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36 The Method of Structuralist Landscape Planning Assessment Doris Damyanovic 1 , Antonia Roither 2 1 University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Landscape Planning, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: doris.damyanovic@boku.ac.at) 2 University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Landscape Planning, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: antonia.roither@boku.ac.at) Abstract The structuralist landscape planning assessment (SLA) is a new approach in the methodology of planning. It aims at ensuring equal opportunities for everyone, i.e. for women, men, young and elderly persons, in urban landscapes. The urban landscape is a shifting and transforming concept of the socio-political, cultural and economic setting. The SLA method enables us to understand the urban landscape as a result of natural resources, economic decisions and social circumstances. Referring to the Deleuzian concept, we distinguish the real layer, i.e. the built (urban) landscape, the imaginary layer, i.e. the models and ideas, and the symbolic layer. The implementation of the method in the planning practise is exemplified by a case study. The structural analysis is carried out using the 4R method to identify the impact of planning models on socio-economic life settings. In implementation, the steps of the 4R analysis are applied in reverse order. The method supports the application of the three structuralist layers in the processes of planning. The SLA applies the 4R method in both analysis and implementation in order to enable equal access to urban landscape. Key words Landscape research methodology, gender equality, social sustainability, structuralist analysis of urban landscape. Introduction European policies make a strong commitment to provide equal opportunities for EU citizens and ensure the social sustainability of the urban landscapes they live in (e.g. Treaty of Amsterdam, Local Agenda 21). This paper discusses the method of structuralist planning assessment (SLA) as a planning approach to ensure equal access to urban landscapes. It accounts for gender equality in landscape planning and landscape architecture. This structuralist method is close to the primary concept of “landscape urbanism” where “new possibilities for future urbanism derive […] from an understanding of process” (Corner 2005: 29). The basic assumption of the paper refers to Feuerbach’s idea that the urban landscape fabric is not equally available and accessible for men and women (e.g. Fenster 2008, Witthöft 2005). The planning disciplines have the social assignment to equally allocate resources such as time, space and money. Post-modern and neo-liberal ideas influence urban development. They transform the former objectives of freedom, autonomy and self-consciousness to integral parts of hegemony (e.g. Foucault 1978, Boltanski/Chiapello 2003). Two Foucaultian terms, “gouvernementalité” and “dispositif”, describe this technique of overall power. But resistance, opposition and self-determination are resilient, and groups from different disciplines work hard to break up the circle of disappropriation and assignment (e.g. Bourdieu 2005:13ff). The objective of this structuralist, gender-sensitive scientific method is to reorder the ‘planning/conception/value loop’ to achieve a democratic and enabling approach. Differences in age, life situations, cultural and social backgrounds are taken into consideration. The aim of landscape planning and architecture is to create and maintain useable and adjustable built (and open space) structures, urban landscape fabrics, route networks, streets, walkways, squares, social and technical infrastructure. The everyday usability and adjustability are prerequisites to provide equal access for men and women to the urban landscape (e.g. Fainstein/Servon, 1995). Theory and praxis The theoretical assumptions of the paper are based on the critical theory of landscape planning (e.g. Schneider 2002) and on the feministic “difference concept” put forward by the Milan Women’s Bookstore Collective (e.g. Libreria delle donne di Milano 1989, 1996). Critical theory reconsiders the existing approaches in society and opens up perspectives for change, bringing about the “emancipation of enslaving conditions” (Horkheimer 2005: 263). The philosophical concept of difference focuses on differences and appreciates them, for being enriching and a potential for change. The methodological basis is the approved empirical working method of landscape planning: perceiving – mapping – describing – comparing – comprehending – contextualising. The starting point for planning is an exemplary spatial structure, e.g. an urban or open space. By comparison with other examples, a typology can be found out. The underlying structures and principles are extracted. Reflexion through contextualising leads to a deeper understanding of the principles of urban landscape and the socio-economic setting.
37 The structuralist landscape planning assessment (SLA) combines this approach with the structuralist work of Deleuze (1992). Structuralism differs three layers: the real, the imaginary and the symbolic. The symbolic layer organises the imaginary and real layers: “The real without the symbolic is less than nothing” (Muraro 1993: 116). Translated to the field of landscape planning, the layers are distinguished in the description and interpretation of urban landscape phenomena. The SLA is an analysing/planning loop which focuses on the systematic examination of spatial structures for the subsequent redefinition of a symbolic order for the purpose of achieving gender equality and social sustainability. An exemplary spatial structure is analysed in a structural, hermeneutical matrix. Starting point for the analysis is the real layer, i.e. the spatial and demographic structure and the legal framework. The quality of the spatial structure is evaluated in supporting the daily lives of men and women. The imaginary layer is made up of planning models and good-practise examples. The next step is therefore the evaluation of the impact of planning models on the lives of men and women. It is crucial to visualise the implicit planning models to understand the impact of spatial structures on people’s everyday lives. This influence becomes visible by comparing explicit, published planning models with built structures and the strategies to support everyday life. The last step in the analyzing part of the loop is to understand the planning philosophies and values which are all part of the symbolic layer. This layer describes and interprets the way in which planners and players think. The aim is to visualise spatial structures and images in planning. This allows an assessment of the general understanding of the profession. The visualisation and specification of the value attitudes which underlie the structures determine the planning processes (Bourdieu 2005: 13). Fig. 1: Structuralist Landscape Planning Assessment (SLA) Implementation of the Structuralist Landscape Planning Assessment in the planning procedure The SLA method can be implemented by applying the 4R method to a planning process. The 4R method is useful to scrutinize analyses and evaluations of the different layers in planning procedures. The method is used in gender training and in research projects (e.g. Damyanovic/Müller 2006, Damyanovic 2007). In this paper, the application of the 4R method will be outlined using the example of the project of the “Villach regional development concept”, being part of the case study “Liveable living space of men and women” (e.g. Damyanovic/ Reinwald/Schneider 2007). In the study, workshops were held to build gender planning competence of stakeholders in spatial development. The 4R method is structured as follows: the 1stR refers to the representation of men and women in planning projects and processes, the 2ndR stands for the equal distribution of resources as space, time and money. The legal framework and the rights form the 3rdR. The 4thR stands for the realities in terms of social norms, values and existing planning models which make the inequality between men and women visible. The first three Rs refer to the real layer, while the 4thR relates to the imaginary and symbolic layers (e.g. Damyanovic 2007). Analysis of the “Villach regional development concept” The 1stR (representation): Who was involved in the planning procedure? Who was affected by the programme? The project team elaborated the concept in close cooperation with working groups. It consisted of representatives of the provincial planning authorities, the regional management and the regional organisation of Villach, supported by planning consultants. 95% of them were men, most of them in gainful employment. There was no focus on groups such as elderly people, youth, children and persons with special needs or in charge of familyrelated work. It turned out that the entire population was equally affected by the programme. The 2ndR (the resources of space, time and money): How was space distributed? How was the project funded? The question of the distribution of space, time and money was not adequately considered during the development of the project. The strategic objective of the programme was to provide equal access to space and infrastructure to all segments of the population. The project was financed with public means: the provincial government and the EU each provided 50% of the funds. The 3rdR (rules and legal framework): What constituted the legal framework? It was defined by European provisions and the Carinthian regional planning law. Neither of them focussed on questions regarding gender equality and its objectives. The legal framework did not contain any explicit reference to equal opportunities in the province of Carinthia. The 4thR (realities: social standards, planning models and values): Which were the underlying planning values? Did the Papers
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