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166 Fig. 2: Rhizotron: An underground laboratory designed for examining and experiencing plant root growth complements the green infrastructure of ditches and tree boulevards. (Samimi, Wang, 2007) the remediation grid system: An underground interpretive laboratory, the Rhizotron, is designed for examining plant root growth. As public stations they contain enclosed columns of soil with transparent windows that permit viewing, measuring, and photographing the slow process of phytoremediation [Fig. 2]. In conclusion, pedestrian movement within the remediation framework becomes an aesthetic experience that changes over time through the successional and adaptive media of plants and the water ditches as organizing elements for remediation and surface stormwater treatment in a later phase. This multi-layered green infrastructure is complemented by educational elements. Veringkanal Water Cycles For the area around the Veringkanal the remediation strategy incorporates decentralized storm and waste water treatment proposals that are interlinked through the processes of water cycling. Indigenous wetland vegetation like Phragmities and Iris are planted in the drained canal. Periodic flooding establishes a dynamic water table that supports the development of a biologically-active wetland zone. Seasonal harvesting of biomass ensures that metals in the plant material are removed from the nutrient cycle, and safely incinerated as fuel for heating buildings. New development will follow strategies of decentralized storm and waste water treatment that reduces burdens on existing urban infrastructure. Remediation and self-sustaining systems introduce new landscapes of sensual experiences. The Veringkanal becomes the central spine for arterial lateral branches. Stormwater is collected from the adjacent neighborhood and flows into the canal. These branches simultaneously create a new trail system for pedestrians and cyclists and make the Veringkanal an urban greenway [Fig 3]. landscape beauty … persist and must be reconsidered through the lens of new paradigms of ecology” (Meyer 2008: 19). Stokman (2008) proposes urban constructed wetlands as part of the people’s experience of ecological processes in the landscape. Designing performance - oriented phytoremediation landscapes is a process of manipulating time because of their dynamic quality. Thus phytoremediation as an experience and framework calls for: • Re-creation of systematic connectivity - from isolation to network in a flexible framework that structures a multi – layered urban infrastructure • Visible transformation of toxics and contaminants as a sensual experience through the dynamic media of the landscape • Landscapes to support environmental education and interpretation • Remediation as a tool to build new districts and neighborhoods on former brownfields and a source for economic growth and revitalization The long-term time requirement for phytoremediation can also provide an opportunity: Changing and growing plant communities can be staged, each step of the cleaning process can transform into specific landscape typologies that build up the framework for urban form and green urban infrastructure and that is simultaneously a landscape of experiences. The design proposals of the Urban Design Laboratory explored the potential to make remediation landscapes useful and beautiful. Fig. 3: Plants for remediation and waste treatment are green infrastructure as a changing landscape for sensual experience . (Lynch, Maynes, Metz, Samimi, 2008) Conclusion Principles from the emergent theories of Green Infrastructure can be understood and applied in a new way to form unique landscapes of remediation. Transformative remediation as a systematic design tool provides conceptual bridges between aesthetics and ecological design. F. L. Olmsted designed urban landscapes as experiences as well as environments. ”Antiquated conceptions of
167 Acknowledgements I thank the students of the UMASS Urban Design Laboratory 2007 – 2008 for their inspiring and thoughtful work and the IBA Hamburg, specially Hubert Lakenbrink, Jost Vitt, and Sabine de Buhr for their great support. I am grateful to Professor Jack Ahern and Yaser Abunnasr from UMASS for inspiration and advice to author this paper. Endnotes [1]Phytoremediation and Bioremediation designate different concepts and potential applications. Because this paper does not focus on the scientific use of remediation methodologies the term “phytoremediation” is used throughout. Phytoremediation is a plant-based approach and bioremediation is a microbial approach. Bioremediation uses micro-based technology for the degradation of organic compounds. Phytoremediation uses green or vascular plants to remove organic contaminants or heavy metals from the environment. Phytoextraction is the use of metal-accumulating plants that can transport and concentrate metals from the soil to the roots and aboveground shoots. Rhizofiltration is the use of plant roots to absorb, concentrate, and precipitate heavy metals from water (Ensley, 4-5 in Raskin & Ensley: 2000). [2] Raskin and Ensley compare the economical benefit of phytoremediation to conventional remediation methods:: “The relatively low potential cost of phytoremediation allows the treatment of many sites that cannot be addressed with currently....available methods… The economic and environmental advantages provide an excellent reason for the use of this approach in the treatment of contaminated sites. Plants can be grown and harvested economically; leaving only residual levels of pollutants (Raskin, Ensley 2000: 3ff). Conventional cost double and more (Glass 2000: 16-17). [3] Benedict and Mc Mahon (2006, 37) describe principles of Green Infrastructure. Most relevant are: 1. Connectivity is key. 2. Context matters. 3. Green infrastructure should be grounded in sound science and land-use planning theory and practice. 4. Green infrastructure can and should function as the framework for conservation and development. 5. Green infrastructure should be planned and protected before development. …7. Green infrastructure affords benefits to nature and people. 9. Green infrastructure requires making connections to activities within and beyond the community. 10. Green infrastructure requires long-term commitment. [4] Strategies and visions were developed under my direction in the UMASS Urban Design Laboratory 2007and 2008. The scientific framework was established in collaboration with Prof. PHD Guy Lanza, Department of Environmental Sciences, UMASS. Rhizotopia design team: Jinglan Wang, Duanchai Samimi (2007) Veringkanal design team: Todd Lynch, David Maynes, Chris Metz, Duanchai Samimi (2008) Plants to Clean Up the Environment. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Johnson, J. (1991): Modern Landscape Architecture: Redefining the Garden, New York: Abbeville Press (199-208) Latz & Partner (2008): Bad Places and Oases. Berlin: Aedes Marmiroli, E. & McCutcheon, S.C.: (2003) Making Phytoremediation a successful Technology. In: McCutcheon, S.C. and Schnoor, J.L. Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Meyer, E. (2008): Sustaining Beauty: the Performance of Appearance, Journal of Landscape Architecture: (6-23). Raskin, I. & Ensley B. (2000): Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Spens, M. (2007): Deep Explorations Into Site/Non-Site: The Work of Gustavson Porter. Architecture Design 77/2 Stokman, A. & von Seggern, H et a.(2008): Wasseratlas, Berlin: Jovis Verlag. Stokman, A. (2008): Water Purificative Landscapes – Constructed Ecologies and Contemporary Urbanism. In: Kuitert, Wybe Transforming with water. World congress of the International Federation of Landscape Archtects IFLA 2008, Blauwdruk/Techne Press, Wageningen, pp. 51 – 61. Weller, R. (2008): Landscape (Sub) Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Landscape Journal 27:2-08: (247-267). Waldheim, C. ed. (2006): The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. References Ahern, J. (2006): Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In: Novotny, V. & Brown, P. (2007) Cities of the Future. London: IWA Publishing. Benedict, M. & McMahon, E. (2006):Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. Washington: Island Press. Glass, D. (2000): Economic Potential of Phytoremediation. In: Raskin, I. & Ensley B. (2000): Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals Using Papers
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66 Green Idea/Grey Reality Carl Smi
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86 Endnotes [1] Anyone interested i
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90 ning up degraded wetlands, plant
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