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158 Fig. 2: signalman house and rail track The sparks caused by the coal fire of the steam engine were regarded as dangerous because it was possible that they were the starting point of a forest fire. Because of security reasons, the rail track appears as a corridor trough the landscape. On a strip, about 110 m in width all along the track, neither trees nor shrubs were growing. A cross-section through the landscape was built which marks an extra territory following its own rules separated from the surrounding forest. The whole rail track corridor was bordered by telegraph poles, which go along with the train and accompany the passengers with the telegraph line. In this way, the rail track became separated from the landscape and was in a strong dialogue with it at the same time. Observing from the signalmen houses - the internal view In order to run the railway, more than 50 signalmen’s houses were built during the last year of the construction period. Every 750 m in average stands one house, very near to the rail track. Small, simple houses without ornamentation are lined up and stand in the different landscapes through which the railway crosses. In the houses, the signalmen lived isolated with their families, miles away from anywhere. The houses were sometimes in the middle of the forest, often nearby a viaduct, a tunnel or a level crossing. Days passed, without any visitors except the signalman from the neighbouring house, sometimes passing by. The house, the rail track and the landscape dominated the situation [Fig. 2]. The intensive observation of the rail track could be understood as a result of the political situation at that time (cf. Dinhobl 2006: 123). The modern democracy in the USA stands in opposition to the hierarchy of the Danube Monarchy. But apart from the political situation and the technical needs, the landscape subject to the railway plays a major role for the positioning of the houses. From the houses, the whole track except the tunnels can be observed. The houses can be understood as an infrastructure to observe the track. Through the mountainous landscape, it was difficult to observe the entire track; further houses often had to be built because hills or small mountains were in the view line. As the houses where situated in a way so that they could observe the whole track together, signalmen were able to communicate from house to house along the corridor through the landscape, becoming a part of it. Like the rail track itself, also the signalmen houses can be understood as a part of the newly discovered landscape. It is the same landscape through which the train passes through in periodic times. These two separated views (Strohmeier 2004: 178) become characteristic for the further landscape perception influenced by the railway and can be completed with the third point of view: the view through the compartment window. Observing the landscape through the compartment window - the view in motion Going by train, by looking through the compartment window, the landscape is turned into a motion picture. A completely new perception of landscape was found. For the Viennese people, the Semmering landscape became a region for recreation in reachable distance. Both the railway and the fascinating landscape attracted people also to come for a day-trip. In booklets, special advice about the best place in the train and about the most worthwhile views were given (Kos 1992: 40). The railway line was the choreography for a new landscape adventure. The compartment and the landscape outside the window had been two independent systems [Fig. 3]. For passengers, travelling became easier and without Fig. 3: view looking out of the train Life was conditioned by the work as well as by the weather and the landscape. The houses themselves were understood as a part of a big machine. The rail track determinated the precise position of the houses while the landscape itself played a minor role. There were six windows facing the rail track and only one window from the staircase offered a view over the valley. As Ghega reported from his field trip to the USA, there where no signalmen houses along the American railways.
