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118 ate them, provided they still remain open to appropriation by others. By contrast, in many contemporary urban spaces, unauthorised modifications are prohibited, and even temporary signs of use or occupation are positively discouraged. The detritus generated by users is routinely removed, and worn or damaged landscape components are replaced in order to maintain these places in their pristine condition. However, where less intensively regulated and maintained urban landscapes are permitted to evolve, the results are arguably more interesting, and more expressive of their locality. Many Sheffield streets were originally paved with locally quarried stone sets, later supplemented with a layer of tarmac. With time the tarmac wears away, revealing the original sets. The resulting patterned and somewhat irregular surface is somehow far more characteristic of place than a covering consisting solely of tarmac or sets. Interstitial spaces are dynamic: continually changing as part of larger social and environmental cycles and processes. Langer (2007) has demonstrated how the Sudgelände Nature Park in Berlin owes its whole existence and ecology to a coalescence of natural, social, political and economic forces. They are also mutable: liable to sudden, unplanned or unexpected change. A tree falls, a building is demolished, or a development elsewhere alters public access to a site, setting off a whole new chain of landscape consequences. Interstitial spaces and evolved landscapes have not had ‘local identity’ imposed on them, they are just themselves: the palpable result of a set of interactions and processes over a period of time, though an appreciation of their qualities requires a radical redefinition of our values and aesthetics. Conclusions- implications for urban planning and design This brief review of the failings of some current approaches to urban planning and design and the corresponding qualities of interstitial places and evolved landscapes reveals 6 key characteristics that can be used to inform urban planning and design: multiplicity, ambiguity and polyvalence, communality, dynamism, mutability and process. The question is: what are the planning and design strategies that will result in landscapes bearing these characteristics? There are four key areas that need to be addressed. Firstly, the core purposes and values of urban planning and design need to be re-examined. Urban planners and designers need to have a wider remit, beyond making places profitable, which embraces a wider range of objectives, including social justice and environmental equity. This has many implications, including the need to find new ways of funding urban development projects that do not place so much reliance on private finance. Urban public open space should be seen as a form of indispensable public infrastructure, and should be publicly funded. Secondly, the values and meanings underpinning planning and design decisions and aesthetics need to be subject to more rigorous examination. Where do they come from, what do they signify and whom do they benefit? Landscape architectural practice and education needs to become more aware of, and more critical of the aesthetic, cultural, social and political assumptions on which they are based [1]. Landscape interventions should not have the imposition of meaning as their primary objective (Hallal, 2006: 13). Treib (2002: 101) has suggested that facilitating pleasure is an end in itself, though it is questionable as to whether ‘pleasure’ includes a wide-enough range of responses to landscape. Does it, for example, include the exigencies of negotiating risk in landscape (CABE Space, 2005)? Thirdly, urban design and planning strategies will need to integrate a whole range of processes and ecologies (Mostafavi, 2003; Waldheim, 2006); which necessitates finding methodologies sophisticated enough to take account of the complexities of all the data involved (Corner 2006: 32); and may also require a widening of the scope of landscape architectural practice. Finally, the idea that regeneration necessitates wholesale renewal should be challenged. If evolved lanscapes are more expressive of local identity, then ‘small scale interventions that have the potential for large scale impact’ should always be considered (Corbin, 2003: 22); an approach to landscape design informed by what Dee [1] has called ‘the aesthetics of thrift’. Landscape architecture needs to learn when to stand back: doing nothing, or doing very little is sometimes better than doing something.
119 Endnotes [1] The author is indebted Catherine Dee, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Landscape at the University of Sheffield for these observations, and for her generous advice, and the time devoted to many discussions that have helped shape the ideas expressed in this paper. Catherine Dee has submitted a paper entitled ‚Form, thrift and landscape aesthetic education‘ to the Landscape Journal for publication. For more information contact C.Dee@shef.ac.uk References Baudrillard, J. (1983): Simulations. New York: Semiotext. Blundell Jones, P. (2007): The meaning of use and the use of meaning. Field 1: 4-9. www.field-journal.org [as accessed 5 January 2009] CABE (Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment) (2000): By Design Urban design in the planning system: towards better practice. London: CABE. CABE Space (2005): What are we scared of? The value of risk in designing public space. London: CABE Space. Corner, J. (2006): Terra fluxus. In: Waldheim C. (ed.), The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Doron, G.M. (2007): badlands, blank space… Field 1: 10-23. www. field-journal.org [as accessed 5 January 2009] Edensor, T. (2005): Industrial Ruins Space Aesthetics and Materiality. Oxford: Berg. Franck, K.A. & Stevens, Q. (2007): Loose Space Possibility and Diversity in Urban Life. Abingdon: Routledge. Hallal, A.M. (2006): Barcelona‘s Fossar de les Moreres: disinterring the heterotopic. Journal of Landscape Architecture Autumn: 6-15. Heatherington, C. (2006): The Negotiation of Place. MA Dissertation, Middlesex University www.chdesigns.co.uk/ [as accessed 8 January 2009] Hellström, M. (2006): Steal This Place- The Aesthetics of Tactical Formlessness and „The Free Town of Christiania“. Doctoral thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Alnarp. Jorgensen, A. & Tylecote, M. (2007): Ambivalent landscapes - wilderness in the urban interstices. Landscape Research 32(4): 443 -462. Kwon, M. (1997): One place after another: notes on site specificity. October 80: 85-110. Lund, A, (1997): Guide to Danish landscape Architecture. Copenhagen: Arkitekten’s Forlag. Ling, C., Handley, J. & Rodwell, J. (2007): Restructuring the post-industrial landscape: a multifunctional approach. Landscape Research 32: 285-309. Lyster, C. (2006): Landscapes of exchange. In: Waldheim C. (ed.) The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Manoloupoulou, Y. (2007): The active voice of architecture: an introduction to the idea of chance. Field 1: 62-72. www.field-journal. org [as accessed 5 January 2009] Massey, D. (2005): For Space. London: Sage. Massey, D. (1993): Power geometry and a progressive sense of place. In: Bird, J., Curtis, B., Putman, T., Robertson, G., & Tickner, L. (eds.) Mapping the Futures. Local Cultures,Global Change. London: Routledge. [as accessed 5 January 2009] Mostafavi, M. & Najle, C., (eds.), (2003): Landscape Urbanism A Manual for the Machinic Landscape. London: AA Publications. Sheffield City Council (2008): Sheffield City Centre Masterplan and Roll Forward www.creativesheffield.co.uk/DevelopInSheffield/City- CentreMasterplan [as accessed 30 December 2008] Sheridan, D. (2007): The space of subculture in the city: getting specific about Berlin‘s indeterminate territories. Field 1: 97-119. www.field-journal.org [as accessed 5 January 2009] Tylecote, M. (2008): The Wildscapes Case studies. In: Jorgensen, A. & Keenan, R. (eds.) Urban Wildscapes www.environmentroom. co.uk/urbanwildscapes [as accessed 5 January 2008] Worpole, K. (2003): No particular Place to Go? Children, Young People and Public Space. Birmingham: Groundwork UK. www. groundwork.org.uk/upload/publications/publication6pdf. [as accessed 5 January 2008] Waldheim, C., (ed.), (2006): The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Mörtenböck, P. & Mooshammer, H. (2007): Trading indeterminacyinformal markets in Europe. Field 1: 73-87. www.field-journal.org Papers
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