected had their livestock compulsory slaughtered. Farms in infected<br />
areas (but where animals did not get infected with the virus) were subject to tight restrictions preventing<br />
their movement off the farm. There was also a large drop in dem<strong>and</strong> for farming support services,<br />
particularly haulage. All livestock markets were also closed.<br />
As a result of the additional powers granted to local authorities to close <strong>foot</strong>paths, <strong>and</strong> indeed the closure<br />
of almost all <strong>foot</strong>paths at the start of the outbreak; many visitors <strong>and</strong> tourists thought that Britain’s<br />
countryside was “closed for business”. The drop in visitor numbers reduced trade for a wide range of<br />
rural businesses, including hotels, pubs <strong>and</strong> shops.<br />
Losses extended to other industries besides farming <strong>and</strong> tourism, many located outside rural areas.<br />
These included suppliers to those industries, such as livestock hauliers <strong>and</strong> makers of farm machinery;<br />
activities dependent on countryside access, such as fishing, shooting <strong>and</strong> the horse business; suppliers to<br />
countryside users, such as makers of outdoor clothing, hirers of marquees, cycle manufacturers <strong>and</strong><br />
guidebook publishers; <strong>and</strong> activities dependent on overseas visitors such as theatres <strong>and</strong> language<br />
schools. Some little-known businesses suffered heavy losses - for example, the maggot-rearing industry!<br />
Collectively, the FMD outbreak of 2001 cost the UK £8 billion.<br />
Although much of the countryside remained open for business during the 2007 outbreak, the Country L<strong>and</strong><br />
& Business Association (CLA) estimated the financial costs of the outbreak to be in excess of £302 million<br />
on the agriculture <strong>and</strong> tourism industries alone.<br />
Importantly, these immediate effects demonstrate how farming is interdependent <strong>and</strong> intertwined with<br />
the wider rural (<strong>and</strong> urban) economy.
4. Are we still feeling the impacts of the outbreaks today?<br />
Ask the Experts<br />
The 2001 <strong>and</strong> 2007 outbreaks were not merely costly <strong>and</strong> damaging economically <strong>and</strong> socially; they also<br />
marked a turning point in public attitudes to food production <strong>and</strong> have led to changes in Government<br />
policy. Combined with Independent Reviews of the Government’s response to the outbreaks carried out<br />
by Sir Iain Anderson <strong>and</strong> The <strong>Royal</strong> <strong>Society</strong> (which made a series of recommendations in the event of any<br />
future outbreaks) the 2001 <strong>and</strong> 2007 outbreaks continues to shape the way in which livestock keepers<br />
farm each <strong>and</strong> every day.<br />
Firstly, the outbreaks have led to improved contingency planning <strong>and</strong> preparedness. The Department for<br />
Environment, Food <strong>and</strong> Rural Affairs (Defra), for example, has a ‘Framework Response Plan’ setting out the<br />
roles, responsibilities <strong>and</strong> procedures that should be put in place to manage an ‘exotic <strong>disease</strong> outbreak’<br />
the moment there is a suspected case of <strong>disease</strong>. The FRP is regularly revised <strong>and</strong> subject to public<br />
consultation prior to being laid before Parliament each year. Most recently, the FRP was used to prepare<br />
for an outbreak of Avian Influenza.<br />
Secondly, the outbreaks led to the implementation of a series of biosecurity measures – these are a set of<br />
practices which, when followed collectively, reduce the potential for the introduction or spread of animal<br />
<strong>disease</strong> onto <strong>and</strong> between farms. During FMD <strong>and</strong> in the event of further outbreaks, Defra advises that<br />
farmers keep species of livestock separate where possible; be aware that sheep do not always show<br />
obvious signs of <strong>disease</strong> but could inadvertently infect other animals; to keep everything clean (e.g. boots,<br />
clothing, equipment, vehicles); <strong>and</strong> to ensure that disinfectant <strong>and</strong> cleaning materials are used at farm<br />
entrances <strong>and</strong> exits.<br />
Thirdly, traceability <strong>and</strong> providing a clearer picture of when <strong>and</strong> where livestock are moved <strong>and</strong> physically<br />
located, through the use of bar codes, animal passports <strong>and</strong> ear tags has come into force. In September<br />
1998, the Government launched a computerised Cattle Tracing System (CTS) to record the movements of<br />
cattle from birth to death. CTS logs the movements of all cattle born or imported into Britain <strong>and</strong> issues<br />
them with individual cattle passports. Electronic Identification (EID) for sheep came into force in 2009 <strong>and</strong><br />
