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68 argument was put forward for omitting hedge planting from sites 2, 7 and 14 . However, the suburban contexts of these sites did not represent particularly strong identities vulnerable to disruption by green roofs, and certainly not the relatively low-key addition of new hedges. In such circumstances, the omission of such elements on the grounds of perpetuating a distinct identity would seem misguided. In any case, should respecting local identity and vernacular be about preservation alone? A vernacular is simply a physical manifestation of the technical, political and artistic climate of the day, and what better a vernacular for the 21st century than one encouraging biodiversity and, more generally, sustainability? Hough (1984) in his book City Form and Natural Processes, Towards a New Urban Vernacular, pointed out that we need to move towards new landscape forms that are in tune with the growing concern for the issues of energy, environment and natural resource conservation. In the intervening years this need has not diminished. Even in areas of cherished identity, it could be argued that it is the perpetuation of quality and thought in design that is important, rather than specifics of form and materials; particularly if the climate which gave rise to the vernacular is no longer relevant. Conclusions This research highlights that a housing development‘s supposed alignment with sustainability, does not guarantee that biodiversity has been considered in its landscape. The ‚green idea‘ of a bio-diverse landscape stands in stark contrast to the ‚grey reality‘ of the majority of the landscapes observed here. Translation of any great idea into reality requires commitment, and the early and sustained input of ecological advice on housing projects, and a commitment from all stakeholders to act accordingly, is vital. Sensitivity is also required to integrate biodiversity with community needs. The public can be wary of environments that do not meet their idea of a ‘standard’ condition; failure to recognise this was a key failure of sixties modernist, social housing (Aldous 1997) and this should not be repeated. The relationship between landscape preference and ecological quality is unclear (Williams and Cary, 2002) so developers and consultants should work on a site-by-site basis with local communities to identify the approporiate position on the continuum between gardenesque and wildness. The resulting landscape also needs to be cognizant of ecological and physical context. There is sufficient flexibility in bio-diverse landscape design to allow this: bio-diverse landscapes need not appear untamed and imposed, and housing developers need not be hide-bound by suburban mores if a more ecological landscape is amenable to the community and the local planning authority. Where such opportunities occur the planning authority must commit to enforcing biodiverse landscape designs, which might otherwise become eroded away as the project proceeds. The UK Government and its agencies can also play a part by looking beyond houses themselves when appointing exemplar schemes for planning authorities and developers to follow; highlighting the versatility, viability and vivacity of bio-diverse residential landscapes. Although community participation can be helpful in facilitating acceptance of bio-diverse plantings on aesthetic grounds, this research also suggests that the removal of maintenance from the residents‘ shoulders is also important – particulalry in social housing. The multispecies, multi-layered nature of sustainable planting not only encourages biodiversity, it also lowers maintenance (Dunnett & Clayden 2007) but it is not maintenance free. Ironically The Housing Corporation, who fund the vast majority of English public housing (Priaulx 2004), calls for high standards in residential green spaces (Housing Corporation 2003) but offers no maintenance funds to social developers. By pushing the onus of landscape maintenance onto tenants, the Corporation is restricting what can be implemented and should, instead, consider offering additional maintenance support to developers who, through commitment and sensitivity, demonstrate alliance with the green idea of bio-diverse landscape. References Aldous, T. (1979). Introduction. Chapter 1. In: Trees and buildings; complement or conflict? T. Aldous (Ed). London: RIBA Publications. Aldous, T. (1997). Urban Villages. A concept for creating mixeduse urban developments on a sustainable scale. Revised edition. London: Urban Villages Forum. Baines, C. (1998). The green perspective. Proceedings of NHBC Annual Conference: Sustainable housing – meeting the challenges. Amersham: National House Building Council. pp 31 – 35 Barton, H. & Kleiner, D. (2000). Innovative Eco-Neighbourhood Projects. Chapter 5. In: Sustainable Communities, The Potential for Eco-Neighbourhoods. Barton, H. (Ed.). London: Eathscan. Biddulph, M, Franklin, B. & Tait, M. (2003). From concept to completion. A critical analysis of the urban village. Town Planning Review. 74. 2. pp 165 – 193. Burgess, R.G. (1984). In the Field. An Introduction to Field Research. London: Routledge. CABE (2005). What home buyers want: Attitudes and decision making among consumers. London: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Department of the Environment, Transport & the Regions. (2000). Regeneration Research Summary: Millennium Villages and Sustainable Communities Final Report. (Number 30). London: DETR. Dunnett, N. (1995). Patterns in nature: inspiration for an ecological landscape design philosophy. In: Landscape Ecology; Theory and Application. Proceedings of the Fourth International Association for Landscape Ecology (UK) Conference. pp 78 – 85. Dunnett, N. & Clayden, A. (2007). Resources: The Raw Materials of Landscape. Chapter 10. In: Landscape and Sustainability. Second Edition. J.F. Benson & M.H. Roe (Eds). London: Spon Press. Dunnett, N. & Hitchmough, J. (2004). More than nature. Landscape Design. April 2004. pp 28 – 30.
69 Gilbert, O. (1989). The Ecology of Urban Habitats. London: Chapman &Hall. Gobster, P.H. (1994). The Urban Savanna. Reuniting Ecological Preference and Function. Restoration Management Notes. 12. 1. pp 64 – 71. Higgins, D. (2004). To tree or not to tree. Letter to the editor. Landscape Design. August 2004. p 4. Hitchmough, J.D., Dunnett, N & Jorgensen, A. (2004). Enriching Urban Spaces. Green Places. April 2004. pp 30 – 32. Hough, M. (1984). City Form and Natural Processes, Towards a New Urban Vernacular. London: Routeledge. The Housing Corporation. (2003). Affordable Housing; better by good design. London: The Housing Corporation. Jorgensen, A. (2003). Living in the urban wild woods – a case study of the ecological woodland approach to landscape planning and design at Birchwood, Warrington New Town. Unpublished PhD thesis, Sheffield University, Department of Landscape. Nassauer, J.I. (1993). The Ecological Function and the Perception of Suburban Residential Landscapes. In: Managing Urban and High-Use Recreational Settings. P.H. Gobster (Ed). USDA Forestry Service. North Central Forest Experiment Station. St Paul, Minnesota. pp 55 – 65. Owen, J. (1991). The Ecology of a Garden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Priaulx, M. (2004). EcoHomes. Building for a Future. Spring 2004. pp 11 – 19. Rao, S, Yates, A, Brownhill, D. & Howard, N, (2000). EcoHomes: The Environmental Rating for Homes. Garston, Watford: Building Research Establishment, Centre for Sustainable Construction. Schulhof, R. (1989). Public Perceptions of Native Vegetation. Restoration and Management Notes. 7. 2. pp 69 – 72. Thompson, J.W. & Sorvig, K. (2000). Sustainable Landscape Construction, A Guide to Green Building Outdoors. Washington: Island Press. Williams, K. and Cary, J. (2002). Landscape Preferences, Ecological Quality, and Biodiversity Protection. Environment and Behaviour. 34. 2. pp 257 – 274. Papers
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120 Complexity Ethos + Strategies:
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