Ramsar Sites of Turkey - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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WILDLIFE Flora The existence <strong>of</strong> numerous different habitats such as aquatic, terrestrial, salt and freshwater has supported plant variety. 27 phytoplankton species are recorded in the site. Also 428 species <strong>of</strong> 73 families were recorded;; 48 <strong>of</strong> which are endemic to <strong>Turkey</strong>. Poa speluncarum and Puccinellia bulbosa caesarea are the most vulnerable taxons among these. Common reed (Phragmites australis) and narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) in the reedbeds;; European white waterlily (Nymphaea alba), bladderwort (Utricularia australis), lesser duckweed (Lemna minor), opposite-leaved pondweed (Groenlandia densa) and common water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) in freshwater areas;; water mint (Mentha aquatic), sharp rush (Juncus littoralis), creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in flooded meadows;; salicornia (Salicornia europaea), Artiplex nitens in halophytic areas;; milk vetch (Astragalus macrocephalus finitimus), harmal (Peganum harmala) and white worm wood (Artemisia herba-alba) in salt steppes are the leading plant species recorded in the site. Fish Seven fish species <strong>of</strong> four families are recorded. The streams in Sultan Marshes are important for the narrow range fish species named Aphanus danfordii. Again yag baligi (Phoxinellus anatolicus) recorded in the site is listed in International Union for Conservation <strong>of</strong> Nature (IUCN) red list threatened species categories. Amphibians and Reptiles Three amphibian species are recorded in Sultan Marshes. European tree frog (Hyla arborea) among these species is listed in IUCN Red List least concern category. European green toad (Bufo viridis) is listed in Annex II and marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) in Annex III <strong>of</strong> Bern <strong>Convention</strong>. Of reptiles ten species <strong>of</strong> 10 classes are recorded. Spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) among these species is listed in IUCN Red List vulnerable category. European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is categorized as lower risk in the same list. Birds Sultan Marshes is a rather important area for birds due to being located in the junction point <strong>of</strong> two main bird migration routes through Europe, Asia and Africa. The site is known to provide 247 bird species with feeding, breeding and staging possibilities. Sultan Marshes in <strong>Turkey</strong> is one <strong>of</strong> the important breeding sites for threatened pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) and marbled duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris). Eurasian golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), gadwall (Anas 11
strepera), pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), red-crested pochard (Netta rufina), ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), greater sand plover (Charadrius leschenaultii), common pranticole (Glareola pratincola), spurwinged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus), gull-billed tern (Sterna nilotica), little tern (Sterna albifrons), whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybridus), great-crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), little bittern (Ixobrychus minutes), graylag goose (Anser anser), common teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), garganey (Anas querquedula), common pochard (Aythya ferina), Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), tern (Sterna hirundo), black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis), black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), slander billed gull (Larus genei) and black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) are the other important bird species brooding in the site. In the last records from the region, almost 1500 pairs <strong>of</strong> flamingos are known to brood on the islands in Lake Yay in 1970. Some bird clusters reach large numbers during migration season. The total bird number exceeds half a million in September and Octobers, the gathering period <strong>of</strong> birds. About 185.000 flamingos were counted in Lake Yay in September 1997. This is the highest number observed outright so far. Mammals 21 mammal species are recorded in Sultan Marshes. Lesser mole rat (Nannospalax leucodon) and European marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) among these species are listed in IUCN Red List vulnerable category;; gray dwarf hamster (Cricetulus migratorius) is categorized as least concern/threatened in the same list. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Past and Present Land Use Though there are no known historically and archeologically significant places and remnants within the boundaries <strong>of</strong> conservation site, people inhabiting in the environments <strong>of</strong> Sultan Marshes has used it for settlement, grazing and agricultural activities for ages. Young sedge <strong>of</strong>fshoots are used as fodder and old sedge plants as the ro<strong>of</strong> material <strong>of</strong> houses. Local people have organized a sustainable management system <strong>of</strong> their own understanding concerning the ecosystems they live in and use. The land use in the site, however, began to change as a result <strong>of</strong> the interventions started in 1950 under the Land Reform. Following the land registry and cadastre works in 1968-1972, local people were given the competency to use, control and manage their own lands. The competency <strong>of</strong> determining and controlling the land use methods <strong>of</strong> lands in Sultan Marshes have been handed over to the state authority when the site was given a legal protection status in 1971. NATURAL RESOURCE USE 57 percent <strong>of</strong> the people living in Sultan Marshes and immediates own agriculture lands and 66.1 percent <strong>of</strong> them are occupied with livestock production. Agriculture 12
Page 1 and 2: Ramsar Sit
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements We are thankful to
Page 5 and 6: Evaluation While the loss
Page 7 and 8: Index Ramsar <stro
Page 9 and 10: Map o GIS Unit 2
Page 11 and 12: determined and management plans are
Page 13 and 14: RAMSAR CRITERIA Criterion 1: A wetl
Page 15 and 16: the 24.523-hectare nature conservat
Page 17: plain had also started to sink and
Page 21 and 22: ) Visitors coming in groups for bir
Page 23 and 24: into the lake was designated as a n
Page 25 and 26: The lake with its immediate environ
Page 27 and 28: Amphibians and Reptiles The lake an
Page 29 and 30: is cultivated in remarkable portion
Page 31 and 32: Conservation Statuses A 23.585-hect
Page 33 and 34: around the lake. There are Lycium d
Page 35 and 36: The main occupation of</str
Page 37 and 38: G Demarcated by Erdemli distr
Page 39 and 40: Criteria 3 Criteria 4 Great white p
Page 41 and 42: Lakes and the supports e
Page 43 and 44: Fishery -tolerated stro
Page 45 and 46: Burdur Lake was decreed as a Waterb
Page 47 and 48: sulfate, chloride, sodium and magne
Page 49 and 50: (Eirenis modestus), four lined snak
Page 51 and 52: cological functioning and landscape
Page 53 and 54: Kizilirmak Delta is one of<
Page 55 and 56: than Kizilirmak River are Engiz and
Page 57 and 58: (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), Ship S
Page 59 and 60: The greenhouse area in the Kizilirm
Page 61 and 62: - Hustings, F. ve van Dijk, K. 199
Page 63 and 64: Lake Uluabat Ramsar</strong
Page 65 and 66: eds, sand plains, seasonal swamps a
Page 67 and 68: CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Archeol
Page 69 and 70:
One of the most re
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Gediz Delta Ramsar
Page 73 and 74:
ird species at a hirundo) and Medit
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species under 206 genera of
Page 77 and 78:
Land Use Urban settlements surround
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Akyatan Lagoon Ramsar</stro
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categories. Union Bird and Habitat
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The lake is linked to the sea via a
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10 Gobius ophiocephalus Goby fish
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tural values. Akyatan Lagoon have b
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http://www.ogm-adanaobm.gov.tr/habe
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Important Plant Area Important Bird
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Criterion 6 There are species that
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GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS After Ceyhan and
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periods, among the birds observed i
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Wheat and cotton production in the
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spawning and illegal troll fishing
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Meke Maar Ramsar S
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HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS Total ann dur
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K Situated in the centre o
Page 109 and 110:
GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS The top unit is
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References
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Region in 2009. It also was designa
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The Kalkankale formation in Lake Ku
Page 117:
Agriculture Dry agriculture activit
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Ramsar Sites of Turkey - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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