159 taking any risk, they were able to access mountainous regions and landscapes. The railway slides along the slopes through the valleys up to the summit of the Semmering. Instead of destructing the space, the train makes the characteristics of the landscape visible. Through the change of directions all along the track valleys, mountains and hills as well as the rail track itself can be seen from different perspectives. One could get the impression that there is more than one rail line existing in this landscape. Most of the attractions can be seen from various different views (Székely/Tuschel 1984: 133). Looking through the compartment window, people can experience the train climbing up to the Semmering. In each train ride, man’s conquest of nature can be experienced again. The overcoming of the landscape as a barrier by train was the great success which counts as a symbol for the conciliation between the progress of the Industrialisation and the romantic landscape (Strohmeier 2004: 183). Conclusion Transportation technologies influenced the perception of landscape, destinations became connected and unknown landscapes became accessible. The example of the Semmering railway shows that an infrastructural project like a railway is not to destroy the landscape but to make it readable. The manmade intervention deals with the characteristics of the landscape. On-site, the preoccupation with the landscape occurs directly. Parts taken from the landscape and additions to it show an immediate reaction to the topography. The train ascends the mountain along a line passing through the diversity of the landscape. With trenches, retaining walls and simple additions, the topography will be overbuilt and supplemented. Finally, landscape characteristics become visible through the famous buildings along the track like viaducts, tunnels and dams. The new views of the landscape brought us to an aesthetic perception of both landscape and infrastructure. This perception and at last the new rail track trough the romantic landscape were finally the starting point for the development of the Semmering region. In 1998, the UNESCO declared the large-scale infrastructural project together with its unique surrounding landscape as world heritage. References Achleitner, F. (1997): Region, ein Konstrukt? Regionalismus, eine Pleite. Basel et al.: Birkhäuser Verlag. Anonym (1847): Instuctionen für die Bahnwächter auf der k.k. südlichen Staats-Eisenbahn. k.k. südliche Staats-Eisenbahn (ed.). Wien. Dinhobl, G. (2006): “Das allgemeine Bedürfnis nach schnellen Communicationen”. Diss. Uni. Wien. Ghega Ritter von, C. (1989): Malerischer Atlas der Eisenbahn über den Semmering. Graz: Akad. Dr.- u. Verl.-Anst. Kos, W. (1992): Die Eroberung der Landschaft. In: Kos, W. (ed.) Die Eroberung der Landschaft. Wien: Falter Verlag: 20-48. Schickh Edlen von, M. (1851): Anleitung zur zweckmäßigen Bereisung der Semring Eisenbahn. Wien. Schivelbusch, W. (2007): Geschichte der Eisenbahnreise. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. Strohmeier, G. (2004): Eisenbahn und Raumwahrnehmung. In: Dinhobl, G. (ed.) Eisenbahn/Kultur – Railway/Culture. Wien: Studien Verlag: 177-190. Székely, & C. Tuschel, M. (1984): 1x Semmering und retour. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag. Wegenstein, P. (1999): Die Semmering-Gebirgsbahn. Wien: Verlag Pospischil. Papers
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10 Endnotes [1] Bernetti, Casini, M
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12 Urban landscapes need great idea
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14 the term “overall expression
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16 Fig. 2: Initial overall pictures
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18 Evaluation of Open Space Form an
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20 Fig. 5: Other vegetation This st
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22 Type of activity: • Exercise/p
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24 Landscaped, Modern, or Social? T
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26 Fig. 2: Rose and Perennial Show
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28 Herbert Bayer’s Megastructures
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30 a large extent the Japanese deve
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32 A Fertile Wilderness: The CPR’
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34 Fig.3 as their destination. The
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36 The Method of Structuralist Land
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38 Fig. 2: SLA implements gender eq
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40 Landscape Evaluation Process. A
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42 systematic application of certai
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44 holders (as Piemonte Region, Riv
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46 Frameworks - Preparing rural lan
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50 Do Landscape Architects make the
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52 within the larger landscape piec
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54 Landscape as Urban Structure: th
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56 city extension area but also in
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58 housing neighborhoods. Construct
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60 “massive change, required - ni
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64 cape Journal 6 (1): 4-12 Jackson
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66 Green Idea/Grey Reality Carl Smi
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68 argument was put forward for omi
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72 size of rain garden through the
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74 Climate Change asks for Sustaina
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78 Sustainability in Park Design -
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86 Endnotes [1] Anyone interested i
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88 Urban imageability & open space
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90 ning up degraded wetlands, plant
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92 How to balance the multiple role
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96 public spaces in the HBA, and by
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98 Questions of scale for sustainab
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102 Fig. 8: Fragmentary planning mo
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104 Moving Land: International Buil
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106 Fig. 3: Concept Desert/Oasis We
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