Ramsar Sites of Turkey - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE Management <strong>of</strong> Sultan Marshes is under competency <strong>of</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment and Forestry Directorate General <strong>of</strong> Nature Conservation and Natural Parks, and Kayseri Provincial Directorate <strong>of</strong> Environment and Forestry. Nature Conservation and Natural Parks Engineering <strong>of</strong>fice is the executive authority for the implementation <strong>of</strong> management works in the site. HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS Sultan Marshes is situated in the centre <strong>of</strong> a 319.000-hectare closed catchment basin. Precipitation, streams flowing downwards the slopes to the plain as well as waters dribbling underground in the heights and surfacing in the slopes around the plain by forming springs are the factors determining the hydrological structure <strong>of</strong> the site. Erciyes the two important springs <strong>of</strong> the site. ovide additional inflow outside <strong>of</strong> the agricultural irrigation season. Wetland ecosystem in Sultan Marshes has preserved its natural structure since there had been no human interruption until 1960s. Marshes that receives abundant inflows in winters and the freshwater lakes. Marshes reach maximum saturation, water flows into Lake Yay. Whereas in the north (Kuzey) Marshes, then spreading from the Marshes reaching Lake Yay. Lake Yay is located at the lowest altitude <strong>of</strong> Develi Plain. A shallow lake with a maximum depth <strong>of</strong> 1.5m, Lake Yay dries totally in some years. To sustain its lowest level <strong>of</strong> 1070.2m the minimum annual water inflow amount is 20 million m3 for Lake Yay and 10 million m3 m3. In 1960s, when the importance <strong>of</strong> swamp and wetland ecosystems was a scarce knowledge, a Develi Merhale Project by the State Waterworks D draining the whole basin to transform it into agriculture lands. At the beginning <strong>of</strong> 1970s irrigation purposes, three dams were constructed and most <strong>of</strong> the water resources inside the basin were begun to be used for irrigation. When additional drainage canals were also opened, the ground water level <strong>of</strong> the basin has remarkably decreased and the degenerated water cycle resulted in a great sum <strong>of</strong> degradation <strong>of</strong> the wetland ecosystem in Sultan Marshes. GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS Alluvial soils cover a great portion <strong>of</strong> Develi Plain. Other large soil groups existing in Sultan Marshes are organic, hydromorphic alluvial, brown and brown acidic soils. While heavy clay soil prevails Lake Yay and its environment, volcanic tuffs surround There are formations <strong>of</strong> Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Senozoic in Dereli Plain and immediates. In the past 5000 years as the ground depression <strong>of</strong> Develi-Kayseri Plains sinked, the oldest volcanic ground <strong>of</strong> Erciyes Mountain that had been formed in the middle <strong>of</strong> two 9
plain had also started to sink and the central cone <strong>of</strong> the mountain erected on this sank in coastlines, which then determined the surface elevation <strong>of</strong> upper Pleistocene pluvial period lakes in Develi Plain located behind the coastlines. The basin is surrounded by Erciyes Mountain (3.916 m) in the north, Develi Mountain (2.074 m) in the east Mountains (3.373 m) in the south and and Hodul Mountains in the west. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS Habitats Sultan Marshes are located within the large Central Anatolian steppe ecosystem. Sultan Marshes consists <strong>of</strong> five different habitats: reed beds, fresh and saltwater lakes, meadows and salt swamps. Though -hectare area. Since a great portion <strong>of</strong> Kepir Marshes were handed over to local people as agriculture lands as part <strong>of</strong> the Land Reform in 1950s, the original character <strong>of</strong> the habitat has been significantly degenerated and today only a 2.034-hectare portion <strong>of</strong> it exists. Fre hectare area and are fed by surface and ground water leaking from the marshes. K Saltwater Lakes (Yay Lake and Lake) Located in a low altitude in the middle <strong>of</strong> Sultan Marshes, Lake Yay is the largest salt lake. Its surface area is 4.076ha and is the lake representing salt lakes within the conservation site at the best. Ground water carrying salty minerals <strong>of</strong> the soil, flowing from north and south feed the lake. These minerals become condense within the lake water due to evaporation. Because <strong>of</strong> the spring inflow shortage Lake Yay has come to completely drying recently. Other salt lakes located within the saline area has shrunk and come to cover an area <strong>of</strong> only 36.5ha. Meadows Meadows cover an area <strong>of</strong> 2.103ha. They are located around areas consisting freshwater: Salt Steppes Salt Steppes located in the eastern, northern and western portions <strong>of</strong> the conservation site, where there is no freshwater inflow and the land is covered with salty soil, take up an area <strong>of</strong> 8.777ha. 10
Page 1 and 2: Ramsar Sit
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements We are thankful to
Page 5 and 6: Evaluation While the loss
Page 7 and 8: Index Ramsar <stro
Page 9 and 10: Map o GIS Unit 2
Page 11 and 12: determined and management plans are
Page 13 and 14: RAMSAR CRITERIA Criterion 1: A wetl
Page 15: the 24.523-hectare nature conservat
Page 19 and 20: strepera), pied avocet (Recurvirost
Page 21 and 22: ) Visitors coming in groups for bir
Page 23 and 24: into the lake was designated as a n
Page 25 and 26: The lake with its immediate environ
Page 27 and 28: Amphibians and Reptiles The lake an
Page 29 and 30: is cultivated in remarkable portion
Page 31 and 32: Conservation Statuses A 23.585-hect
Page 33 and 34: around the lake. There are Lycium d
Page 35 and 36: The main occupation of</str
Page 37 and 38: G Demarcated by Erdemli distr
Page 39 and 40: Criteria 3 Criteria 4 Great white p
Page 41 and 42: Lakes and the supports e
Page 43 and 44: Fishery -tolerated stro
Page 45 and 46: Burdur Lake was decreed as a Waterb
Page 47 and 48: sulfate, chloride, sodium and magne
Page 49 and 50: (Eirenis modestus), four lined snak
Page 51 and 52: cological functioning and landscape
Page 53 and 54: Kizilirmak Delta is one of<
Page 55 and 56: than Kizilirmak River are Engiz and
Page 57 and 58: (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), Ship S
Page 59 and 60: The greenhouse area in the Kizilirm
Page 61 and 62: - Hustings, F. ve van Dijk, K. 199
Page 63 and 64: Lake Uluabat Ramsar</strong
Page 65 and 66: eds, sand plains, seasonal swamps a
Page 67 and 68:
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Archeol
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One of the most re
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Gediz Delta Ramsar
Page 73 and 74:
ird species at a hirundo) and Medit
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species under 206 genera of
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Land Use Urban settlements surround
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Akyatan Lagoon Ramsar</stro
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categories. Union Bird and Habitat
Page 83 and 84:
The lake is linked to the sea via a
Page 85 and 86:
10 Gobius ophiocephalus Goby fish
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tural values. Akyatan Lagoon have b
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http://www.ogm-adanaobm.gov.tr/habe
Page 91 and 92:
Important Plant Area Important Bird
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Criterion 6 There are species that
Page 95 and 96:
GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS After Ceyhan and
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periods, among the birds observed i
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Wheat and cotton production in the
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spawning and illegal troll fishing
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Meke Maar Ramsar S
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HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS Total ann dur
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K Situated in the centre o
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GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS The top unit is
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References
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Region in 2009. It also was designa
Page 115 and 116:
The Kalkankale formation in Lake Ku
Page 117:
Agriculture Dry agriculture activit
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Ramsar Sites of Turkey - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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