Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...

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76 Fig. 2: Simplified example (living document structure) Systems of research for sustainable adaptation To deal with the complexity of Climate Change and to develop sustainable and applicable solutions for the real world, disciplinary boundaries must be transcended and stakeholders, their demands and experiential knowledge must be integrated. Scientific results can thereby be returned to practitioners in an appropriate way (cf. e.g. Pohl/Hirsch-Hadorn 2006 or Hirsch-Hadorn et al. 2008). To capture the situation in Vienna, our first step was to identify involved stakeholders in parks and to develop a common research question. Most of the Viennese parks are realized and maintained by the garden department of the municipality of Vienna, therefore this department is a transdisciplinary partner. For adapting urban public parks, we have to find out how Climate Change exactly impacts. Which park elements will be eminently affected? The research work is being conducted on the basis of an impact-effect-catalogue. This catalogue is a continuously adaptable living document. Whenever awareness of new data is gained, the paper is supplemented. The catalogue is classified into Climate Change impact on (1) park users, (2) urban vegetation and (3) maintenance systems, including resources, materials, park furniture etc. The document is structured along a sequence of causes and effects [Fig. 1]. Initially, the catalogue consisted of diverse information collected by the research team. By means of qualitative interviews with stakeholders of public parks and guided discussions with focus groups, the living document was enhanced. As a result of the ongoing collection of data, sustainable adaptation strategies can be developed. Therefore the living paper generates the basis for representative strategies for sustainable design and maintenance. Because of every park´s uniqueness with its special requirements and facilities, we also evolve recommendations for practical implementation, that allow practitioners to reflect on sustainable principles of Climate Change adaptation while operating: a check-list is generated for achieving a „system of objectives“ (Grimm- Pretner et.al 2008). Because of the transdisciplinary investigation and the sequenced structure, the living document makes Climate Change more comprehensible than existing handbooks do. It allows stakeholders to retreive an observed symptom in the document and follow the sequence on to adaptation solutions. Additionally to this transdisciplinary product, the overall Park concept of the garden department, which includes principles for designing parks in Vienna, will be enhanced with our results. This detail of a simplified example shows the structure of the living document [Fig. 2]. How can we currently adapt to a contingent future situation - Sustainable development of parks Our results show that Vienna´s park maintainers are increasingly aware of the interrelation between Climate Change and urban green systems – on different levels of the administrative hierarchy. While leaders recognise the relevance of strategic Climate Change adaptation because of growing liability in public places, practical gardeners mainly report on changed maintenance methods they apply and on increasing expenditure of work. Both, ad-hoc adaptation and strategic management need to be considered to secure the park´s quality now and in future. Maintainers are those who are confronted with changes in parks first. Typically they react directly on-site. Only awareness raising, sensitisation and education enables to identify changes as Climate Change impact, which is an important step to coordinate adaptation. The observed impact can therefore be passed on to park managers, who can accordingly react in a more strategic way. This passing on of knowledge must be fostered through operationalised communication systems, to ensure the handing on of information. The knowledge gained by maintainers must also be communicated to park designers, so that they can include relevant information into park concepts. „Our landscapes are constantly subjected to short and long-term process-
77 es such as day and night, the monthly progress in seasonal time, the annual cycle of seasons connected with growth, propagation and death of organism” (Motloch 2001). Parks are therefore highly dynamic and developments over time are often unpredictable. But not only the vegetation´s long term development asks for anticipatory design; also the immutability of a design´s basic framework makes structural changes within a park, after it is built, intricate, sometimes even unfeasible. “Because each successive generation has different needs, the adaptation of outdoor space to new uses is a permanent process” (Vroom 2006,126). Hence, urban parks ask for structures that are as flexible as outside impacts and changing life cicles. “Flexibility is achieved through the establishment of fixed and durable elements in a framework that encloses interior spaces or compartments. Inside them, continuouse change can take place, while the overall structure is left intact” (Baljon 1992). Considering the longterm existence of usually more than one or two generation-cycles of parks and the momentous global changes at present, this idea becomes even more important. Against the background of Climate Change, sustainable design should therefore become a major design principle. Climate Change is not easy to identify and changes do not appear abruptly. There is sufficient time to adapt, but we need to remain aware – through developing of knowledge and education of stakeholders, through operated communication strategies and through sustainable design principles. Acknowledgement This paper has been prepared in the framework of the Doctoral School Sustainable Development (dokNE) at BOKU University Vienna, funded by the Austrian Sustainability Research Program provision of the Federal Ministry of Science and Research as well as by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW) and the federal states Lower Austria, Styria, and Vienna. References Baljon, L. (1992): Designing Parks. Amsterdam: Architectura & Natura Formayer, H.& Clementschitsch, L.& Kromp-Kolb, H. (2008): Regionale Klimaänderung in Österreich. Auswirkungen auf die Bereiche Energieerzeugung, Infrastruktur, Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Studie erstellt am Institut für Meteorologie der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, im Auftrag des Umweltforschungsinstituts Global 2000 IPCC (2007): Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland Grimm-Pretner, D.& Licka, L. (2000): Open use for open spaces. In: Benson, J.F., Roe, M. (Ed.). Urban Lifestyles, Spaces, Places, People. Rotterdam: Balkema Publishers Grimm-Pretner, D. et al (2008): Landschaftsarchitektur und Nachhaltige Entwicklung. Ein Modell zur Gestaltung von Parks und Gärten.Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur / Department für Raum, Landschaft und Infrastruktur / Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien: Auftraggeber: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung. Gruppe Raumordnung, Umwelt und Verkehr Hauff, V. / Hrsg. (1987): Our Common Future. Oxford University Press Hirsch Hadorn, G. et al. (2008): Handbook of Transdisciplinary Research. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag Kromp-Kolb, H.& Formayer, H. (2005): Schwarzbuch Klimawandel. Wieviel Zeit bleibt uns noch? Salzburg: ecowin Verlag Licka, L. (2008): Personal communication, October 2008 Luks, F. (2002): Nachhaltigkeit. Wissen 3000. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt/Sabine Froenewold Verlage Matulla, C., Penlap, E. K. & von Storch, H. (2002): Empirisches Downscaling - Überblick und zwei Beispiele. In Klimastatusbericht 2002, (Ed.) Deutscher Wetterdienst, S. 20-31. Offenbach Motloch, J. L. (2001): Introduction to Landscape Design. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Pohl, C.& Hirsch-Hadorn, G. (2006): Gestaltungsprinzipien für die transdisziplinäre Forschung. München: oekom-Verlag Vroom, M. (2006): Lexicon of Garden and Landscape Architecture. Basel: Birkhäuser Papers
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10 Endnotes [1] Bernetti, Casini, M
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12 Urban landscapes need great idea
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