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Endnotes
[1] Anyone interested in participating in a community garden can
contact the master gardener that the group has appointed. Community
gardening in New York City is free of charge, but a deposit for
the key to the garden’s fence is frequently applied.
[2] “(New York) State law defines community gardens as “public or
private lands upon which citizens of the state have the opportunity
to garden on land which they do not individually own. There are
well over 1,000 registered or permitted community gardens in New
York’s cities and many more cases where residents have rescued
derelict private or public lots in an effort to build more livable
neighborhoods.” (http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/cg/cghome.html, [as
accessed 5. January 2009]
[3] In 2006 there are 138 community gardens in the South Bronx,
with the greatest concentration in the central neighborhoods of
Melrose, the Hub and Morrisania. (Analysis of Community Gardens
Agreement and www.cenyc.org, 2006, see Mees, PhD thesis,
prospectively 2010)
[4] In 1977, ABC’s reporter Howard Cosell commented the red sky
in the background of a World Series game in Yankee Stadium,
‚‘There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning‘‘. ( New
York , Dec 24; ABC, October 12, 1977)
[5] So-called Victory or War Gardens, gardens were planted collectively
by residents on public lawns, in parks, backyards and on
rooftops in American metropolis during the First and the Second
World Wars. They were initiated by the US government in order to
“support the war effort on the home front” and alleviating nutrition
shortages by encouraging the population to grow food locally.
(Lawson, (2005))
[6] President Jimmy Carter visited the desolate Charlotte Street
neighborhood in 1977 and Ronald Reagan stopped there on his
presidential candidate in 1980. Both visits were televised all over
the nation.
[7] Later, in 1995, the program was moved to the Department
of Parks and Recreation and the word “Operation” removed
from the name, a reflection of the changing economy and new
administration’s view that community gardens were non-essential
recreation opportunities rather than important community revitalization
projects. (Stone, 2000)
[8] There are other programs providing materials and technical
assistance like the non-profit organization Green Guerillas, founded
in 1973, and More Gardens!, a non-profit organization formed in
1998.
[9] Mayor Edward I. Koch’s so called „Ten Year Plan“ called for $4.1
billion, later upped to $5.1 billion, to be spent on affordable housing
and reconstruction citywide. (Worth, 1999)
[10] The number of population in the South Bronx was in 2000 up
again to 523,000 residents. (Gonzales, 2004)
[11] On the land use conflict between housing and community
gardens in the South Bronx, see Mees, 2007.
[12] The American Community Gardening Association was founded
in 1979 following two national community gardening conferences
organized by the City of Chicago Department of Human Services in
1978 and 1979.
[13] The Trust for Public Land, a national, non-profit organization
has worked since 1972 with landowners, community groups, and
national, state, and local agencies on land conservation projects.
The non-profit organization New York Restoration Project has been
founded by the actress Bette Midler in 1995.
[14] Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed in 2002 his New Marketplace
Housing Plan to create 65,000 housing units over the next
five years built-up on the last “vacant” lots that the city-owned.
(Department of Housing Preservation and Development, 2002)
[15] GreenThumb is the nation‘s largest urban gardening program,
assisting over 600 gardens and nearly 20,000 garden members
throughout New York City. (http://www.greenthumbnyc.org/mission.
html, as accessed on 7. January 2009)
[16] The guidebook for a self-built “Gardenhaus” is available online
on the webpage. (www.greenthumbnyc.org)
[17] In Puerto Rico, for example, landless urban residents took over
marginal public land on the urban periphery to create a garden with
a wooden “casita”. (Sciorra, 1996: 70, 71)
[18] (See Stone, 2009)
References
American Community Gardening Association (ACGA) (1996, 1998):
National Community Gardens Survey
ABC broadcast (October 12, 1977): Word Series, Howard Cosell
Been, Vicki and Ioan Voicu (November 29, 2005): The Effect of
Community Gardens on Neighboring Property Values. Paper prepared
for the NYU Law and Economics Workshop. furmancenter.
nyu.edu/publications/documents/Community_Gardens_Paper_
Aug3_2006f.pdf. [as accessed 5. January 2009]
Broadcast on WABC (1999): Interview with Mayor Rudolph Giuliani
of New York City.
Brown. James P. (Dec 24, 1974): South Bronx Is Burning. New
York, N.Y.: The New York Times
Department of Housing Preservation and Development (10th December,
2002): New Marketplace Housing Plan. Creating Housing
for the next Generation. New York: City of New York,
Feldman, Jonathan M. (1997): A Solution to New York‘s Affordable
Housing Crisis. New York: The Business, Labor and Community
Coalition of New York.
Gonzales, Evelyn (2004); The Bronx. New York: Columbia University
Press.
Grünsteidel, Irmtraud (2000): Community Gardens, Grüne Oasen in
den Ghettos von New York. In: Meyer-Renschhausen, Elisabeth &
Anne Holl (ed.) (2000): Die Wiederkehr der Gärten: Kleinwirtschaft
im Zeitalter der Globalisierung. Meyer-Renschhausen, Elisabeth &
Anne Holl (Hrsg.), Studienverlag Innsbruck, 125-139.
Lawson, Laura J. (2005): City Bountiful. A Century of Community
Gardening in America. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California and
London, England: University of California Press, Ltd.
Leonhardt, David (August 31, 2005): Poverty Rate was up last year.
New York: The New York Times.
Linn, Karl (1999): Reclaiming the sacred commons. New Village
Journal, Issue1, http://www.newvillage.net/Journal/
Issue1/1sacredcommon.html [as accessed 6 January 2009]
McCain, Marc (February 1, 1987): A New Mall for the South Bronx
Hub. New York: The New York Times.
Mees, Carolin (2007): Urban Gardens and Poverty: An Analysis
on the example of the Community Gardens in the South Bronx of
New York City. Acta Horticulturae, 762:205-220. Leuven, Belgium:
International Society for Horticultural Science. Paper presented at
the International Horticultural Congress 2006, Seoul, South Korea,
International Symposium on Horticultural Plants in Urban and Peri-
Urban Life.
New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets: Community
Gardens Program. http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/cg/cghome.html
[as accessed 6. January 2009]
Sciorra, Joseph (1996): Return to the Future: Puerto Rican Vernacular
Architecture. In: New York City. In: King, Anthony D. (ed.) (1996):
Re-presenting the City: Ethnicity, capital, and culture in the 21stcentury
metropolis. New York: New York University Press, 60-84.