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152 Veneto integrated water landscapes Giambattista Zaccariotto 1 , Marco Ranzato 2 1 Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia, Department of Urbanism, Santa Croce 191, 38135 Venice, Italy (e-mail: zaccar@iuav.it)* 2 University of Trento, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, via Mesiano77, 38100 Trento, Italy (e-mail: marco.ranzato@ing.unitn.it)* * guest PhD at TU Delft, Department of Urbanism, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, Netherlands Abstract The form of an urban landscape can contribute to more sustainable water flows which in turn can contribute to the spatial quality of an urban landscape. In recent decades, in the diffuse urban landscape of Veneto Region, Northeast Italy, spatial transformations and water infrastructure rationalization has been accompanied by water problems. This is threatening the area’s spatial qualities and sustainability. There is evidence of a crisis between the society and urban landscape in terms of infrastructural support. The isotropic rationality embedded in the landscape’s structure and features have great potential for ecological design and make Veneto Diffuse City an ideal testing ground to explore a park-like form of urban landscape. This paper presents a part of our PhD research, focused on the exploration of conceptual design models, based on principles of sustainable water management. The research is divided into two parts: the first is an investigation on the recent process of rationalization - the role played by the flows and elements of the irrigation and drainage system and the drinking and waste water system in relation to spatial quality. The second part is an exploration of a possible future process of rationalization - the role the flows and elements of the water systems could play in the frame of integrated and decentralized infrastructures. Two case studies areas, managed by separate water boards, are selected: Valli Grandi (CVG) and Sinistra Piave (CSXP). Key words Water related landscape, design tools, water infrastructures, spatial arrangements Isotropic urban landscape The plain of the Veneto Region in Northeast Italy is today one of the most extensive inhabited and economically competitive urban landscapes in Europe. It is part of the wider Padana Valley and its geographical limits are the Alps to the north, with the Appennini and the Adriatic sea to the south. The main water reserve of the Region - besides surface water - is in the unconfined groundwater of the upper plain and in the confined groundwater of the middle plain (Boscolo & Mion 2008). Water management has been a fundamental practice throughout history, to extend appropriation and control over the plain. Works of geographical scale include the roman centuriatio system, the acque alte (upper waters) network initiated by the Etruscans, the acque alte minori (upper minor waters) network lead by Venetian Republic from the XIV in the middle plain, the bonifica (reclamation) network of XIX and XX century in the low plain (Rusconi 1991: 101). This palimpsest embeds the identity and quality of many types of inhabited cultural landscapes of isotropic character (Secchi & Viganò 2006). From an aerial view it is possible to distinguish a hybrid mosaic of fine and middle course grain which is the result of different size patches and corridors stretched from the upper plain down to the lower plain. Patches include ancient centres, modern centres and their periphery, villages, rural houses, villas; bell towers, water towers, small industrial buildings and the big advanced industrial platforms, treatment plants and pits. Corridors include the main rivers and the pervasive minor surface water networks of irrigation and drainage which often go along with the minor road network (Munarin & Tosi 2001: 83). The visibility and rhythm of green structures enhance those networks. The patterns of the minor surface water networks exhibit capillarity and proximity to all land use programs. Diverging structures correspond to systems of distribution for irrigation, hydropower, drinking, water uses, converging structures corresponding to systems of drainage and waste water collection. All those structures permeate the underlying agricultural matrix turning it into porous form (Forman 1995: 279). Drinking, waste water networks and the recent sub irrigation systems remain invisible. On the ground level the diversity of spatial situations exhibits the lifestyle variety of the dispersed social groups. The Veneto Region has about 4,8 millions inhabitants, spread over 580 municipalities, 75% of which have an average range of population between 1000 and 10000, occupying 64% of the regional area. The average population density varies from 245 to 508 inh/kmq. The agricultural matrix occupies 58% of the land and contributes only 2.6% of the regional GDP. Small and mediumsized firms and tourism are driving forces of the economy (source: Statistical Report Veneto Region 2007). Spatial and water transformations In the last decades an incremental process of change has progressed with different intensity and acceleration in the territory of Veneto Diffuse City - as in many other territories of Europe - driven by a specific process of economic and social growth.