means that sheep born on or after 31 December 2009 must now be electronically identified (unless they<br />
are going to be slaughtered within 12 months of age). Pigs also need to be registered with Defra <strong>and</strong> a<br />
movement licence completed before they are moved off a holding. These systems make it possible for<br />
Defra to trace animals exposed to a <strong>disease</strong> risk <strong>and</strong> give assurances to buyers <strong>and</strong> the public about an<br />
animal’s life history.<br />
Fourthly, the outbreaks have led to new ways of thinking about how <strong>disease</strong> outbreaks are funded. Defra<br />
currently spends £330 million each year on animal health <strong>and</strong> has to meet the additional costs of any<br />
<strong>disease</strong> outbreaks in Engl<strong>and</strong>, Scotl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Wales. The Coalition Government is currently developing<br />
proposals to share the costs for dealing with <strong>disease</strong> with animal keepers. The Government has<br />
established a ‘Responsibility <strong>and</strong> Cost Sharing Advisory Group’ to develop these proposals by December<br />
2010 (they could include requiring animal keepers to take out insurance for example). In June 2010, Defra
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announced that the Animal Health <strong>and</strong> the Veterinary Laboratories Agency will merge to form a single<br />
agency to combat animal <strong>disease</strong>s.<br />
5. How has the recession impacted upon the rural economy?<br />
A range of global economic factors such as increasing fuel costs, food prices <strong>and</strong> currency fluctuations had<br />
already caused instabilities <strong>and</strong> problems for those living <strong>and</strong> working in rural places before official<br />
statistics showed the UK had entered a recession.<br />
There was a time lag before the recession itself was felt in rural economies. And the impact of the<br />
recession itself in rural areas has been diverse. On the one h<strong>and</strong>, some rural places benefitted from their<br />
proximity to urban areas with strong economies <strong>and</strong> some remote rural areas were insulated <strong>and</strong> saw<br />
vibrant local economies. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, some rural places have suffered from being close to areas<br />
which have seen major slowdowns in key sectors. For example, upheavals in the car industry have<br />
impacted directly upon many rural manufacturing businesses in the West Midl<strong>and</strong>s, Peak District <strong>and</strong><br />
Oxfordshire.<br />
Just as the impact of the recession was varied, so too were the policy measures developed by Government<br />
to help. Many rural businesses had difficulties securing funds from the bank <strong>and</strong> maintaining cash flow;<br />
relying instead on personal lines of credit (i.e., using a credit card). Around 200,000 people living in rural<br />
Engl<strong>and</strong> do not have access to a bank account of any kind. There were also too few debt advisors working<br />
in rural areas with businesses <strong>and</strong> communities. Citizen Advice Bureaux (CABx) saw dem<strong>and</strong> for its services<br />
increase by 53% in rural areas during the last 6 months of 2008, especially in villages. The Department for<br />
Business, Innovation <strong>and</strong> Skills (BIS) funded 500 face-to-face debt advisors yet only 24 of these advisors<br />
operated in rural areas; leading to 3-4 week wait for an appointment.<br />
Since May 2009, Defra has been producing monthly ‘dashboards’ which present a range of statistics to give<br />
an indication of the effects of the recession in rural areas <strong>and</strong> their path to recovery. The dashboard is<br />
updated on a monthly basis. The five indicators used are: claimant count, economic activity, redundancies,<br />
house prices, <strong>and</strong> business insolvencies. The dashboard shows that on average, rural areas are performing<br />
on a par with urban areas. For example, the August 2010 dashboard found 1.8% of the working age<br />
population in rural Engl<strong>and</strong> was claiming unemployment related benefits, compared to 3.5% of the country<br />
as a whole. The dashboard also reveals how rural areas were slower into the recession <strong>and</strong> therefore<br />
emerging from it more slowly.<br />
6. Is there such a thing as a single rural economy <strong>and</strong> which parts of it are growing <strong>and</strong> in<br />
decline?<br />
In 2008, Matthew Taylor (former MP for Truro <strong>and</strong> St Austell) published ‘Living Working Countryside’, a<br />
Government review of how l<strong>and</strong> use <strong>and</strong> planning could better support rural businesses <strong>and</strong> deliver<br />
