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138 Designing the post-industrial cultural landscape The region around Bitterfeld became highly industrialised at the turn of the 20th century and was the world’s leading developer of man-made fibres and films during the 1920s. However, the serious side effects of the chemical industry made Bitterfeld a popular symbol of industrial contamination around 1990. This image and the need for clean air and water formed the framework for the discussion on landscape models that initially took place around the Dessau Bauhaus. The “Industrial Garden Realm” project, which includes Ganser’s remarks, had already been developed there before the fall of the wall. Out of numerous pit visits [Fig. 2] and workshops arose the basic idea of linking the region’s two dominant landscape strata, both of which are part of UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage today: firstly, the Wörlitzer Garden Realm with its famous 18th century landscape garden that stands for the progressive ideal of marrying usefulness with beauty and appears to form an strong contrast to the industrial landscape; secondly, the idea is to draw upon the programmatic vision of the Bauhaus school, which permits a reference to industrial modernity beyond its rejections through its key role in the debate on urban planning models during the interwar period (Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau 1996/1999). During the preparation of the EXPO 2000 correspondence region in the mid-1990s, an important debate took place on the design of the large post-mining area near Bitterfeld. Numerous experts from the fields of cultural studies, fine art, landscape architecture and mining, not to mention politicians and locals, all participated in the discussion and implementation of landscape models. They reached a consensus that instead of obliterating the vestiges of the area’s mining history, it would be a part of a new cultural landscape. [4] Siegfried Knoll’s drafts for the “Landschaftspark Goitzsche” from 1995 were to serve as the basis for the design. Several works of land(scape) art, which can be regarded as reminiscences of mining in terms of the design and the materials used, emerged on the new Pouch peninsula [Fig. 4]. An urban embankment complete with docks and a promenade was built close to the centre of Bitterfeld based on an art competition and an attractive housing estate was to be developed in the surrounding area. A pier that rises with water and a walkin water gauge tower was constructed in the northern section as Goitzsche’s new architectural landmark [Fig. 3]. A contract with the adjacent municipalities ensures that the embankment remains accessible to the public to avoid making the same mistake as many other places, namely selling sections of the embankment as parcels of land for a short-term income. Whilst there is no longer any large open-mine equipment available in Goitzsche, five of these monumental relicts have survived in “Ferropolis”, another EXPO project, and been made into a sensational arena where concerts are held for audiences of up to 25,000 people (Kegler 2005) [Fig. 2, background]. Conclusions The outlined projects for planning novel cultural landscapes had great appeal beyond the region. Their concepts have a model character and were initially opposed to tourism. The new fundamental idea is the integration of industrial vestiges and relics as valued landscape aspects. This approach stands in clear contrast to the traditional concepts of recultivation which predominated before 1990 in and outside of the GDR and which promoted simply removing the traces of mining. Derived from early post-industrial areas in Britain and the Ruhr Valley in western Germany, the new idea has been developed into special approaches for open pit mining landscapes. With the end of the EXPO 2000, however, in many cases the debates on the further development of the landscape began to die down. Nevertheless, the discussion Fig. 2-4: Front covers of books on post-mining landscapes (cf. References)
139 on landscape models and their strategic implementation shifted to another eastern German open-cast mining region, namely Lower Lusatia. There, the International Exhibition of Architecture and Construction (IBA) Fürst- Pückler-Land (2000-2010) is guiding the current discussion on landscape models. Under the leadership of the former Bauhaus director Rolf Kuhn, the ideas of the “Industrial Garden Realm” project (1989-1999) were taken up and merged with tourism. This can be seen in the special advertisement of the new connected lakes with marinas and floating houses as a changing “in-between landscape” (IBA 2005; Kuhn 2004). Especially institutions like those that accompany the landscape transformation comprehensively on a long-term basis and do not merely carry out the technical reclamation or commercialization of the profitable areas have an additional key role for many post-industrial landscapes. This is not only important for numerous central, eastern and southern European countries where lignite is processed, but also for certain mining and other industrial areas all around the globe. Indeed, the traditional view on landscapes is turning against industry and towards the idyllic or seemingly pristine landscape. Therefore, one has to face up to this widespread resistance even against post-industrial landscapes (cf. Hauser 2001: 241). After all, an understanding that includes industrial strata as a new part of the cultural landscape does not completely replace those traditional ideas. Instead, the landscape view is broadened to include the increasingly aestheticised relics of industrial closure. That ultimately indicates a slow transition of a broader sense of culture and the resistance against it in contemporary landscape perceptions and concepts. Therefore, cultural and environmental-historical studies of the various landscape ideas which are currently in conflict will also be relevant for the future handling of post-industrial landscapes. Endnotes [1] This article is based on my dissertation, in which these questions are discussed in detail. [2] Cf. the works of Gerhard Lenz (1999) and Günter Bayerl (2003) for the environmental history of industrial areas in central Germany and Lower Lusatia since the mid-19th century. [3] According to Ganser, “the process of transformation must take into account how people live today and how they will live tomorrow; with what aesthetic perceptions, what lifestyles, indeed, with what economic expectations they approach their environment.” (Ibid.) Developing these perceptions is no easy task which requires social discussion and a lot of time: “Certainly more than 25 years, whilst undoing the industrial landscape only takes a few years.” (Ibid.) [4] These debates preceded those of the Goitzsche intercommunal administration union, which developed an initial framework and a structural and action concept as a basis for further landscape plans. References Bayerl, G. (2003): Die Niederlausitz. Industrialisierung und De- Industrialisierung einer Kulturlandschaft. Blätter für Technikgeschichte 65: 89-163. Dachverband Bergbaufolgelandschaft & Bauhaus Dessau (Eds.) (1998): Jahrbuch Bergbaufolgelandschaft. Leipzig. EXPO 2000 Sachsen-Anhalt & Schierz, H. (Eds.) (2000): Land Gewinnen. Halle: mdv. Hauser, S. (2001): Metamorphosen des Abfalls. Konzepte für alte Industrieareale. Frankfurt a. M., New York: Campus. IBA (Internationale Bauausstellung) Fürst-Pückler-Land (Ed.) (2005): Landschaften verwandeln. Empfehlungen am Beispiel dreier industriell gestörter Landschaften in Europa. Großräschen. Kegler, H. (2005): Ferropolis - Die Stadt aus Eisen. Gräfenhainichen: Ferropolis. Kreissparkasse Bitterfeld & Schierz, H. (Eds.) (2001): Aufbruch zu neuen Ufern. Halle: Stekovics. Krummsdorf, A. & Grümmer, G. (1981): Landschaft vom Reißbrett. Leipzig, Jena, Berlin: Urania. Kuhn, R. (2004): Changing the Landscape of Lusatia. Topos 47: 61-69. Lenz, G. (1999): Verlusterfahrung Landschaft. Über die Herstellung von Raum und Umwelt im mitteldeutschen Industriegebiet seit der Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Frankfurt a. M., New York: Campus. LMBV (Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft) (Ed.) (2001): Wissenschaftliche Begleitung der ostdeutschen Braunkohlesanierung. Forschungsprojekte 1994 bis 2000. Berlin: LMBV. Pflug, W. (Ed.) (1998): Braunkohlentagebau und Rekultivierung. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau (Ed.) (1996/1999): Industrielles Gartenreich 1/2. Berlin: ex pose. Tischew, S. (Ed.) (2004): Renaturierung nach dem Braunkohleabbau. Stuttgart, Leipzig, Wiesbaden: Teubner. Papers
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