Considering a Cadre Augmented Army - RAND Corporation

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-332- A Historical Analysis of Cadre Congress and the President decided to extend the Selective Service Act for two years after World War II to maintain a one million-man army. 213 However, on March 31, 1947 the Selective Service Act expired, which led to what Millis refers to as “the skeletonization of the armed forces.” 214 After the expiration of the Selective Service Act, there was little debate about the structure of the peacetime army. The structure laid out in the National Defense Act of 1920 stayed in place: a Regular Army backed by the National Guard supplemented by the Organized Reserve. The cadre proposals of Calhoun and Upton had disappeared and Weigley argues that “Uptonian contempt for the citizen soldier was dying among the Regular officer corps” and that World War II “assured the triumph of the John McAuley Palmer school of thought, confident that the citizen soldier could be a good soldier, over the Emory Upton school.” 215 Despite the fact that cadre proposals disappeared, in practice, two cadre forces remained: the Organized Reserves and a skeletonized Regular Army. 7.1.1—The Organized Reserves: A Recognized Cadre Force A cadre force, the Organized Reserves, remained the third source of wartime manpower behind the Regular Army and National Guard. After World War II, the War Department stated that “All Organized Reserve Corps units will initially be organized as C units, with officers only.” 216 While the Organized Reserves had existed as a cadre force since ____________ 213 The end-strength of the Army in 1946 and 1947 was 1.9 million (1,318 troops per 100,000 residents) and 991,000 (682 troops per 100,000 residents) respectively. [U.S. Census Bureau (1975), p. 1140-1143 and U.S. Census Bureau (2002), p. A-1] 214 Millis (1956), p. 316. 215 Weigley (1984), p. 486 216 Crossland and Currie (1984), p. 86. In reality, in the post World War II period, the Organized Reserves units were assigned no more than sixty percent of their commissioned officer strength. This was due mainly due to a lack of incentives for individuals to join the Organized Reserves: “the only appeal the Army could actually
-333- A Historical Analysis of Cadre its creation in 1920, this was the first time this was explicitly acknowledged by the War Department. The Enlisted Reserves Corps ceased to exist and Organized Reserve units were maintained under the assumption that there would be available sufficient personnel to fill out these units in wartime. It is likely that the experiences of World Wars I and II led the War Department to feel that it could depend on wartime conscription to fill out these units. 7.1.2—A Return to a Cadre Regular Army The Regular Army was also a cadre force between World War II and the Korean War. By 1948, the total ground forces of the United States (Army + Marines) totaled 631,000. 217 The threats from the Soviet seizure of Czechoslovakia and the Berlin Blockade led Congress to re-enact the Selective Service Act in 1948. This increased the size of the Army by about 100,000 men. 218 However, Weigley argues that the army remained skeletonized: “except for the 1 st Infantry Division in Germany … the Army … skeletonize(d) its divisions.” 219 Entering the Korean War, the U.S. Army was larger than it had been entering nearly every previous war, but like all previous wars, nearly all of its units were under strength. During the Korean War, under strength units were brought to full strength using conscription. 7.2—REFORMS TO ELIMINATE CADRE After the Korean War, the Army went through a number of organizational changes. This led to the disappearance of cadre forces. In the 1950s, the threat of Soviet power led to make, given the paucity of membership benefits in the ORC, was an appeal to patriotism.” [Crossland and Currie (1984), p. 83]. 217 Millis (1956), p. 317. This was equivalent to 428 troops per 100,000 residents. 218 Weigley (1984), p. 501 219 Weigley (1984), p. 503. The officer to enlisted ratio increased from an average of six in 1946-1947 to an average of seven in 1948-1950. [U.S. Census Bureau (1975), p. 1140-1143]
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THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE
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Considering a Cadre Augmented Army
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- iii - PREFACE This dissertation e
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- vii - SUMMARY This dissertation c
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- ix - the similarities and differe
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- xiii - ACRONYMS Symbol AC AIT ARF
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-1- Introduction Introduction This
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-3- Introduction ability to rotate
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-5- Introduction In a force designe
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-7- Introduction increasing militar
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-9- Introduction peacetime have bee
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-11- Introduction forces. This is i
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-14- A Budgetary Analysis of Cadre
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Page 393 and 394: -377- Conclusion Conclusion This di
Page 395 and 396: -379- Bibliography Bibliography Ada
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-383- Bibliography Department of De
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-385- Bibliography Garamone, Jim,
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-387- Bibliography Howze, Hamilton
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-389- Bibliography Michie, Peter Sm
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-391- Bibliography Stewart, Richard
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-393- Bibliography Vick, Alan, Davi
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