Considering a Cadre Augmented Army - RAND Corporation

-261- A Historical Analysis of Cadre
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Figures ...............................................................................................................................................263
Tables.................................................................................................................................................265
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................267
1.1 —The Force Structure Problem................................................................................268
1.2 —Changes in Perceived Readiness............................................................................270
1.3 —Changes in Perceived Threat .................................................................................271
1.4 —Outline ......................................................................................................................274
2. Cadre Versus Militia ..............................................................................................................277
2.1 —The Failures of the Milita .......................................................................................278
2.1.1 —The Revolutionary War ..................................................................................278
2.1.2 —The Militia Act of 1792 ..................................................................................280
2.1.3 —The War of 1812 .............................................................................................282
2.1.4 —Problems with the Militia...............................................................................284
2.2 —Calhoun’s Expansible Army ..................................................................................285
2.3 —Upton’s Cadre Army...............................................................................................288
2.3.1 —Upton’s Civil War Experiences.....................................................................288
2.3.2 —Lessons from The Armies of Asia and Europe ................................................289
2.3.3 —The Military Policy of the United States...............................................................296
2.3.4 —Upton’s Legacy ................................................................................................297
3. A Stronger Milita....................................................................................................................299
3.1 —The Spanish-American War...................................................................................300
3.2 —Elihu Root and the Dick Act.................................................................................301
3.3 —Preparadness and Leonard Wood.........................................................................304
3.4 —The Stimson Report................................................................................................307
3.5 —Legislating for a New Military Policy....................................................................308
3.6 —The Evolution of Cadre Proposals .......................................................................310
4. Cadre in World War I............................................................................................................313
4.1 —A Simplistic Argument Against Cadre..................................................................313
4.2 —Conscription.............................................................................................................314
5. Cadre in the Interwar Period................................................................................................317
5.1 —The Organized Resreves: A Cadre Force.............................................................317
5.1.1 —The Post-War Debate.....................................................................................318
5.1.2 —The National Defense Act of 1920 ..............................................................319
5.2 —A Cadre Regular Army............................................................................................321
6. Cadre in World War II..........................................................................................................325
6.1 —Pre-War Mobilization..............................................................................................325
6.2 —Wartime Mobilization .............................................................................................327
6.2.1 —An Extemporized Cadre Force.....................................................................327
6.2.2 —Mobilizing the Organized Reserves..............................................................329