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150 Ecological networks representation (by Solar 2009) Fig. 1: Lille Green Metropolis, 879 km² Fig 2: Geneva canton nature and landscape plan, 282, 2 km² 3) encourage a full range of organic life, 4) develop balanced self-sustaining communities 5) control of systems through management by tending habitats, species and stages of growth to achieve the lowest level of daily maintenance creating a maximum variety of opportunities for people and nature to coexist by influencing activity and separating conflicting interests and creating a coherent landscape structure that assimilates variety with out disorder, and provides a continuous sequence of aesthetic experiences throw the interplay of landform, space and enclosure, light and shade, and all others sensory qualities of the landscape ; (list modified by Solar 2009) from Manning 1979, p.30). 2) Wildlife needs: using birds as indicators of habitat health and biodiversity and taking care about built environnemental influences over natural habitats. 3) Human recreation needs: social interaction, emotional freedom, pride, aesthetic appreciations, wellbeing, joy, wonder and excitement, intellectual education, awareness, recreation fitness, exercising the senses (modified from Mostyn by Briffet 2001 and Solar 2009). How can we organise multiple information sources and a database of diversity of open spaces in a dependant relation of functions between humans and wildlife? How can we manage such a complex landscape project that involves environmental, socio-cultural and economic affaires? A political program of nature and landscape governance must be installed. Results: a method to compare the governance, connectivity and multifunctionality of periurbans ecological networks political programs. What is a regional ecological network political program? It is a consensus between the regional stake holders (Top-Down and Bottom-Up) to design and to manage an ecological (for the biodiversity) landscape (for the users) program using certain criteria and tools. Can we provide a versatile method to compare convergences, divergences and good practices of periurban ecological network political programs? A) Regional context / Top-Down : Lille Green Metropolis ( fig 1) and Nature & Landscape program of Geneva canton ( fig 2): 1) landscape identity: the initial conditions as a result of landscape evolution that have allowed the landscape conservation and connectivity of main regional patches, corridors and periurban farms, during the XX century (laws concerned, regional landscape protection in regional plans, industrial non functional sites, regional water reservoirs, historical forests, etc); 2) political programs in development; a) goals, statements and fostering media campaigns of the political policies of forester spaces, riparian system, biodiversity, rural landscapes, culture and recreation; b) concept spatial of regional landscape connectivity strategy between main patches and corridors; c) territorial administration by perimeters. B) Local context / Bottom – up : La Deûle Park in Lille and Equestrian agro-environmental network of Colver in Geneva; 1) spatial concepts of landscape connectivity, a) patches, corridors, zones tampon and barriers b) landscape compatibility conditions (control of accessibility and landscape continuity between patches and corridors for people), 3) connectivity with the urban
151 spaces (neighbourhood, villages); 2) riparian system restoration (surface and subsurface hydrological system) 3) vernacular features landscape utilised and seminatural landscape incorporated; 4) role of local stakeholders (council concerned, farmers, recreation and environmental organisations, contracts) involved in the design and maintenance of landscape projects; 5) diversity of recreational activities (public spaces and no motorized network created) [3]; 6) maintenance criteria (differential management); 7) Public and biodiversity monitoring (inventories, conflicts, public preferences demanding). Conclusions An interesting literature of scientific authors and international organisations publications has confirmed the benefices of landscape connectivity to improve environment conditions for humans and nature evolution in urban regions. The landscape connectivity of ecological networks is becoming a criteria for urban regions planning as we have seen in the cases analysed. New local projects of ecological networks are changing periurban landscapes giving more spaces for nature and human needs. The studies on urban ecological networks being presently carried out could become the scientific base to be applied to countries where there is no or little experience in this field. It is well known that cities in Latin America countries, especially in Conosur countries, are growing chaotically, and ecological networks to protect nature and improve landscape conditions for human enjoyment and socio-cultural relationship play nowadays no role whatsoever. The reality is that the natural patrimony of the periurban territories is disappearing rapidly in many Latin American cities and metropolis like Santiago de Chile and Temuco. In this context, it is paramount and urgent to elaborate a definition of a “social need” for wildlife and nature, which must eventually become enshrined in local legislations. “No less important is the need to design comprehensive and integrated conservation plans, as well as a better use of adaptive management ”(Adams 2005, p 151) for society and for biodiversity. To promote the benefits of political programs to develop ecological networking on the ground, will most definitely contribute to improve landscape and environment conditions for human and nature evolution. Endnotes [1] Hydrological system: river continuum, or riparian zone that contains by definition, the zone of intersection of the surface and subsurface hydrological systems. (Visible and visible water course) [2] The wildlife ecology it’s a new disciple , It’s mentioned in Adams 2005 article where he expose the international programs and activities evolution from 1912. [3] In this matrix, the multiple possibilities of usages has been classified in 8 sections: pedestrian, equestrian, motorized, farmers activities and services, aquatics, air, animalistic, cultural and artistic. References Adams (2005): urban wildlife ecology and conservation: A brief history of the discipline. Urban Ecosystems, 8, p 139-156.Sprinkler Science + Media Inc. Netherland. Ahern (1995): Greenways in the Usa: theory, trends and prospects http://conserveland.org/lpr/download/18971/Greenways.pdf [as accessed 15 April 2006] Ahern & Leitão (2002), Appling landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning , Landscape and urban Planning review., Elsevier ( 65-93) Ahern 2003. Integration of landscape ecology and landscape architecture: an evolutionary and reciprocal process (311-318). //INTEGRAS/TEMPLATES///INTEGRAS/CUP/3-PAGINATION/ IPL/2-FIRST_PROOF/3B2/0521830532C30.3D – 311 – [311–319/9] 20.11.2004 9:15PM Bonnin (2007): Connectivité écologique et gouvernance territoriale. http://conserveland.org/lpr/download/18971/Greenways.pdf[as accessed 15 April 2006] Briffet (2001): Landscape Research, Vol.26,N°2, 137-163 Forman RTT (2008) : Urban Regions, Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/ New York. 408 pp. Clergeau (2007) Une Ecologie du paysage, Editions Apogée. 137 p Coperrider ,A (1992): Reintegrating humans and nature in: Hudson, WE. ( Ed) Landscape and Biodiversity. Defrnders of wildlife, ( Island Press) p 142 . Forman RTT (2004): Mosaico territorial para la región metropolitana de Barcelona. (Land Mosaic for the Greater Barcelona Region). Editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona.150 pp. Forman (2008): Urban regions, Ecology and Planning beyond the City. Cambridge University press. Collection: Cambridge Studies in Landscape Ecology Papers
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32 A Fertile Wilderness: The CPR’
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36 The Method of Structuralist Land
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38 Fig. 2: SLA implements gender eq
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86 Endnotes [1] Anyone interested i
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88 Urban imageability & open space
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90 ning up degraded wetlands, plant
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92 How to balance the multiple role
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96 public spaces in the HBA, and by
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98 Questions of scale for sustainab
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Page 142 and 143: 140 Hidden landscapes - The Enclose
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