Considering a Cadre Augmented Army - RAND Corporation
Considering a Cadre Augmented Army - RAND Corporation Considering a Cadre Augmented Army - RAND Corporation
-8- Introduction IV—REDUCING READINESS WITH CADRE There are two ways we might think about reducing the readiness of units. The first is to reduce training intensity. RC units train one weekend a month, two weeks a year. Reducing the number of training days for RC units would reduce their cost. However, there are two reasons why this may not be an attractive approach. The first is that many of the costs of the RC are fixed costs that are incurred regardless of the number of days a unit trains in a given year. 20 The second is that many reservists join the RC because they obtain benefits from training. These benefits come in many forms including: drill pay, transferable skills 21 , and social interaction. If we were to reduce training time for some units, these units might be less attractive to some reservists. The second way we might reduce readiness is to reduce the peacetime manning levels of some units. These units would have four to five years to reach the required personnel levels before deploying. The most extreme example of this is to retain no personnel in peacetime and create new units from scratch whenever they are needed. This is what is being done after four years in Iraq and Afghanistan. 22 This process is constrained by the fact that it takes many years to develop leaders. We cannot recruit experienced leaders whenever we need them. 23 Therefore, the DoD might consider maintaining some units that retain only leaders during peacetime. These units would be capable of deploying more quickly than new units, but slower than RC units. Units that retain just leaders during ____________ 20 Examples of these fixed costs include recruitment, training, and full-time support costs. 21 Borth (2001) 22 Sherman and Roque (2007), Department of Defense (2007b,c) 23 This sentiment was expressed by David Chu in 1989: “we cannot get a battalion commander overnight, and a ship captain cannot become competent and confident in the use of his vessel overnight. That takes years of training and experience.” [Gotz and Brown (1989), p. 117]
-9- Introduction peacetime have been previously referred to as cadre units. 24 The term cadre refers to the group of leaders who would train and lead a unit when mobilized. Table I describes the key differences between AC, RC, and cadre units. Table I—Defining Cadre Force Personnel Levels Personnel Status Training AC Full Full-time Full-time RC Full Part-time Part-time Cadre Only leaders Either Either AC units are fully manned with full-time personnel who train full-time. RC units are fully manned with part-time personnel who train part-time. Cadre units would not be fully manned as they would retain only leaders during peacetime. In this dissertation, we explore a number of alternatives for the status and training intensity for cadre leaders. The concept of cadre units is not new; it has been around since 1820 when Secretary of War John C. Calhoun first advocated an “expansible” army. Calhoun proposed an army that retained only officers during peacetime. 25 Since that time, the attractiveness of cadre units has been debated following almost every major war in the United States. Most recently, during the drawdown from the Cold War, the Army planned to turn two AC divisions into cadre divisions in order to hedge against the threat of a resurgent Soviet Union. 26 However, these plans were never implemented. Historically, the main criticism of cadre units was that they would not be ready to deploy quickly enough. However, we have seen that this criticism ____________ 24 We explore alternative peacetime duties for cadre leaders in Paper II of this dissertation. It is worth noting here that we imagine a situation in which officers and NCOs would be rotated through cadre leadership positions along with the traditional staff and line positions and would not be permanently assigned to a cadre unit. 25 Calhoun (1820) 26 Tice (1991a)
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-9- Introduction<br />
peacetime have been previously referred to as cadre units. 24 The term cadre refers to the<br />
group of leaders who would train and lead a unit when mobilized. Table I describes the key<br />
differences between AC, RC, and cadre units.<br />
Table I—Defining <strong>Cadre</strong><br />
Force Personnel Levels Personnel Status Training<br />
AC Full Full-time Full-time<br />
RC Full Part-time Part-time<br />
<strong>Cadre</strong> Only leaders Either Either<br />
AC units are fully manned with full-time personnel who train full-time. RC units are fully<br />
manned with part-time personnel who train part-time. <strong>Cadre</strong> units would not be fully<br />
manned as they would retain only leaders during peacetime. In this dissertation, we explore a<br />
number of alternatives for the status and training intensity for cadre leaders.<br />
The concept of cadre units is not new; it has been around since 1820 when Secretary<br />
of War John C. Calhoun first advocated an “expansible” army. Calhoun proposed an army<br />
that retained only officers during peacetime. 25 Since that time, the attractiveness of cadre<br />
units has been debated following almost every major war in the United States. Most recently,<br />
during the drawdown from the Cold War, the <strong>Army</strong> planned to turn two AC divisions into<br />
cadre divisions in order to hedge against the threat of a resurgent Soviet Union. 26 However,<br />
these plans were never implemented. Historically, the main criticism of cadre units was that<br />
they would not be ready to deploy quickly enough. However, we have seen that this criticism<br />
____________<br />
24 We explore alternative peacetime duties for cadre leaders in Paper II of this dissertation. It is worth noting<br />
here that we imagine a situation in which officers and NCOs would be rotated through cadre leadership<br />
positions along with the traditional staff and line positions and would not be permanently assigned to a cadre<br />
unit.<br />
25 Calhoun (1820)<br />
26 Tice (1991a)
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