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38 Fig. 2: SLA implements gender equality in planning procedures planning process create inequalities between men and women? The planning process could be described as a top-down process. A more participatory process would be desirable for future undertakings. The regional organisation was comprised of local decision-makers, representatives of the planning authorities and business and employees’ representatives. With most of the participants in the working groups being men, differing interests of women e.g. for having different daily routine by combining gainful employment with family-related work were not discussed. Results and discussion The structuralist landscape planning assessment (SLA) wants to identify and analyse the correlations of the built environment, the social environment and the economic environment, and reassess the interactions between these environments. The three layers of the structuralist approach are embedded in the 4R method which supports a systematic analysis of planning projects and procedures. Gender equality in the access to urban landscape is integrated in the 4R method; it becomes an effective tool for empowering planners in practice and research. The evaluation of the application of the 4R method, suggested a modification dividing the 4thR into two parts: firstly, the discussion of planning models (imaginary level), and secondly, the discussion of social norms and values (symbolic layer) as the 5thR. This distinction makes it possible to discuss the values in planning which structure the imaginary and the real layer. The implementation process reverses the order of the 5Rs. It starts with the symbolic layer (5thR) where, the planning procedure is defined with consideration of gender equality and social sustainability. Next, the planning models are worked out. They must support the daily lives of men and women (4th R or imaginary layer). Finally, the concrete planning suggestions for the real layer are made, using participatory planning methods (e.g. Fenster 2008). Additionally, scientific landscape planning research must focus on the impact of planning models on urban planning. Planning models are imagination, ideology and utopia. They provide the frame for actual and future possibilities of a planned reality. They are mainly formulated in a simple and positive way and evoke understanding and accordance. This represents a strategy to hide their elitist and excluding keynote (e.g. Bourdieu 2005: 13ff). The models are professionally invented ideas which lead to “should-be realities” (e.g. Deleuze 1992). This evokes expectations which are impossible to reach in reality (e.g. Schneider 2002). Not reaching the ideal means to devaluate the real standard. The result is an explicit or implicit devaluation of life conditions. Planning models are normative instruments of hegemonic power (e.g. Carrigan/Connell/Lee 1985). The planning model of ‘functionalist town planning’, for instance, attaches a lower value to non-paid everyday work than to gainful employment. The urban open space is interpreted as serving purely recreational purposes which are strictly separated from the working sphere. This affects mainly people for whom open space is a work space. Those are in particular persons who stay in the neighbourhood doing family-related work, i.e. mostly women. Every day an enormous mental, physical and financial effort is required to conceal, overcome and retouch the discrepancies between real and model life (e.g. Roither/Jauschneg 2007). The resulting apathy is socially externalised as an individual problem
39 of men and women. SLA points out spatially determined processes which create social inequality as a strategy of hegemony which is produced and perpetuated in the urban landscape fabric. The aim of SLA is to deconstruct values, identities and models in planning which discriminate against men or women and reconstruct values which support the daily lives of both men and women. A good way to close the gap between research and practise is to reference planning projects to good-practise examples (e.g. Böse 1986). Good-practice examples of spatial structures have proven to be successful in contributing to improved conditions of life. They account for the needs and requirements of men and women and are developed on the basis of real-life situations. The planning part of the SLA loop, with a differentiated view in the professional understanding of the planners, assures quality in urban planning procedures. Conclusions The method of the structuralist landscape planning assessment allows to