affordable housing. Here, Matthew Taylor challenged the romanticised view of the countryside as being<br />
one that is driven by agriculture. Although agriculture still has a vital role to play in rural areas Taylor used
Ask the Experts<br />
the term ‘rural economies’ to describe how they are more modern, diverse <strong>and</strong> dynamic than this, <strong>and</strong><br />
often characterised by a higher proportion of small <strong>and</strong> micro-businesses, self employment <strong>and</strong> home<br />
working.<br />
Although there may be no such thing as a single rural economy, many of the sectors in rural economies are<br />
changing. The Coalition, in its ‘Programme for Government’, aims to boost enterprise, support green<br />
growth <strong>and</strong> build a new, more responsible economic model, one not dependent upon a narrow range of<br />
sectors. This presents some real opportunities <strong>and</strong> challenges for rural economies.<br />
The food <strong>and</strong> drink industry has traditionally been a key employer in rural areas, contributing £80.5 billion<br />
to the UK economy <strong>and</strong> employing more than 3.6 million people. Although the majority of growth<br />
opportunities are expected to come from innovative products (e.g. health foods), signature specialities<br />
including br<strong>and</strong>ing foods is becoming increasingly important. For example, Leicestershire is home to Stilton<br />
<strong>and</strong> Red Leicester cheese <strong>and</strong> the Melton Mowbray pork pie; food <strong>and</strong> drink here accounts of 16% of<br />
manufacturing jobs.<br />
The UK’s ageing population is expected to create an increase in dem<strong>and</strong> for health <strong>and</strong> social care services<br />
– this dem<strong>and</strong> is forecast to grow at a faster rate in rural areas compared to urban areas. The population<br />
aged 65 years <strong>and</strong> over is expected to increase by 62% between 2009 <strong>and</strong> 2029 in rural areas (compared to<br />
46% in urban areas). According to an organisation called NESTA, healthcare services for the elderly will<br />
grow annual by 4% between 2008 <strong>and</strong> 2013, generating an additional 111,000 jobs.<br />
The Coalition Government has proposed a series of measures to realise a low carbon economy – including<br />
establishing a green investment bank, promoting anaerobic digestion, establishing a smart grid <strong>and</strong><br />
encouraging marine energy. Rural areas, with their high rates of entrepreneurship, natural resources <strong>and</strong><br />
heavy reliance on heating oil, LPG or solid fuel for heating, have huge <strong>and</strong> unique potential to benefit from<br />
this low carbon transition (particularly in the generation <strong>and</strong> use of renewable energy).<br />
Rural areas tend to rely upon tourism related activities just as much as or more so than urban areas. In<br />
2009, the tourism sector was estimated to have contributed £52 billion to the British economy <strong>and</strong><br />
employed 1.36 million people. By 2020 it is predicted that the sector will generate an additional 250,000<br />
jobs.<br />
However, one of the drivers of several rural economies – the public sector- is likely to diminish over the<br />
next few years. Economic analysis undertaken by Rose Regeneration <strong>and</strong> the Rural Services Network (RSN)<br />
has found that one in three jobs in rural local authority areas are in the public sector. Prime Minister David<br />
Cameron's home county of Oxfordshire has the highest number of public sector employees (96,000 jobs),<br />
with Norfolk, Devon, Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Suffolk, Somerset, North Yorkshire, Cornwall <strong>and</strong><br />
County Durham also having high public sector job counts.<br />
Links:<br />
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<br />
defra - Foot <strong>and</strong> Mouth Disease<br />
Wikipedia – <strong>foot</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>mouth</strong> <strong>disease</strong>
Ask the Experts<br />
Wikipedia – <strong>foot</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>mouth</strong> <strong>disease</strong> 2001<br />
BBC F&M: The rural nemesis<br />
Jessica Sellick’s Biography<br />
Jessica has a background in l<strong>and</strong> management <strong>and</strong> environmental issues. She has worked at Defra<br />
(on a project looking at establishing new funding structures for tackling farm animal <strong>disease</strong>s post<br />
FMD 2001) <strong>and</strong> the agriculture <strong>and</strong> food programme at the new economics foundation (an<br />
independent think-<strong>and</strong>-do tank based in London). Jessica now works as a co-director at Rose<br />
Regeneration, an economic development practice based in Lincoln. She has a PhD in <strong>Geographical</strong><br />
Sciences from the University of Bristol <strong>and</strong> is a Chartered Geographer (CGeog) at the RGS.