153 Fig. 1: Ponte di Piave (PP) and Ronco all‘Adige (RA), 1955-2003. A diachronic comparison analysis (1955-2003) in two areas of a few square kilometres, Ponte di Piave (PP) and Ronco all’Adige (RA), situated in the middle-lower plain, illustrates four series of spatial transformations [Fig. 1]. Densification of buildings and up scaling of both fields and settlement plots go with a shift from a decentralized system of homogenously distributed farms and related fields towards a concentration and separation of the activities and cultivations in specialized areas. As a result the mosaic changed from a fine grain of land parcelling and farm units where the buildings hardly emerge from the agricultural matrix, to a middle-coarse grain of differentiated patches where defined solids stand out against the background with a juxtaposition of residential, industrial (PP) and clay pits (RA) patches within the matrix of extensive farming. The processes of concentration and separation have had consequences on the irrigation and drainage systems. In 1950 the agricultural matrix of the fine grain was supported only by the surface water system. A few spring rivers cross the matrix. Plots were arranged according to the ferrarese agronomic type of field setting (CSXP). The main features were: fields with a convex section (baulatura), ditches (cavini), mainly performing a drainage role and strips of land (capezzagne) for accessibility free from cultivation. Flood irrigation was the main irrigation practice. Wells played a minor role. The cultivations were organized in a specific mixed farming system (piantata veneta), and corridors of hedgerows were planted along the close net of ditches playing a multifunctional role (timber and firewood production, wind break effect). In 2003 the minor surface network of irrigation and drainage supported a different matrix of a middle coarse grain. The rivers crossing the matrix exhibit channelized features (straightening). The former convex terrain sections are flattened. The open air ditches on the fields and along the roads are filled and substituted by a subsurface pipe system in higher but invisible density. Drainage and irrigation performances are improved. The size of fields is no longer depending on the irrigation technique. Wells are playing an important role (Boscolo & Mion 2008). Wide uniform farming field patches dominate the matrix. An extensive reduction of hedgerow and riparian woodland is visible. The shift from mixed agriculture to monoculture and the consolidation of manufacturing is the driver of this rationalization process of water infrastructures resulting in a different landscape (Bevilacqua 1991: 30). The water system is turned in to a hydraulic system; storage capacity decreases, physical elements that gave the area its legibility and ecological diversity disappear. The de-layering at the level of the two water boards (about 50x50 km) illustrates the main contemporary system. On the dry plain a diverting system of irrigation stretches out. It is composed of small concrete canals arranged in tree form structures. This system is superimposed on the former system composed of open ditches arranged in mesh structures (CSXP). Below in the middle plain numerous spring rivers join the mountain river network enriching the surface water network. They form, over the low plain, a converting drainage structure with a higher density (CVG). In recent decades, in some basins, the tree-structures of the stream network were turned into a mesh-structure by the water board, connecting water bodies for flow control (CSXP). The supply system for irrigation performs well, but is often unable to cope with the higher agricultural requirements (CSXP, CVG) and water shortages occur frequently in summer periods (PP, RA) leading to abstraction from unconfined (PP) and confined groundwater (RA). Dwellings and industries also make use of groundwater abstraction for non-potable uses. The huge amount of abstraction has led to its depletion (PP, RA). The drainage system rationalized to drain agricultural fields is under stress because of the growth of impervious surfaces. Increasing sources of contaminant production especially from farmland threatens the quality of the water supply. The technocratic rationality of optimizing flows for quicker supply and discharge by means of the processes of centralization and separation, and their related infrastructures, result in a paradox. The requirements for water resources with respect to water quantity, quality and security for flooding are the strongest. At the same time hazards such as droughts, pollution, floods, depletion of groundwater and conflicts among different users of the water are of high importance, often at the cost of the neighbours upstream or downstream. Climate change also threatens the Region (Chiaudani 2008:151). Papers
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