find out WHY things are arranged the way they are in terms of social environment, space and time and how they interact (e.g. Harvey 2005). SLA visualises the different approaches used in the planning disciplines, e.g. whether a process is more top-down or bottom-up, whether non-gainful work is considerate or not. “Women and the sexual division of labour need to be at the centre of the reconstruction process […] childcare, domestic work, caring for the sick and elderly and relationship work should be the ‘core concept’, shared between men and women” (cf. Mies 1996). The principles of a sustainable urbanity rely on the fundamental appreciation of gender equality and social sustainability as prerequisites for the quality of life of men and women. References Boltanski, L. & Chiapello, E. (2003): Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus. Konstanz: UVK Verlag Bordieu, P. (2005): Politik, Bildung und Sprache. In: Bourdieu, P. (ed.) Die verborgenen Mechanismen der Macht. Hamburg: SVA- Verlag: 13-29 Böse, H. (1986): Vorbilder statt Leitbilder. In: Notizbuch 10 der Kasseler Schule. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Freiraum und Vegetation (ed.) Kassel: 106-114 Carrigan, T. & Cornell, R. W. & Lee, J. (1985): Towards a New Sociology of Masculinity. In: Theory and Society 5: 551-604 Corner, J. (2005): Terra Fluxus. In: Waldheim, C. (ed.): The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press: 21-33 Damyanovic, D. (2007): Landschaftsplanung als Qualitätssicherung zur Umsetzung der Strategie des Gender Mainstreaming. Theoretische und methodische Konzepte eines gendergerechten Planungsprozesses als Bestandteil des Örtlichen Entwicklungskonzeptes dargestellt an der Fallstudie Tröpolach/Stadtgemeinde Hermagor-Pressegger See (Kärnten). Dissertationen der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien Band 65. Wien: Verlag Guthmann-Peterson Damyanovic, D. (ed.) & Müller, G. & Schneider G. (2006): Women and Men on the Move. Manual fort the Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in Route Network Planning in Municipalities on the example of the Municipality of Hermagor-Pressegger See. On behalf of des Amtes der Kärntner Landesregierung, Abteilung 20- Landesplanung. Überörtliche Raumplanung und Abteilung 13-Referat für Frauen und Gleichbehandlung. Wien/Klagenfurt/ Hermagor Damyanovic, D. & Reinwald F. & Schneider G. (2007): Documentation Work Package 5 „Good Practice Database” - Manual for the Analysis of Projects for the GenderAlp! Interreg III B - Alpinspace European Union Deleuze, G. (1992): Woran erkennt man den Strukturalismus? Berlin: Merve Verlag Fainstein, S. & Servon, L. (ed): The Intersection of Gender and Planning. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press New Brunswick Fenster, T. (2008): The right to the Gendered City: Different formations of belonging in everyday life. In: Women‘s World 2008 (ed.) Gender and Urban Policies. Strategies for Gender Mainstreaming and Local Governance. Madrid: 5-30 Foucault, M. (1978): Mikrophysik der Macht. Berlin: Merve Verlag Harvey, D. (2005): The condition of postmodernity. An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Cambrige Mass.: Blackwell Horkheimer M. (1995): Traditionelle und kritische Theorie. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer Libreria delle donne di Milano (1989): Wie weibliche Freiheit entsteht – Eine politische Praxis. Berlin Libreria delle donne di Milano (1996): Das Patriarchat ist zu Ende. Es ist passiert – nicht aus Zufall, Rotes Sottosopra, Rüsselsheim: Göttert Verlag Mies, M. (1996): Women, Environment and the Myths of Economic Growth. Muraro, L. (1993): Die Symbolische Ordnug der Mutter. Frankfurt/ Main: Campus Roither, A. & Jauschneg, M. (2007): Dichotomische Konzepte in der Siedlungsplanung. In: Conference Reader: Sozioökonomische Aspekte der Landschaftplanung und Landschaftsarchitektur, Wien: self-published Schneider, G. & Fuchs, B. & Fuxjäger, R. & Jauschneg, M. (2002): Lebensqualität für Frauen und Männer in drei Wohnhausanlagen in Graz. Gutachten des Instituts für Landschaftsplanung, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Wien: self-published Witthöft, G. (2005): Planning Gender?! Konzeptionen – Themen – Anwendungsfelder. In: Hochstadt, S. (ed.) Stadtentwicklung mit Stadtmanagement? Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/ GWV Fachverlage GmbH: 71-92 Papers
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88 Urban imageability & open space
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108 Exploring a New Mode of Sustain
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