Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...
Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...
Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...
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63<br />
horizons of practice and theory, beginning with the dissection<br />
and analysis of large scale landscape processes<br />
and conditions.<br />
The change in landscape architecture’s theoretical<br />
bases, underlying values and practices outlined above<br />
delineate a direction for the field. Change needs<br />
to happen incrementally, in research, education and<br />
practice, and depends first and foremost on landscape<br />
architecture’s ability to insert itself into the political<br />
processes it has avoided so long. As an applied discipline<br />
landscape architecture depends on a rigorous,<br />
research-based evaluation of the successes and failures<br />
of projects and practice has to outline and contribute to<br />
research. Both must inform education. Large-scale landscapes,<br />
because of their complexity, contestation and<br />
inherent processual character, are the most promising<br />
objects of study <strong>–</strong> much is to be gained from thorough<br />
practice and research into interrelated ecological, sociocultural<br />
and economic processes and their expressions in<br />
the landscape.<br />
Endotes:<br />
[1] For example, in the United States, landscape architects,<br />
pioneers of modern parkways in the 1930s, relinquished road<br />
design to engineers in the 1950s, relegating themselves to highway<br />
planting design. Its very limited involvement in agriculture or other<br />
significant land uses is mostly within environmental impact assessments.<br />
[2] In ecological terms those inputs present nothing but a disturbance<br />
regime (see e.g. Lister 2007)<br />
[3] Anita Berrizbeitia describes this as “precisely open-ended”<br />
versus being “vaguely loose” (Berrizbeita 2001).<br />
[4] For an overview of underlying concepts, such as prospect-refuge<br />
and habitat-preference theory, see Bourassa 1991.<br />
[5] The nostalgic appeal of such historic landscape pastiches is<br />
obvious, and might add an interesting psychological twist to the<br />
idea of “landscape as agency”. Cultural Geographer Yi-Fu Tuan<br />
(1998) discusses this in his book “Escapism” James Corner (1999,<br />
2006) discusses the lack of reflexive landscapes in contemporary<br />
conditions in a series of essays.<br />
[6] Herbert Simon provided one of the most comprehensive definitions<br />
of design as “transforming existing into preferred situations”.<br />
The ability to perform certain functions is a critical aspect of the<br />
“preferred”. (Simon 1969).<br />
[7] Site, “in common parlance, refers to the ground chosen for something<br />
and to the location of some set of activities or practices…<br />
A specific locale provides the material ground for action in design<br />
practice, and ideas about site provide a theoretical background<br />
against which such actions are taken” (Burns & Kahn 2005).<br />
[8]Jorge Silvetti coined this term in the Gropius lecture at the<br />
Harvard Graduate School of Design in April 2002 to describe the<br />
superimposition of preconceived program-driven spatial organization.<br />
(Silvetti, 2003)<br />
[9] For approaches that discuss the complexities of “site” beyond<br />
suitability for a project and engage potentials of both site and rituals<br />
of use, see Langhorst 2006 and Girot 1999<br />
[10] (Corner 1992). Words in italics have been added by authors to<br />
augment the meaning of the quote.<br />
[11] “Site planning lacks ambiguity, the progenitor of human experience”<br />
(Krog 1981, 375).<br />
[12] “Nonetheless, <strong>Landscape</strong> Architects continue to employ the<br />
hopelessly inadequate two-dimensional plan as their primary<br />
tool. The severity of this dilemma is illustrated in the discovery by<br />
Appleyard (1979) that one of his students did not recognize an<br />
eye-level photograph of a model developed from his plan.” (Krog,<br />
1981, 375).<br />
[13] Steven Holl describes perspectival renderings as “stills” or individual<br />
frames out of a continuous sequence of experiences, where<br />
“a determinate view necessarily gives way to an indeterminate flow<br />
of perspectives” (Holl 2000, 13).<br />
[14] “The profession of landscape architecture, so named in 1867,<br />
was built on the foundation of several principles—dedication to the<br />
public health, safety, and welfare and recognition and protection of<br />
the land and its resources. These principles form the foundation of<br />
the American Society of <strong>Landscape</strong> Architects’ Code of Professional<br />
Ethics as well.” ASLA (2008)<br />
[15] This is not a problem exclusive to landscape architecture. See<br />
Fisher 2000, 27-37<br />
Bibliography:<br />
American Institute of <strong>Landscape</strong> Architects (2008): ASLA Code<br />
of Professional Ethics. www.asla.org/about/codepro.htm [as accessed<br />
23 Sept 2008]<br />
Berleant, Arnold (1992): The Aesthetics of Environment. Philadelphia:<br />
Temple University Press.<br />
Berrizbeita, Anita (2001): Horizons of Undecidability. In: Case:<br />
Downsview Park Toronto, New York: Prestel,116-125<br />
Bourassa, Stephen (1991): The Aesthetics of <strong>Landscape</strong>. London:<br />
Belhaven Press.<br />
Botkin, Daniel (1990) Discordant Harmonies. New York: Oxford<br />
University Press.<br />
Burns, Carol & Kahn, Andrea (2005): Why Site Matters. In: Site<br />
Matters, New York: Routledge, V<strong>III</strong>.<br />
Corner, James (1999): Recovering <strong>Landscape</strong>s as Critical Cultural<br />
Practice. In: Recovering <strong>Landscape</strong>: Essays in Contemporary<br />
<strong>Landscape</strong> Architecture, New York: Princeton Architectural Press,<br />
1-26<br />
Corner, James (1992): Representation and <strong>Landscape</strong>: Drawing<br />
and Making in the <strong>Landscape</strong> Medium. Word and Image 8 (3):<br />
243<strong>–</strong>75<br />
Corner, James (2006): Terra Fluxus. In: The <strong>Landscape</strong> Urbanism<br />
Reader, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 22-33<br />
Da Vinci, Leonardo (2008): Notebooks. New York: Oxford University<br />
Press, 10<br />
Dripps, R.D. (1997):The First House: Myth, Paradigm and the Task<br />
of Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 15-18<br />
Fisher, Thomas (2000): The Value and Values of Architecture.<br />
In the Scheme of Things: Alternative Thinking on the Practice of<br />
Architecture, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 27-37<br />
Girot, Christophe (1999): Four Trace Concepts in <strong>Landscape</strong><br />
Architecture. In: Corner, J. Recovering <strong>Landscape</strong>: Essays in Contemporary<br />
<strong>Landscape</strong> Architecture, New York: Princeton Architectural<br />
Press. 59-68<br />
Harvey, David (1996): Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference.<br />
Cambridge: Blackwell. 120-175, 210-240<br />
Holl, Steven (2000): Parallax, Princeton: Princeton Architectural<br />
Press,13.<br />
Howett , Catherine (1987): Systems, Signs and Sensibilities Lands-<br />
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